張 廷

（隴東學院，甘肅 慶陽 745000）

試論篇章詞匯銜接的模式

張 廷

（隴東學院，甘肅 慶陽 745000）

本文從銜接的概念與層次入手，探討了詞匯銜接在語篇中的具體表現模式，同時結合實例分析各種模式內的詞匯如何實現語義上的關聯從而實現語篇連貫。

銜接；詞匯銜接；語義

一、導言

《英語中的銜接》一書中將銜接的概念定義為那些組成語篇的非結構性關系。它們是語義關系，語篇是一個語義單位。銜接作為語言學中重要的研究對象隨著近年語篇語言學的發(fā)展而受到關注。語篇語言學理論不僅強調了句子在語篇中的重要地位，更強調了句子與句在構成段落或語篇時彼此之間的關聯。這種關聯間的必要性成為研究語篇中銜接的前提。這里要強調的是，銜接的形式特征盡管種類很多，但在語篇中體現的是語義關系。在研究詞匯銜接模式的同時，本文也注重銜接詞匯間的語義分析。

二、銜接的層次及語義本質

依照詞匯銜接理論，銜接的意義蘊涵于語篇中，通常可以從語法與詞匯兩方面實現。銜接具體包括照應、替代、省略、連接和詞匯銜接。

我國學者胡壯麟在對語篇銜接與連貫的研究中提出語篇銜接的多層次性，超越了語法手段和詞匯手段。“多層次模式的最上端是社會符號層，包括語境、語用學。第二層為語義層，除及物性外，還有邏輯連接和語篇結構。第三層為結構層，包括結構銜接和主位結構。第四層為詞匯層，有詞匯搭配、照應、指稱性。最后在音系層有語調、新信息、已知信息及語音型式?！睆埖碌撜J為：“銜接的范圍也不僅僅局限于所指、替代、省略、連接和詞匯銜接幾個方面。銜接概念是用于解釋話語中的語義關系的。那么，任何表達話語中（句子之間）的語義關系的特征都應該看作是銜接特征。另外，在語言的語義系統(tǒng)中有三種意義:概念、人際和謀篇。任何種類的意義之間的聯系都應該視為銜接關系，而不能把銜接關系局限于概念意義的聯系?！彼麑暯訖C制的范圍擴展，體現語義關系的形式機制，語法銜接機制、詞匯銜接機制、語音銜接機制都屬于此范疇，同時也提出了銜接分為顯性銜接與隱性銜接兩種類別。本文主要探討顯性銜接機制中的詞匯銜接的模式。

三、詞匯銜接模式分析

下面以語義關系為參照來簡要分析語篇詞匯銜接的模式。

1.詞匯重復

顧名思義，詞匯重復指的是語篇中某一詞匯的重復使用。語篇中詞匯的重復出現具有明顯的銜接功能，其原因在于這類重復詞匯可以使語篇前后意義間建立關聯。韓禮德和哈桑的觀點是重復的語言單位之間之所以彼此相關是因為它們每次出現都表達了基本一致的意義。重復出現的詞匯又分為簡單詞匯重復和復雜詞匯重復。來看下面的例子:

Example 1:But teaching offers something besides money and power: It offers love . Not only the loveof learning and of books and ideas, but also the lovethat a teacher feels for that rare student who walks into a teacher's life and begins to breathe. Perhaps loveis the wrong word: magic might be better.

在這個例子中，劃線詞 love.的四次出現不僅凸顯了主題，而且起到語義上的銜接作用。

Example 2: Then a rifle shotcracked out, and the man with the pistol fell to the ground dead. A second shot, and the other man went sprawling. It was Bedell shooting.

Example 3:The committee suggestedthat all sexist language be removed the regulations. If this suggestionis adopted, we shall have to avoid "he”,” his", etc.

在后兩個例子中，劃線詞之間并不是音形意完全相同的詞，但它們同時卻構成了同源詞。這種復雜詞匯重復同樣可以起到意義關聯的作用，并由此達到行文前后連貫的效果。再如其他例子：

Example 2: Certainly I do not teachbecause teachingis easy for me. Teachingis the most difficult of the various ways I have attempted... For me, teachingis a red-eye, sweaty-palm, sinking-stomach profession.

值得注意的是，同義詞屬于同一語法范疇，具體地說，屬于同一個詞類。

2.詞匯關聯

詞匯關聯指由具有系統(tǒng)語義關系的詞匯同現所構成的詞匯銜接。按照語義場理論的觀點，系統(tǒng)語義關系主要包括同義關系、上下義關系、整體與部分關系和反義關系。下面舉例說明：

Example 1:The whole process of being arrested and taken to court was a rather unpleasant experience at the time.. What make it rather disturbing were the arbitrary circumstances both of my arrest and my subsequent fate in court.

