馮艷秋

連接詞是在英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)言中連接詞與詞、詞組與詞組、句子與句子間，表明其內(nèi)在聯(lián)系意思的詞或詞組。如果沒(méi)有連接詞，學(xué)生在閱讀解題時(shí)容易混淆。掌握了連接詞，我們?cè)诼犃r(shí)可通過(guò)連接詞準(zhǔn)確地猜想出說(shuō)話人的意圖；在完成單選和完形填空時(shí)可正確把握前后句子的語(yǔ)境，選出正確選項(xiàng)。書面表達(dá)中，如果我們能正確使用連接詞能增加文章的連貫性，從而美化和豐富我們的語(yǔ)言，故作為處于英語(yǔ)學(xué)習(xí)重要時(shí)期的高中生來(lái)說(shuō)，理解和掌握連接詞顯得尤為重要?，F(xiàn)將連接詞在高考題型中的考查淺談如下，以供老師和同學(xué)參考：

I. 連接詞在聽力中

有時(shí)對(duì)話人雙方，并不是直截了當(dāng)?shù)乇砻髯约旱膽B(tài)度，而是口氣很委婉地間接從側(cè)面表示出來(lái)。要善于理解他們這種含蓄的表示方法，也就是要領(lǐng)會(huì)句中的連接詞才能得知他們的言外之意。最常見(jiàn)的例子是含有轉(zhuǎn)折連接詞but的句子，這時(shí)特別要注意but后面的句子的意思，那才是說(shuō)話者的真實(shí)意圖，而but前面的句子意思往往不是多么重要，大多是一些出于禮貌的客套話。

例如：What did the man do last night?

A. He watched television with his friend.

B. He stayed at home talking with his friend.

C. He went to see a film with his friend.

此聽力的原文為：

W: Did you see a film last night on Channel 4?

M: Well, I meant to see it, but a friend of mine came to see me. We had a nice long talk about our school days.

【解析】 從男士的回答可以推斷出答案為B。

通常情況下，言外之意題型中的第一說(shuō)話人所言是一個(gè)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的一般疑問(wèn)句，即一個(gè)可用Yes或No來(lái)回答的問(wèn)句，第二說(shuō)話人的答話給人一種答非所問(wèn)的感覺(jué)。也就是說(shuō)對(duì)話雙方所言風(fēng)馬牛不相及，使考生很難快速地將兩者相聯(lián)系而造成失分。而轉(zhuǎn)折連接詞but后面的句子的意思，那才是說(shuō)話者的真實(shí)意圖。

II. 連接詞在單項(xiàng)填空中

這些年來(lái)，單項(xiàng)填空淡化了對(duì)所謂“純”語(yǔ)法和“純”詞匯的考查，而是在特定的語(yǔ)境中對(duì)語(yǔ)法和詞匯進(jìn)行考查，這就增加了考試的難度。因此，考生必須具有綜合運(yùn)用語(yǔ)言的能力。答題時(shí)我們必須讀完全部信息，利用特定的語(yǔ)境搞清前后句的邏輯關(guān)系來(lái)選出正確答案。

例如1：—Do you think I should get a good guidebook?

—Yes, of course.________, you also need a good camera and comfortable shoes.(2004北京春季高考)

A. What餾 more B. In other words

C. By the way D. All in all

【解析】 根據(jù)you also need a good camera and comfortable shoes所提供的語(yǔ)境中的語(yǔ)意，此句是對(duì)發(fā)話人所講意思的邏輯關(guān)系是增加補(bǔ)充故選A。而in other words 意為換句話說(shuō)；by the way意為順便問(wèn)問(wèn)；all in all意為總的說(shuō)來(lái)，總共。

例如2：—I餸 afraid Mr. Wood can餿 see you until 4 o餭lock.

