我從事英語(yǔ)教育已經(jīng)有十來(lái)年了,其中經(jīng)歷了兩次教材的改革:蘇教版與牛津版。在教學(xué)中我發(fā)現(xiàn)學(xué)生對(duì)于動(dòng)詞的學(xué)習(xí)感到有一定的難度,他們只要看到動(dòng)詞就認(rèn)為是做謂語(yǔ),導(dǎo)致不能很好地理解句子意思。其實(shí),動(dòng)詞是個(gè)十分復(fù)雜的詞類(lèi),它表示人或事物的動(dòng)作、狀態(tài)和遭遇。它的主要功能就是做謂語(yǔ),但在一些句中它們卻不能充當(dāng)謂語(yǔ),如,
(1)Learning English is very important./It’s very important to
learn English.
(2)I have a friend called Tom.
(3)There is a dog lying on the ground.
以上幾個(gè)句中,learn,call,lie都是動(dòng)詞,但它們?cè)诰渲卸疾蛔鲋^語(yǔ),它們?cè)诰渲卸家詣?dòng)詞的另外形式存在著:即動(dòng)名詞、不定式、過(guò)去分詞和現(xiàn)在分詞。這些詞在英語(yǔ)中我們稱(chēng)為非限定動(dòng)詞,而非限定動(dòng)詞在句中是不充當(dāng)謂語(yǔ)的,如例(1)中l(wèi)earning English 和to learn English作主語(yǔ),called作后置定語(yǔ),lying作伴隨狀語(yǔ)。
在英語(yǔ)中動(dòng)詞有兩種形式——限定式和非限定式,也稱(chēng)為限定動(dòng)詞(finit verbs)和非限定動(dòng)詞(non-finit verbs)。限定動(dòng)詞在句中受主語(yǔ)限定,獨(dú)立充當(dāng)謂語(yǔ),而非限定動(dòng)詞不受主語(yǔ)限定,不能獨(dú)立充當(dāng)謂語(yǔ),但能充當(dāng)謂語(yǔ)之外的其他句子成分。即非限定動(dòng)詞有著非謂語(yǔ)功能,它們?cè)诰渲锌沙洚?dāng)主語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)等。英語(yǔ)的非謂語(yǔ)功能在句中都是通過(guò)限定動(dòng)詞的形態(tài)變化表現(xiàn)出來(lái)的,如,在詞尾加-ing構(gòu)成現(xiàn)在分詞或動(dòng)名詞,詞尾加-ed或用不規(guī)則變化形式構(gòu)成過(guò)去分詞,在動(dòng)詞前加-to構(gòu)成不定式。而學(xué)習(xí)和掌握非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞在英語(yǔ)中的運(yùn)用對(duì)學(xué)習(xí)英語(yǔ)是非常有幫助的。下面我將通過(guò)一些例子來(lái)談?wù)動(dòng)⒄Z(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的非謂語(yǔ)用法。
一、動(dòng)名詞
1.動(dòng)名詞作主語(yǔ)
(1)Working out the problem is difficult for me.
(2)Looking after these children is my task.
2.動(dòng)名詞作賓語(yǔ)
(3)The classroom needs cleaning.
(4)I have finished doing the work.
3.動(dòng)名詞作表語(yǔ)
(5)His favourite sport is playing football.
(6)Her work is sweeping the floor.
4.動(dòng)名詞作定語(yǔ)
(7)You can use a shopping basket in the supermarket.
(8)China is a developing country.
5.動(dòng)名詞作同位語(yǔ)
(9)I like my job,teaching English.
二、不定式
1.不定式作主語(yǔ)
(10)To walk dogs in the park once a day is necessary. /It’s necessary
to walk dogs in the park once a day.
(11)It’s impossible for us to finish so much work in a short
time./To finish so much work in a short time is impossible.
2.不定式作賓語(yǔ)
(12)He wants to buy a book.
(13)We decide to ride bikes to school.
3.不定式作表語(yǔ)
(14)My job is to teach English.
(15)Her dream is to be a dancer.
4.不定式作定語(yǔ)
(16)He is always the first to get to school.
(17)It’s a good place to meet friends.
5.不定式作目的狀語(yǔ)
(18)I went to the airport to meet my friends from America.
(19)To get to the zoo,turn left when you come to the crossroads.
6.不定式作賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)
(20)I want you to help me .
(21)He told me not to talk in class.
三、分詞 (包括現(xiàn)在分詞和過(guò)去分詞)
1.分詞作表語(yǔ)
(22)The film is interesting/exciting.
(23)I am interested in the film.
2.分詞作定語(yǔ)
(24)Do you know the girl sdanding by the river.
(25)America is a developed country.
3.分詞作狀語(yǔ)
(26)The teacher came into the classroom,taking some books in
his hand.
(27)Watching TV,the students talked and laughed.
4.分詞作賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)
(28)He saw two men walking into the building.
(29)I felt the house shaking when the earthquake happened.
(30)He had his hair cut.
以上就是我對(duì)于英語(yǔ)非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的幾點(diǎn)用法之總結(jié),我希望能夠通過(guò)以上的講解歸類(lèi),幫助學(xué)生更好地學(xué)習(xí)英語(yǔ)。而要想學(xué)好英語(yǔ),還要善于不斷地總結(jié)歸納以及不斷地運(yùn)用,而運(yùn)用又是學(xué)好外語(yǔ)的最好方法。
(作者單位 江蘇省宿遷市陸集中學(xué))