在這個例子中，作者使用了unpleasant ，disturbing間的同義關系構成文本內部的銜接，以明確傳遞作者心態(tài)。再如：

Example 3: Only New York, it seems, attracts this peculiar populace of lone and homeless women who live in an isolated, mistrustful world of their own.

值得注意的是，同義關系的詞在這里屬于同一語法范疇，具體地說，屬于同一個詞類。

按照通常的解釋上下義關系指的是一個成分表達的意義屬于另一個成分所包含的意義范圍之內，即“A是B的一種”。上義詞是個集合概念，下義詞相對具體，受上義詞支配。如動物是上義詞，而其中包括牛、馬、羊、狗等等。同時一種語境中的個下義詞也可能在另一種語境中成為上意義詞。如牛之中還可包含奶牛、耕牛、公牛、母牛等。下義詞的詞域更具體，對于上義詞來說可以起到限定的作用，而下義詞的使用則可使上義詞的概括概念變得具體形象。從這個角度，它們間語義的聯系實現了語篇中的銜接。如下面的例子：

Example 1:I took the young Irish setterfor a walk up the road and along a frozen creek. but it was difficult to stand or walk on the glassy surface and the red dog slipped and slithered.

再如：

Example 2: A few months after we'd sold the motel, Mother arrived home with a used typewriter... At dinner that night I pronounced the machine a "piece of junk".

Example 3: He had been checking a farmhouse half a mile a way from the Van Metre home, a farmhouse he thought was empty. To Bettie Van Metre this man was not an enemy but rather a suffering human being. She gave him water and tried to clean his terrible wounds.

整體與部分關系與上下義詞的差別在于兩個詞匯之間的關系表達為整體與部分，即A是B的一個組成部分，而不是獨立的一個種類。如：

Example1：Their heads and breastswere covered with a thick hair, some frizzled, and others lank; they had beardslike goats, and a long ridge of hairdown their backsand the fore-parts of their legs and feet; but the rest of their bodieswere bare, so that I might see their skins, which are of a brown buff color.

此例子中出現的身體各個部位的名稱與身體構成整體與部分的關系，由此語義關系形成詞匯銜接。

反義關系表示兩個詞匯的意義相反。這種關系的詞匯也具有語篇內的銜接功能，反義關系詞匯的具體界定往往會受認知與文化心理的影響，但其功能與同義詞相似。如：

Example1: And if Americans lack style it is partly because they have been taught for a generation that good writing is clear writing, which is true, and that clear writing must be excellent writing, which is false.

3.詞匯搭配

詞匯搭配指的是“詞項之間習慣性共現”的關系。“搭配詞之所以具有篇章街接力在于其在同一語境的同現可能性，同現可能性是它們篇章街接的紐帶?！保?002：94）在詞匯搭配中，有些是以語義為標準進行配，有些則以語言形式為標準進行搭配。其中，以意義相關的組合搭配使用最為廣泛。這是一種側重詞義組合的搭配形式。如：

Example1: But neither the nursery nor the motel my parents bought later had provided enough income to send my sister and me to college...Time was running out and Mother was frantic for ways to save money.

這里的income與 money“詞項之間習慣性共現”的關系，也就是它們之間又著緊密的語義聯系，很容易讓讀者聯想到彼此，從這個意義上它們的使用實現了詞匯搭配上的語篇內銜接。.類似的例子如：

Example 2: Bettie held him, tears streaming down her face，with Henry Befell standing by on his crutches, wept, two.

Example 3:I wanted to conduct my own defenses in court, but as soon as my father found out what had happened, he hired a very good solicitor. We went along that Monday armed with all kinds of witnesses, including my English teacher as a character witness.

隨著詞匯銜接理論的發(fā)展，詞匯銜接模式的語義研究與其他形式的研究將會不斷深入。本文所討論的詞匯銜接模式對于教學有所幫助，尤其是在語篇教學與閱讀寫作教學中具有一定的實際意義。

[1] 胡壯麟. 語篇的銜接與連貫[M]. 上海外語教育出版社，1994.

[2] 劉辰誕. 教學篇章語臺學[M]. 上海外語教育出版社，1999.

[3] 劉曉云. 銜接理論研究綜述[J]. 湖南師范學報，2006，4.

Brief anlaysis on Lexical Cohension in the text

ZHANG Ting

The paper started from the concept and levels of syntaxis to elaborate lexical cohension’s practical expressive modes in discourse, then combined with practical examples to analyze the way of vocabulary in different modes realizing semantic connection and coherence in discourse.

syntaxis; lexical cohension; semantic

H03

A

1008-7427（2010）10-0111-02

2010-07-28

作者系隴東學院英語系講師。