孫玉光

《英語(yǔ)課程標(biāo)準(zhǔn)》對(duì)小學(xué)生“寫(xiě)”的技能要求很明確，學(xué)生經(jīng)過(guò)小學(xué)階段的英語(yǔ)學(xué)習(xí)后應(yīng)達(dá)到如下目標(biāo)：1）能模仿范例寫(xiě)句子；2）能寫(xiě)出簡(jiǎn)單的問(wèn)候語(yǔ)；3）能根據(jù)要求為圖片、實(shí)物等寫(xiě)出簡(jiǎn)短的標(biāo)題或描述；4）能基本正確地使用大小寫(xiě)字母和標(biāo)點(diǎn)符號(hào)。但目前小學(xué)生英語(yǔ)書(shū)面表達(dá)教學(xué)的現(xiàn)狀不容樂(lè)觀，主要表現(xiàn)在以下幾方面：一是學(xué)生的生活知識(shí)和常用的英語(yǔ)詞匯比較貧乏，在進(jìn)行語(yǔ)言表達(dá)時(shí)遇到較大的困難，缺乏語(yǔ)言積累，在表達(dá)方式上受漢語(yǔ)語(yǔ)言習(xí)慣的影響；二是學(xué)生缺乏寫(xiě)作素材，缺乏內(nèi)心表達(dá)的需要；三是對(duì)學(xué)生書(shū)面表達(dá)的評(píng)價(jià)形式單一，側(cè)重于終結(jié)性的評(píng)價(jià)，缺少互動(dòng)，難以激發(fā)學(xué)生寫(xiě)作的興趣；四是教師對(duì)英語(yǔ)聽(tīng)、說(shuō)、讀、寫(xiě)的教學(xué)缺乏整體性的思考，在許多公開(kāi)課中，教師輕視學(xué)生動(dòng)手寫(xiě)的機(jī)會(huì)。為此，在教學(xué)中筆者以“以讀導(dǎo)寫(xiě)，循序漸進(jìn)，培養(yǎng)能力”的思想為指導(dǎo)，進(jìn)行下列的嘗試。

讓生活走進(jìn)課堂，創(chuàng)設(shè)真實(shí)情境，

激發(fā)學(xué)生讀與寫(xiě)的欲望

表達(dá)是人類心理的需要，寫(xiě)作訓(xùn)練首先要以激發(fā)學(xué)生內(nèi)心表達(dá)的欲望為切入點(diǎn)。筆者嘗試以模擬真實(shí)的情境，創(chuàng)設(shè)貼近生活實(shí)際的真實(shí)語(yǔ)境。當(dāng)學(xué)生在一個(gè)真實(shí)的語(yǔ)言環(huán)境中學(xué)習(xí)“身邊的英語(yǔ)”時(shí)，談?wù)撍麄兏信d趣的話題時(shí)，他們就會(huì)處在一個(gè)最佳的學(xué)習(xí)狀態(tài)，并樂(lè)于用英語(yǔ)來(lái)表達(dá)。

例如在練習(xí)“我最喜歡的動(dòng)物”這一寫(xiě)作話題時(shí)，筆者按以下步驟進(jìn)行設(shè)計(jì)。

1）講故事。教師扮演成農(nóng)夫的樣子，結(jié)合動(dòng)畫(huà)和Old Macdonald的背景音樂(lè)：“Hello, I am a farmer. This is my farm. There are so many animals on the farm，they are ducks, dogs, cats, rabbits, monkeys, bears, kangaroos, pandas and elephants. They are my good friends. I love them，and they love me, too. Today, they are going to have a fashion show. Look, this is my favorite animal.”2）出示短文。My favorite animal，指導(dǎo)學(xué)生分組閱讀，一邊閱讀一邊根據(jù)短文內(nèi)容選擇恰當(dāng)?shù)姆b，涂上顏色，再回答短文后面的問(wèn)題。3）學(xué)生分組打扮自己喜歡的動(dòng)物，然后小組合作完成My favorite animal的書(shū)面表達(dá)。4）小組間相互交流、展示與評(píng)價(jià)。

這個(gè)教學(xué)活動(dòng)以一個(gè)小故事導(dǎo)入My favorite animal的范文閱讀，學(xué)生在聽(tīng)聽(tīng)、讀讀、畫(huà)畫(huà)、說(shuō)說(shuō)的活動(dòng)中讀懂短文，接著由學(xué)生打扮自己喜歡的動(dòng)物參加時(shí)裝秀，再把小動(dòng)物寫(xiě)下來(lái)，學(xué)生對(duì)此很感興趣，在興致勃勃的氛圍中用英語(yǔ)表達(dá)著他們的情感。

