張海生

在任務(wù)型閱讀題中，有時作者在設(shè)計空格時常常要求學(xué)生根據(jù)文章的內(nèi)容，填上與之意義相近的詞匯。但不少學(xué)生僅僅局限于文章中的詞語，生搬硬套，而不能從句子的結(jié)構(gòu)和語境的表達(dá)意義上去展開聯(lián)想，其結(jié)果必然會造成失分。因此在解題時必須注意詞匯的活用，所填的詞匯可能會產(chǎn)生詞形、句義上的變化。在吃透文章的基礎(chǔ)上，對照文章的中的句子結(jié)構(gòu)推敲所填詞匯，才能獲得較高的正確率。

一、 注意詞形的變化

有時在解題時必須根據(jù)閱讀文章中的話語改變其詞形，而許多學(xué)生往往忽視這一點，不能靈活地根據(jù)句意或語境去變換?，F(xiàn)從一些練習(xí)中加以歸納，以窺其變化。如：

1. However, distance learning might not be for everyone and there are several factors should consider before starting a program.

該句論述了遠(yuǎn)程教育的一些事宜，其中用了動詞consider，而在后面表格的空格中卻給出了這樣的句子It gets more and more popular, but you need to take some factors into________. 根據(jù)此句的意思，可以看出此處應(yīng)填上consider的名詞形式consideration才妥當(dāng)，因為take something into consideration 已構(gòu)成了固定的詞組，意為“把……加以考慮“與原句中consider一詞意義相近，故應(yīng)填consideration。

2. What leads to a low self瞖steem? Some people have a low self瞖steem because nobody encourages them during their childhood.

該句論述了有些人自尊心不強的原因是因為童年時代沒有人對他們進(jìn)行鼓勵。

在句中用動詞encourages，但在后面的表格中則是Lack________ during childhood.此時如果繼續(xù)用動詞的形式就無法表達(dá)，而正確的詞匯應(yīng)是其名詞形式encouragement才與該空格意思相符合。

3. Finally, the key to improving your self瞖steem is to believe in yourself. Avoid the fears and doubts that you back, and choose to believe that you are a valuable person.

該句論述了如何才能提高自己的自尊心，應(yīng)避開恐懼和懷疑，并堅信自己是有價值的人。

文章中用valuable一詞來表達(dá)，但在后面的空格中是Avoid the fears and doubts. Believe that you have________. 因此根據(jù)表格中的實際語境應(yīng)填其相應(yīng)的名詞形式value才符合該句的意思。

二、 注意句義的變化

在解題的過程中常常會碰到要求填的詞匯在原文中未曾出現(xiàn)過，此時應(yīng)結(jié)合段落的意思作出合理的推測。所填的詞匯是否合乎句子和段落的含義，要根據(jù)空格前后的句意看是否有聯(lián)系，而不能憑自己的主觀臆造任意發(fā)揮?，F(xiàn)通過一些練習(xí)實例來進(jìn)行論述。

1. Efforts must be made to prevent these young beggars from doing this. “Foolish” parents should be criticized . Young beggars should be sent back to schools, where they can learn knowledge and techniques to prepare them for the future. Psychological treatment should be given to them to help them assume the correct attitude towards life when necessary.

Last but not least, compulsory education must be strengthened. Only by these means can these young beggars be turned into civilized citizens.

該段落主要論述了怎樣才能有效地阻止兒童沿街乞討的現(xiàn)象以及應(yīng)采取哪些措施。根據(jù)這兩小節(jié)內(nèi)容，作者設(shè)計了兩個空格。Some________ should be taken to stop young beggars.

Remind people of the________ and necessity of compulsory education. 這兩個空格的所填之詞不可能直接從文章中找到，應(yīng)根據(jù)段落內(nèi)容加以判斷，第一句從動詞take去展開聯(lián)想，應(yīng)是“采取的措施”故填measures為妥；第二句應(yīng)從necessity去加以考慮，該詞應(yīng)與necessity 并列，說明對其教育的重要性和必要性，故應(yīng)填importance為宜。

2. In recent society, using computers spreads quickly and widely, even including the field of children. Most people claim that it does children a lot of good to use computers, because they believe computers could help children study more effectively. But it is easier for children who couldn餿 control themselves to be too interested in playing computer games, which would be harmful to their physical health if they spend too much time in playing games.

該段落主要論述了兒童使用電腦的利與弊。在該短文后有這樣三個空格要求學(xué)生填上合適的詞匯。Using computers has a good________ on children餾 study…it will help children study more effectively. Computers play an educational role, but it is easy for children to be________ to playing games, which may be make them physically________. 要求填的詞匯不能直接從該段落中找到，必須根據(jù)其空格中的句意加以猜測，第一句可從has a good…on加以判斷，應(yīng)填effect, impact或influence等；第二句應(yīng)根據(jù)文章中的be too interested 和be________ to而猜測填addicted；第三空格應(yīng)根據(jù)句中的which would be harmful to their physical health加以判斷，此空格應(yīng)填unhealthy。

通過上述兩中情況可以看出，有時在做任務(wù)型閱讀時必須根據(jù)短文的內(nèi)容從多方面加以考慮，所填的詞匯是否與原文的意思吻合，與空格中的內(nèi)容是否存在著哪些語義上的搭配，是否要作一些詞性、詞形的變化等。認(rèn)真對照文章和后面的練習(xí)，作出合理的推測才能取得較好的分?jǐn)?shù)。