［摘要］傣族文化具其獨(dú)特的文化內(nèi)涵，隨著旅游產(chǎn)業(yè)化的發(fā)展，引起了廣大旅游者的興趣。本文主要介紹了云南傣族關(guān)門節(jié)和開門節(jié)節(jié)日文化的豐富內(nèi)涵，并對(duì)相關(guān)文獻(xiàn)加以翻譯，以期促進(jìn)云南省民族旅游文化的發(fā)展。

［關(guān)鍵詞］傣族；關(guān)門節(jié)；開門節(jié)

［中圖分類號(hào)］K892 ［文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)識(shí)碼］A ［文章編號(hào)］1005-3115（2011）02-0058-02

一、對(duì)關(guān)門節(jié)和開門節(jié)宗教文化的理解

關(guān)門節(jié)和開門節(jié)是信仰小乘佛教的傣族、布朗族、阿昌族、德昂族等少數(shù)民族的宗教節(jié)日。傣族的關(guān)門節(jié)和開門節(jié)典型、更有代表性，具有濃郁的宗教色彩。關(guān)門節(jié)傣語稱“毫瓦薩”，意為進(jìn)入傳授佛法的時(shí)期，定于傣歷九月十五日（農(nóng)歷六月中旬），歷時(shí)三個(gè)月的傳授佛法結(jié)束的那一天（即傣歷十二月二十五日）便是開門節(jié)。開門節(jié)傣語稱“奧瓦薩”，意為走出傳授佛法時(shí)期。

一般認(rèn)為，關(guān)門節(jié)和開門節(jié)源于古代印度佛教雨季安居的習(xí)慣，三個(gè)月的關(guān)門被視為信眾的安居戒齋期。關(guān)門節(jié)那天，傣家村寨充滿了節(jié)日的氣氛。一大早，家家戶戶都忙著做彩色糯米飯和糕點(diǎn)，備辦豐宴酒席。

二、 對(duì)開門節(jié)和關(guān)門節(jié)民族文化的理解

節(jié)日是全世界不同民族文化中的一個(gè)重要組成部分，按薩摩維爾的說法，文化是千百年來民族群體世世代代積累起來的知識(shí)、經(jīng)驗(yàn)、信念、價(jià)值、活動(dòng)、觀點(diǎn)、理解、等級(jí)、宗教、節(jié)令、責(zé)任、關(guān)系、自然觀、藝術(shù)等的總和，自然也包括歷史、地理、政治制度、人物、文學(xué)藝術(shù)、服飾、飲食、習(xí)俗、禮儀、器具、建筑等。

傣族在中國分布雖然較少，主要集中在西雙版納州、德宏州，紅河州及寧耳地區(qū)也有分布。傣族的節(jié)日文化對(duì)旅游產(chǎn)業(yè)的發(fā)展影響很大，主要節(jié)日有潑水節(jié)、送龍節(jié)、開門節(jié)、關(guān)門節(jié)等。阿昌族、布朗族也過潑水節(jié)和關(guān)門節(jié)。

三、對(duì)關(guān)門節(jié)和開門節(jié)節(jié)日文化的理解

傣族有這樣的說法：每年傣歷九月時(shí)，佛就前往西天與其母講經(jīng)，三個(gè)月才能重返人間。有一次，正當(dāng)佛到西天講經(jīng)之時(shí)，佛徒數(shù)千人到鄉(xiāng)下去傳教，踏壞了百姓的莊稼，耽誤他們的生產(chǎn)，百姓怨聲載道，對(duì)佛徒十分不滿。佛得知此事后，內(nèi)心感到不安。從此以后，每遇佛到西天講經(jīng)時(shí)，便把佛徒都集中起來，規(guī)定在這三個(gè)月內(nèi)不許到任何地方去，只能懺悔，以贖前罪。故人們稱之為“關(guān)門節(jié)”。

