現(xiàn)在的高中生在做英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法題時(shí),經(jīng)常出現(xiàn)主謂不一致的情況。何謂主謂不一致呢?就是主語(yǔ)和謂語(yǔ)在人稱和數(shù)上的不一致關(guān)系。主謂一致一般遵循三條原則:語(yǔ)法形式上的一致、意義上的一致和就近原則。
(一)語(yǔ)法形式上的一致
主語(yǔ)是單數(shù)形式,謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)形式:主語(yǔ)是復(fù)數(shù)形式,謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用復(fù)數(shù)形式。如:The student is Listening to the music.這個(gè)學(xué)生正在聽音樂。The students are playing football.學(xué)生們?cè)谔咦闱颉?/p>
(二)意義上一致
主語(yǔ)形式是單數(shù),意義上卻是復(fù)數(shù),謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用復(fù)數(shù);主語(yǔ)形式上是復(fù)數(shù),意義上卻是單數(shù),謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)。如:Politics is an important subject. 政治是一門重要學(xué)科。The police have caught the thief.警察已抓獲了小偷。
(三)就近原則
謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)形式還是用復(fù)數(shù)形式,取決于最靠近它的那個(gè)主語(yǔ)(因?yàn)槭遣⒘兄髡Z(yǔ))。如:Either you or I am to go to help Tom.不是你就是我得去幫助湯姆。
1. and連接兩個(gè)獨(dú)立主語(yǔ)時(shí),謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用復(fù)數(shù),如果兩個(gè)主語(yǔ)是一個(gè)整體,謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)。如:Lucy and Lily are ready. =Both Lucy and Lily are ready.露西和麗麗準(zhǔn)備好了。
2. 有一些集合名詞,如:famil、team、company、class、group等作主語(yǔ)時(shí),當(dāng)把它們作為一個(gè)整體考慮時(shí),謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用單數(shù);當(dāng)強(qiáng)調(diào)的是它們中各個(gè)成員時(shí),謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用復(fù)數(shù)。如:The whole family are watching TV.一家人都在看電視。
3. 表示時(shí)間、距離、度量衡、金額的復(fù)數(shù)名詞與數(shù)詞連用常被看做一個(gè)整體,謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)。如:Twenty years has passed.二十年過去了。
4. people、police、cattle等表面上是單數(shù)名詞,但謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用復(fù)數(shù)形式。如:I don’t care what people say.我不管人家說些什么。
5. 當(dāng)many a或more than one所修飾的詞作主語(yǔ)時(shí),謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)。如:Many a man has tried it before.過去很多人嘗試過。
6. 國(guó)名、書名、山名等表示事務(wù)名稱的專有名詞用了加-s的復(fù)數(shù)形式,謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)。如:The United States lies to the south of Canada.美國(guó)位于加拿大南面。
7. a number of +名詞,謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用復(fù)數(shù);the number of+名詞,謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)。如:The number of people who own cars is increasing.有小汽車的人數(shù)在增加。
8. 當(dāng)主語(yǔ)后面跟有as well as , with , along with , together with , but , except , besides , in addition to等引導(dǎo)的詞組時(shí),其謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的單、復(fù)數(shù)根據(jù)句子主語(yǔ)單、復(fù)數(shù)形式而定。如:All but one were here just now.除一個(gè)人外,剛才都在這兒。
9. maths(mathematics), politics , physics , news 等作主語(yǔ),謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)。如:Physics is important.物理是門重要學(xué)科。
10. 當(dāng)兩個(gè)主語(yǔ)由either…or…, neither…nor…, not only…but also , not…but , or連接時(shí),謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞和鄰近的主語(yǔ)保持一致。如:Not only the students but also their teacher doesn’t know about it .不但學(xué)生而且老師也不知道這件事。
11. 不定式、動(dòng)名詞和從句作主語(yǔ),謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)。如:What he said is right.他說的是對(duì)的。
12. the+形容詞或分詞作主語(yǔ),表示一類人時(shí),謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用復(fù)數(shù)。如:The injured were carried to the hospital.受傷的人被送往醫(yī)院。
13. either、neither、each、one、anybody、someone、something 等作主語(yǔ)時(shí),謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞一般用單數(shù)。如:Either of the boys is ready. 這兩個(gè)男孩都做好了準(zhǔn)備。