—Oh,________ I won餿 wait.(2005江西高考)

A. no doubt B. after all

C. in that case D. in this way

【解析】 根據(jù)對(duì)話中所提供的語(yǔ)境：Mr. Wood can餿 see you until 4 o餭lock.此句所講意思與I won餿 wait的邏輯關(guān)系是解釋和說(shuō)明故選C。而no doubt意為毫無(wú)疑問(wèn)；after all畢竟；終究；in this way以這種方法，顯然不符合語(yǔ)境。

III. 連接詞在完形填空中

語(yǔ)篇一般指比單個(gè)句子長(zhǎng)的語(yǔ)言單位，如句群、段落、篇章等。語(yǔ)篇與語(yǔ)篇之間往往有表明其內(nèi)在聯(lián)系的詞語(yǔ)，這些詞語(yǔ)可稱為語(yǔ)篇標(biāo)志即連接詞。如：表示結(jié)構(gòu)層次的語(yǔ)篇標(biāo)志語(yǔ)有：firstly, secondly, thirdly, finally等。表示邏輯關(guān)系的有：thus, therefore, so等；表示改變?cè)掝}的有：by the way等；表示遞進(jìn)關(guān)系的有besides, what is more, further等；表示時(shí)間關(guān)系的有before, so far, yet, meantime, meanwhile, now, later等等。在做完形填空題時(shí)，如果能充分利用這些語(yǔ)篇標(biāo)志語(yǔ)，就可以迅速理清文章的脈絡(luò)，弄清上下文的關(guān)系。

例如1： (2004北京卷) What laughing 42 we had about the 43 respectable method for moving spaghetti from plate to mouth. 44 , I wanted to write about that, but I wanted to45 it down simply for my own 46 , not for Mr. Fleagle, my composition teacher. 47 , I would write something else.

44. A. Especially B. Probably

C. Suddenly D. Fortunately

【解析】 第44小題考查依據(jù)語(yǔ)篇標(biāo)志語(yǔ)作出判斷的能力。文章一開始作者談到由于寫作文引發(fā)的一段回憶，回憶后提到“I wanted to write about it”。especially表示程度上的遞進(jìn)，與上下文不符。fortunately不符合語(yǔ)境；probably與“I wanted to write about it”前后矛盾，所以C(suddenly)為最佳選項(xiàng)。學(xué)生在完形填空時(shí)常常斷章取義，就題論題，忽視上下文的信息提示。考生在做完形填空的過(guò)程中，應(yīng)學(xué)會(huì)邊讀邊在大腦中儲(chǔ)藏上下文的信息。信息提示有時(shí)出現(xiàn)在前面，有時(shí)出現(xiàn)在后面。

例如2：（2005全國(guó)試卷Ⅰ）

“Well, it餾 really 54 I came to a restaurant where I餸 known” I said, “ 55 , I might have in trouble.”

54. A. a pity B. natural

C. a chance D. lucky

55. A. Thus B. However

C. Otherwise D. Therefore

【解析】 根據(jù)短文前面的信息，他此時(shí)應(yīng)該感到幸運(yùn)，要不然就會(huì)有麻煩了。故答案為D和C,而thus意為如此，因此；however可是；therefore因此，所以。

IV. 連接詞在閱讀理解中

閱讀理解，既要求考生透過(guò)文章表面信息推測(cè)隱含意思，又要求考生對(duì)作者的態(tài)度、意圖及文章細(xì)節(jié)的發(fā)展作出正確的推理判斷，力求從作者的角度去考慮，不要固守自己的看法或觀點(diǎn)，某些連接詞(例如：however, but, on the contrary, what餾 more)后面所表達(dá)的內(nèi)容往往能反映作者的觀點(diǎn)和態(tài)度。閱讀理解中詞義猜測(cè)題常見(jiàn)解題方法：

1. 因果推斷法：借助因果連接詞because, as, since, for, so, thus, as a result, of course, therefore, so/such …that等加以猜測(cè)。例如：

The river is soturbidthat it is impossible to see the bottom even when it is shallow. (混濁)

2. 前后對(duì)比法：根據(jù)反義詞或反義關(guān)系進(jìn)行猜測(cè)。注意but, however, not…but, on the other hand, rather than, on the contrary, although, while, yet, unlike, instead of等表示轉(zhuǎn)折意義的連詞，其前后在語(yǔ)意上有著明顯的對(duì)比關(guān)系，通過(guò)這種對(duì)比關(guān)系的分析，將它的詞義推出來(lái)。例如：