讓學(xué)生在讀寫(xiě)中嘗到成功的喜悅

文章是由句子貫串起來(lái)的。句子積累越多，寫(xiě)起來(lái)就越順手。隨著所學(xué)詞匯數(shù)量的增多，可以讓學(xué)生以小組為單位看圖造句并寫(xiě)下來(lái)，比一比，看看哪個(gè)小組的句子最多。教師把具有代表性的句子列在黑板上，讓學(xué)生把自己喜歡的句子摘抄下來(lái)。不論句子長(zhǎng)短，恰當(dāng)鼓勵(lì)他們。

由句到篇，培養(yǎng)技能

很多小學(xué)生都能用單詞說(shuō)出、寫(xiě)出簡(jiǎn)單的句子，但是要寫(xiě)成一個(gè)片段就不那么容易。如何讓學(xué)生從句子過(guò)渡到片段呢？在教學(xué)中筆者要求學(xué)生圍繞一個(gè)中心詞看圖說(shuō)出多個(gè)相關(guān)的句子，并把句子板書(shū)，然后讓學(xué)生挑選適合的句子，加上自己的想象，整理成一個(gè)有條理的片斷。如以cat為中心詞，學(xué)生說(shuō)出了如下一些句子：“This is a cat. It's a dirty cat. I like cats. I have a cat. My cat is lovely. It's a white cat. The cat has two big eyes. The cat likes eating fish. The cat can catch mice. The cat has a long tail. The cat has a big mouth. The cat has two short ears. The cat has small nose. The cat is my good friend.”以下是一個(gè)學(xué)生整理出的片段：“I have a cat. Its name is Mimi. The cat is white.1She has two big blue eyes, a small nose, a long tail, two ears and four legs. She likes eating fish．She can catch mouse. She likes playing ball. She runs very fast. She is very clean. She has many cat's food. Mimi is my good friend. I like Mimi! Mimi likes me, too.”

實(shí)踐證明，只要持之以恒，學(xué)生書(shū)面表達(dá)技能的培養(yǎng)一定能收到較好效果。

交流展示，共同提高

每次書(shū)面表達(dá)訓(xùn)練，筆者都留有時(shí)間讓學(xué)生在學(xué)習(xí)小組內(nèi)交流，并挑選、展示一些具有代表性的習(xí)作，讓學(xué)生以個(gè)人、小組或集體的形式進(jìn)行評(píng)價(jià)和修改。針對(duì)小學(xué)生易受暗示、從眾思想較重和自我判斷能力相對(duì)較弱的特點(diǎn)，所出示的短文不公開(kāi)姓名，使學(xué)生的交流更真實(shí)。還預(yù)先教會(huì)學(xué)生一定的評(píng)價(jià)技巧，如先通讀全文、評(píng)整體結(jié)構(gòu)是否完整；再細(xì)讀短文，評(píng)單詞、短語(yǔ)、語(yǔ)法的運(yùn)用；可以評(píng)整體，也可以評(píng)一點(diǎn)；可以評(píng)長(zhǎng)處，也可以評(píng)不足等。盡可能地讓學(xué)生在師生、生生的互動(dòng)中提高賞析與修改的能力。例如在Friends with English Book 5 Unit 10 Tree Planting Camp的看圖寫(xiě)話訓(xùn)練中，一名學(xué)生的習(xí)作是這樣的：“Today is very sunny. The birds singing, The flowers is open. Tony and he family is in Tree Planting Camp．They very busy. Tony and jenny is planting tree. Gogo is helping Tony and Jenny. Ben cooking the dinner. Lisa calling to her friend. Where is Mrs. Green? She is painting to picture. What is the Mr. Green do? Oh, look! He is washing the boots. It's dirty but clean now. Today they are busy. Buy they are happy.”

經(jīng)過(guò)學(xué)生的修改和補(bǔ)充，文章變得準(zhǔn)確完整：“Today is Sunday. It is sunny and warm. The birds are singing. The flowers come out. Tony and his family are at the Tree Planting Camp. They are very busy. Tony and Jenny are planting trees. Go go is helping Tony and Jenny. Ben is cooking dinner. Lisa is calling her friend. They are talking about the Tree Planting Camp．Where is Mrs. Green? Oh, she is painting a picture. There is a nice boat in the picture. What is Mr. Green doing? Look! He is washing the boots. They were very dirty but they are clean now. They are tired, but they are very happy.”

在平時(shí)的教學(xué)中要善于將一些優(yōu)秀的習(xí)作收集起來(lái)，定期展示，讓學(xué)生自由閱讀，摘錄、領(lǐng)會(huì)其中精彩的句子或段落，以此豐富自己的語(yǔ)言儲(chǔ)備，積累寫(xiě)作素材，提高書(shū)面表達(dá)能力。

（作者單位：河北省臨西縣水波學(xué)區(qū)）