[摘要]闡述從語言文化科技等角度，認(rèn)識單詞以及一些單詞之間的關(guān)系。選取雨果《笑面人》片段，加深對詞匯和閱讀的認(rèn)識和理解，更突顯了英語學(xué)習(xí)的趣味性。

[關(guān)鍵詞]單詞 閱讀 雨果

如果從語言、文化和科技等角度，全方位地認(rèn)識單詞，認(rèn)識單詞和一組單詞之間的關(guān)系，我們就會覺得，學(xué)習(xí)單詞很有趣。如果初具水平，再閱讀優(yōu)秀文章，勢必更覺趣味無窮。試看如下雨果《笑面人》的三小段。

Ursus and Homo were fast friends. Ursus was a man，Homo a wolf.

Their dispositions tallied. It was the man who had christened the wolf：probably he had also chosen his own name. Having found Ursus fit for himself，he had found Homo fit for the beast. Man and wolf turned their partnership to account at fairs，at village f tes，at the corners of streets where passers-by throng，and out of the need which people seem to feel everywhere to listen to idle gossip and to buy quack medicine. The wolf，gentle and courteouslysubordinate，diverted the crowd. It is a pleasant thing to behold the tameness of animals. Our greatest delight is to see all the varieties of domestication parade before us.

This it is which collects so many folks on the road of royal processions.

注解：

1.disposition：性格，性情；disposition：配置，部署；pose：擺姿勢[(+for)]；詞根it=“go”意義；posit：安置，假定；dis-分開，分離；position：位置，狀態(tài)?！拔恢谩?，變化(dis-)而成為軍事“部署”；歷經(jīng)千變?nèi)f化(dis-)而見性情(性格)。

e.g.The disposition of the Peacekeeping Force of the UN was not revealed.聯(lián)合國維和部隊(duì)的部署情況沒有被透露。

2.tally：符木(古時刻痕計(jì)數(shù)的木簽)，籌碼；使符合，使吻合；tall：高大的。觀察平日吃飯高高長長的筷子，或許更容易讓我們理解tall向tally的躍變。

3.christen：為……施洗，(施洗時)給……命名。注意，christ：基督，耶穌像。

11月3日，在北卡羅來納州的夏洛特舉行的競選集會上，談起外祖母在夏威夷去世，美國民主黨總統(tǒng)候選人奧巴馬流下眼淚。

A tear runs down the face of US Democratic presidential nominee Senator Barack Obama as he speaks about his grandmother who died earlier in Hawaii on Monday，during a campaign rally in Charlotte，North Carolina.

Christs Tear Lyrics - Melancholy Cry；基督催淚歌詞——憂郁的哭泣。

4.quack：庸醫(yī)，江湖醫(yī)生；quack：鴨叫聲，呱呱聲；quake：地震。

5.divert：逗……開心；divert：轉(zhuǎn)移，使分心[(+from)]。各個方向都有所排解，各個方面都有所考慮，那么，多大的怨氣多大的困難也化為烏有。

6.domestication：馴養(yǎng)，馴化；dome：圓屋頂；domestic：國內(nèi)，家庭，馴養(yǎng)的；家仆，傭人； -istic (形容詞詞尾)含義與-ism，-ist相應(yīng)：做……的人……的實(shí)行者。

Ursus and Homo went about from cross-road to cross-road，from the High Street of Aberystwith to the High Street of Jedburgh，from country-side to country-side，from shire to shire，from town to town. One market exhausted，they went on to another. Ursus lived in a small van upon wheels，which Homo was civilized enough to draw by day and guard by night. On bad roads，up hills，and where there were too many ruts，or there was too much mud，the man buckled the trace round his neck and pulled fraternally，side by side with the wolf. They had thus grown old together. They encamped at haphazard on a common，in the glade of a wood，on the waste patch of grass where roads intersect，at the outskirts of villages，at the gates of towns，in market-places，in public walks，on the borders of parks，before the entrances of churches. When the cart drew up on a fair green，when the gossips ran up open-mouthed and the curious made a circle round the pair，Ursus harangued and Homo approved. Homo，with a bowl in his mouth，politely made a collection among the audience. They gained their livelihood. The wolf was lettered，likewise the man. The wolf had been trained by the man，or had trained himself unassisted，to divers wolfish arts，which swelled the receipts. \"Above all things，do not degenerate into a man，\" his friend would say to him.

注解：

1.Aberystwith：阿伯里斯微；Jedburgh：杰德堡。

2.shire：郡。

3.rut：車轍；rut：(雄鹿、雄羊等的)發(fā)情。食色，性也，對人而言；牲畜能例外?有車就有轍；動物存其性。

4.buckle：帶扣，搭鉤；扣住，扣緊；buck：雄鹿，公羊，[貶]青年男黑人；閑談；吹牛[(+about)]。-il，-ile，-eel，帶有“屬性，傾向，相關(guān)”的含義。

5.trace：挽繩，韁繩；trace：跟蹤，追蹤。

秤砣雖小壓千斤。一根韁繩，如同“方向盤”加“速度檔”!看到race，就要有所思考，不能茫然。(race：參加競賽，參加賽馬。)

6.fraternally：友好地，兄弟般地；fraternal：孿生的；frater：(宗教團(tuán)體 等)兄弟，會友；frate：初學(xué)修士；frat：兄弟會；The Frat Pack，爛仔幫。

7.haphazard：偶然，隨意；hazard：危險，危害物；hazard：機(jī)會，偶然的事；hap：機(jī)會，幸運(yùn)；偶爾發(fā)生。haphazard，名詞，形容詞，副詞。

8.glade：林間空地；glad：高興的，快活的。

9.cart：(馬、牛等拉的)二輪(或四輪)運(yùn)貨車；小車，手推車。轎車car，怎么來的?把馬車cart——，改造一番!