Most of us agreed; however, Bill, dissented. (disagree, 不同意見(jiàn))

3. 類屬分析法：由and, not only…but also, besides, similarly, likewise, in the same way等詞引出的相同或類似的意思。例如：

Thedromedary, like all other desert animals, can go for long periods of time without drinking water. (一種沙漠里的動(dòng)物，單峰駱駝。)

4. 舉例說(shuō)明法：根據(jù)such as, such…as, like, for example, for instance等列舉的事物加以猜測(cè)詞意。例如：

Children like such creatures as dogs and monkeys. (由dogs, monkeys可知，creatures為動(dòng)物)

V. 連接詞在書面表達(dá)中

《2009年高考大綱》，要求考生根據(jù)題示進(jìn)行書面表達(dá)?？忌鷳?yīng)能：

(1) 準(zhǔn)確使用語(yǔ)法和詞匯；

(2) 使用一定的句型、詞匯，清楚、連貫地表達(dá)自己的意思。

這就要求考生審?fù)觐}以后，應(yīng)合理地組織所給的材料。千萬(wàn)不能寫得支離破碎，文理不通，讓人不知所云。因此，在明確了應(yīng)寫的東西后應(yīng)快速打好草稿。同時(shí)注重句與句之間、段與段之間如何才能銜接得緊密，做到前后連貫，層次分明，正確使用連接詞可以有效地增強(qiáng)文章的可讀性，流暢性同時(shí)增加文章的感情色彩，令人讀起來(lái)賞心悅目。

例如：（2008年北京卷)

第一節(jié) 情景作文 (20分)

內(nèi)容要點(diǎn)：

討論

爬山

撿拾別人(或收拾自己)的垃圾

投放垃圾

One possible version:

Last Thursday, we had a class meeting to discuss where to go for our spring outing. We came up with several choices such as going boating, climbing a mountain, and going to an amusement park. Finally, we decided to go mountain climbing.

The next day, we set off early in the morning. While climbing the mountain, we enjoyed the warm sunshine and a beautiful view. However, when reached the top, we were shocked to see litter here and there, such as bottles and banana peels. Then we started to pick up the litter. Afterwards, we put the rubbish into the nearby recycling bin and non瞨ecycling bin respectively.

We were tired but happy.

【解析】 讀后可見(jiàn)三個(gè)and，兩個(gè)such as，finally，however，then，afterwards等連接詞，有效地把一連串的活動(dòng)連接起來(lái)，增強(qiáng)文章的可讀性、流暢性，同時(shí)增加文章的色彩，令人讀起來(lái)賞心悅目。

現(xiàn)將中學(xué)英語(yǔ)課本中常見(jiàn)的連接詞小結(jié)如下，供老師和同學(xué)參考：

1. 表示并列或遞進(jìn)：and, as well, as well as, both…and, not only…but also, neither…nor;

2. 表示選擇：or, either…or;

3. 表示轉(zhuǎn)折：but, however, nevertheless(然而), although, though, or else, otherwise, after all, by the way;

4. 表示因果：because, as, since, for, for this reason, so, as a result, thus, therefore, so as to…;

5. 表示條件：if so, unless, provided that(假如), on condition that(如若);

6. 表示對(duì)比：while, whereas, instead, not…but, on the contrary, on the one hand…on the other hand; the former…the latter…;

7. 表示解釋：for example, for instance, such as, e.g., that is, that is to say, namely, in other words;

8. 表示順序：to begin with, for one thing, firstly, first (of all), second(ly), next, later, soon, afterwards, since then, from then on, lastly, finally, in the end;

9. 表示強(qiáng)調(diào)：also, besides, furthermore, moreover, what餾 more, certainly, actually, in fact, as a matter of fact;

10. 表示結(jié)論：to sum up, in all, in a word, in short, in conclusion, in all, in my opinion, generally speaking。