關(guān)門節(jié)后，也就進(jìn)入農(nóng)事繁忙季節(jié)，人們?yōu)榱思芯氖律a(chǎn)勞動(dòng)，定下許多戒規(guī)，直到三個(gè)月后，即開門節(jié)時(shí)，人們才恢復(fù)關(guān)門節(jié)前的一切正常活動(dòng)。事實(shí)上關(guān)門節(jié)和開門節(jié)屬農(nóng)事活動(dòng)節(jié)日，兩個(gè)節(jié)日的相距時(shí)間較長。

四、 對(duì)關(guān)門節(jié)和開門節(jié)節(jié)日的翻譯

關(guān)門節(jié)傣語叫“豪瓦薩”，是傣族等民族的傳統(tǒng)節(jié)日，時(shí)間在傣歷九月十五日（農(nóng)歷六月中）。節(jié)日來源于古印度佛教雨季安居的習(xí)慣，類似中原佛教的“結(jié)夏”。從關(guān)門節(jié)這天開始到開門節(jié)結(jié)束的三個(gè)月時(shí)間，為小乘佛教的安居齋戒期。這段時(shí)間，憎侶去佛寺凈居修學(xué)，接收供養(yǎng)，禁止外出巡游。傣族多信佛教，民間信徒也常去佛寺靜坐參佛，聽佛爺講經(jīng)傳法，每隔一周用食物、鮮花、臘條、銀幣或紙幣敬佛一次。從關(guān)門節(jié)開始，傣家人關(guān)上愛情和婚姻之門，全力投人生產(chǎn)勞動(dòng)，準(zhǔn)備用辛勤的汗水去換取全年主要農(nóng)作物的豐收。

此段可翻譯為：

The Close-Door Festival，also called “Haowasha” in Dai language，is one of the traditional festivals for the Dai ethnic nationality. It takes place on September 15th of the Dai calendar (the second ten days in June of lunar year). The festival is originated from the nestle habit in the raining season in ancient Indian Buddhism similar to “summer rest” in China Buddhism. The festival may last for three months starting from the Close-Door Festival to the Open-Door Festival. It is the nestling fast period for the Hinayana Buddhism. During this period， the Buddhist monks are not allowed to go outing cruise but remain at the temples residing，studying and receiving fostering. Since many Dai ethnic minority people believe Buddhism，the civil followers also often go to the Buddhist temples to receive a silent sitting-in，visit the Buddha and listen to the teaching of the Buddhist lords. Every the other week they may respect the Buddha with food，fresh flowers，candles，silver papers or some paper money. Starting from the Close-Door Festival， the Dai families may close their “doors” from doing any love affairs and marriages but dedicate in their labor work， prepare to use all their strength and industrious sweat for a bumper harvest for the main farm crops of the whole year.

在關(guān)門節(jié)的三個(gè)月期間，民眾到佛寺里聽高僧講經(jīng)是一項(xiàng)主要活動(dòng)。高僧講授的內(nèi)容少不了成佛者的故事，并以此來教化眾生立志成佛。從關(guān)門節(jié)至開門節(jié)的三個(gè)月期間，傣家人不舉行婚禮，不建蓋新房，不出遠(yuǎn)門，要集中精力從事生產(chǎn)，定期到佛寺拜佛、賧佛，虔誠信佛的長者，自覺戒齋，穿白衣服，包白布頭巾，有的還到寺內(nèi)住宿，每隔七天舉行一次拜佛活動(dòng)。屆時(shí)，信眾們帶上食物、蠟條供祭佛祖，聆聽寺內(nèi)高僧頌經(jīng)，講解教規(guī)、戒律、佛經(jīng)故事。還要舉行一次稱為“賧坦”（獻(xiàn)經(jīng)書）的重大活動(dòng)。三個(gè)月的關(guān)門節(jié)日期屆滿，即傣歷十二月十五日，便舉行開門節(jié)慶?；顒?dòng)。信眾們像參加關(guān)門節(jié)慶?；顒?dòng)一樣，帶上紙花、蠟條、花樹、食物、錢幣來到佛寺，舉行隆重的賧佛和頌經(jīng)活動(dòng)。