10.harangue：(向……)滔滔不絕地演講；tongue：舌頭。Hara literally means simply “belly”. Hara 即 belly，肚皮，腹部。Hara肚皮(意味身體)+ tongue 舌頭=harangue，演講該多么精彩!

11.degenerate：[生]退化；generate：產(chǎn)生；gene：基因。

Never did the wolf bite：the man did now and then. At least，to bite was the intent of Ursus. He was a misanthrope，and to italicize his misanthropy he had made himself a juggler. To live，also； for the stomach has to be consulted. Moreover，this juggler-misanthrope，whether to add to the complexity of his being or to perfect it，was a doctor. To be a doctor is little：Ursus was a ventriloquist. You heard him speak without his moving his lips. He counterfeited，so as to deceive you，any one's accent or pronunciation. He imitated voices so exactly that you believed you heard the people themselves. All alone he simulated the murmur of a crowd，and this gave him a right to the title of Engastrimythos，which he took. He reproduced all sorts of cries of birds，as of the thrush，the wren，the pipit lark，otherwise called the gray cheeper，and the ring ousel，all travellers like himself：so that at times when the fancy struck him，he made you aware either of a public thoroughfare filled with the uproar of men，or of a meadow loud with the voices of beasts--at one time stormy as a multitude，at another fresh and serene as the dawn. Such gifts，although rare，exist. In the last century a man called Touzel，who imitated the mingled utterances of men and animals，and who counterfeited all the cries of beasts，was attached to the person of Buffon--to serve as a menagerie.

[Priliminary Chapter：Ursus Part I (the first three segments)]

注解：

1.misanthrope：厭世者；anthrop：人類學(xué)；throb：(心臟)悸動，搏動。

2.juggler：變戲法的，騙子；jug：水壺，監(jiān)牢；juggle：變戲法，魔術(shù)(欺騙)。

3.ventriloquist：作腹語者；腹語表演者。(ven+ tri+ loquist)

4.Engastrimythos：口技表演者； gastriloquism：口技，腹語術(shù)(=ventriloquism) (gas+ tri+ loquism)。

5.thrush：畫眉；wren：鷦鷯；rush：匆促，急流；ren：[醫(yī)]腎，renal腎的。

6.pipit：田云雀。

7.cheeper：雛，嬰兒；cheep：吱吱地叫。

8.ring ousel：烏鶇。

9.meadow：草地；mead：蜂蜜酒，[詩]草地。

10.serene：晴朗的，無云的，明亮的；serene：月亮女神；安詳?shù)?。Seres：[賽里斯]，絲綢之國，古代歐洲對中國的稱呼；由希臘文[賽爾]Sere，蠶絲，演化而來。

11.Touzel：唐茲爾。Buffon：布封。

12.menagerie：動物園，獸欄(或籠)；[總稱] (供展覽用的)野生動物。

譯文參考：于蘇斯和奧莫是很親密的朋友。于蘇斯是人，而奧莫是狼。他們倆稱得上是情投意合的朋友。人給狼取了個名字，也許人的名字也是自己取的；既然他覺得“于蘇斯”對自己挺合適，所以也覺得“奧莫”對這個畜生很合適了。由于人們喜歡聽無聊的廢話，喜歡買狗皮膏藥，人和狼便在市集上，廟會上，行人集中的街角上合伙做起生意來了。這條狼很馴良，是個恭順的部下，觀眾很喜歡它。看見一頭馴服的野獸是一件有趣的事。看見各式各樣豢養(yǎng)的動物在我們面前走過，是我們莫大的快樂。怪不得御林軍開過的時候，有那么多看熱鬧的人。[開頭的兩章 之 第一章 于蘇斯，(第一小段)]。

在自己已有詞匯量的基礎(chǔ)上，我們可以選擇精美文章的若干段落，一小部分，或若干部分作閱讀欣賞。有時候，我們可以查查字典，問問人；如果有些不熟悉的單詞——不影響我們對原文的基本理解，你就不必特別地去翻書或麻煩別人。保持自己的成就感和學(xué)習(xí)興趣——至關(guān)重要，這是我們繼續(xù)學(xué)習(xí)的動力。

參考文獻(xiàn)：

[1]如此記單詞，再忘有點(diǎn)難.

[2]The Man Who Laughs，Victor Hugo.

[3][法]雨果著.魯膺譯.笑面人[M].

(作者單位：江蘇南京電子設(shè)備研究所)