此段可翻譯為：

During the three-month-festival period，one of the very important activities is for people to go to the Buddhist temple listening to the honored monk masters teaching the Buddhist scripture. The content of the renowned monk master’s talk never lacks of the Buddha stories in order to courage the myriad living beings to become Buddha with their resolutions. Furthermore， during the three-month-festival period， people are not allowed to hold any wedding ceremony， neither constructing a building of a new house nor traveling outside， but concentrating in their production， going to the Buddhist temple to worship and donating the Buddha faithfully. The elders who devoted in believing in Buddhism should quit fast， wear their white clothes，and wrap plain white turbans. Some of them may also go to the temple for accommodation. The Buddha-worshipping activities are held once every seven days. By the time the believers sacrifice some food and wax to worship the ancestry Buddha，and listen to the senior monks chanting Buddhist scripture and explaining the religious doctrines and the stories of the Buddhist scripture. Still an important activity called “donation” (dedication of classics) is also held. When the three-month-period of the Closed-Door Festival goes to the end on December 15th of Dai calendar，the Open-Door activities are celebrated accordingly. Just like what they celebrated in the Closed-Door Festival，the believers take paper flowers，candles，sacrificed food and paper money to the Buddhist temples for holding the solemn and impressive activities of donation and chanting Buddhist scripture.

開門節(jié)傣語叫“奧瓦薩”，是傣族等民族的傳統(tǒng)節(jié)日，時(shí)間在傣歷十二月十五日（約在農(nóng)歷九月中）。 開門節(jié)象征著三個(gè)月以來的雨季已經(jīng)結(jié)束，表示解除關(guān)門節(jié)以來男女間的婚忌，即日起，男女青年可以開始自由戀愛或舉行婚禮。節(jié)日這天，男女青年身著盛裝去佛寺拜佛，以食物、鮮花、臘條、錢幣敬獻(xiàn)。祭獻(xiàn)完畢，舉行盛大的文娛集會(huì)，慶祝從關(guān)門節(jié)以來的安居齋戒結(jié)束。主要內(nèi)容有燃放火花和高升、點(diǎn)孔明燈、唱歌跳舞。青年們還將舉著畫有著各種鳥、獸、魚、蟲等形狀的燈籠環(huán)游村寨。這時(shí)，正逢稻谷收割完畢，故也是慶祝豐收的節(jié)日。

此段可翻譯為：

The Dai Open-Door Festival，a traditional festival for the Dai nationality，also called “Aowasha” in Dai language， takes place on December 15th in the Dai calendar (the second ten days in lunar September). The Open-Door Festival symbolizes the end of the three month raining season，and the end of the three-month forbidden days for love affairs and marriages since the Close-Door Festival. From the Open-Door festival the young men and women can start their love affairs or hold a wedding. During the Festival， the young men and the young women dressed in their beautiful clothes go to the Buddhist temples to pay respects to the Buddha，and dedicate the Buddha with some sacrificial food，fresh flowers，candles，silver papers and paper money. After the sacrificial rites are done， the grand performances are held for celebration the end of the nestling fast since the Close-Door Festival. The main contents are displaying firecrackers，sending the Kongming lanterns， singing and dancing. The youth will also dance around the villages holding lanterns formed in various shapes，such as birds，animals，fish and insects etc. Bumper harvest is also celebrated since it is just the season for rice harvest.

五、 結(jié)語

傣族是一個(gè)歷史悠久的民族，傣族是一個(gè)進(jìn)步的民族，崇尚文明禮貌，民族性格溫和。關(guān)門節(jié)和開門節(jié)是傣族的傳統(tǒng)節(jié)日，具有典型的代表性和濃郁的宗教色彩。只有充分理解了這兩個(gè)節(jié)日的文化內(nèi)涵，才能準(zhǔn)確翻譯相關(guān)文獻(xiàn)。