摘要:目的 探討早期外周血中性粒細(xì)胞與淋巴細(xì)胞比值(NLR)與急性缺血性腦卒中(AIS)患者靜脈溶栓治療后預(yù)后不良及早期神經(jīng)功能惡化(END)的關(guān)系。方法 回顧性納入行靜脈溶栓治療的AIS患者221例,收集患者的一般資料、既往疾病史、臨床及影像學(xué)相關(guān)資料。治療前采集肘靜脈血進(jìn)行血常規(guī)檢測,并計(jì)算NLR。主要研究終點(diǎn)為發(fā)病3個(gè)月預(yù)后不良或死亡,次要終點(diǎn)為靜脈溶栓后24 h內(nèi)出現(xiàn)癥狀性顱內(nèi)出血(SICH)或END。采用Logistic回歸分析發(fā)生主要及次要研究終點(diǎn)事件的影響因素,受試者工作特征(ROC)曲線分析NLR對(duì)臨床結(jié)局的預(yù)測價(jià)值。結(jié)果 Logistic回歸分析顯示,女性、高血壓、較高的基線NLR(OR=1.968,95%CI:1.516~2.555,P<0.001)和美國國立衛(wèi)生研究院卒中量表(NIHSS)評(píng)分是患者3個(gè)月預(yù)后不良的獨(dú)立危險(xiǎn)因素;女性、既往卒中或短暫性腦缺血發(fā)作、較高的隨機(jī)血糖、較高的基線NLR(OR=1.317,95%CI:1.028~1.688,P=0.030)和NIHSS評(píng)分是患者3個(gè)月死亡的獨(dú)立危險(xiǎn)因素;高血壓、較高的同型半胱氨酸、較高的基線NLR(OR=1.420,95%CI:1.180~1.709,P<0.001)和NIHSS評(píng)分是END的獨(dú)立危險(xiǎn)因素。SICH組(n=5)NLR水平與非SICH組(n=216)差異無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。ROC曲線分析結(jié)果顯示,基線NLR對(duì)AIS患者3個(gè)月預(yù)后不良、3個(gè)月死亡及END的預(yù)測價(jià)值較高[曲線下面積分別為0.748(95%CI:0.679~0.817)、0.738(95%CI:0.622~0.853)和0.730(95%CI:0.656~0.804)],對(duì)SICH無預(yù)測價(jià)值。高NLR組(NLR≥2.63,n=89)基線NIHSS評(píng)分、隨機(jī)血糖、合并高血壓、冠心病、END、3個(gè)月預(yù)后不良和死亡的比例高于低NLR組(NLR<2.63,n=132)。結(jié)論 基線NLR升高與AIS患者靜脈溶栓治療后發(fā)生END及3個(gè)月預(yù)后不良相關(guān),有望成為預(yù)測AIS患者臨床轉(zhuǎn)歸的生物標(biāo)志物。
關(guān)鍵詞:缺血性腦卒中;中性粒細(xì)胞;淋巴細(xì)胞;預(yù)后;炎癥;中性粒細(xì)胞與淋巴細(xì)胞比值
中圖分類號(hào):R743.3 文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)志碼:A DOI:10.11958/20241271
Abstract: Objective To investigate the relationship between the early neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (NLR) in peripheral blood, poor prognosis and early neurological deterioration (END) in patients with acute ischemic stroke (AIS) following intravenous thrombolysis treatment. Methods The retrospective study included 221 AIS patients who underwent intravenous thrombolysis therapy. Demographic information, medical history, clinical" and imaging data were collected. Peripheral venous blood samples were drawn before treatment for routine blood tests, and NLR was calculated. The primary endpoint was poor prognosis or death at 3 months after onset, and the secondary endpoint was symptomatic intracranial hemorrhage (SICH) or END within 24 hours after thrombolysis. Logistic regression was used to analyze factors associated with the primary and secondary endpoint events. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis was performed to evaluate the predictive value of NLR for clinical outcomes. Results Logistic regression analysis revealed that female, hypertension, higher baseline NLR (OR=1.968, 95%CI: 1.516-2.555, P<0.001) and NIHSS scores were independent risk factors for 3-month poor outcomes in AIS patients. Female, a history of stroke or transient ischemic attack (TIA), higher random blood glucose, elevated baseline NLR (OR=1.317, 95%CI: 1.028-1.688, P=0.030) and NIHSS scores were independent risk factors for 3-month mortality. Hypertension, elevated homocysteine, higher baseline NLR (OR=1.420, 95%CI: 1.180-1.709, P<0.001) and NIHSS scores were independent risk factors for END. There was no significant difference in NLR level between the SICH group (n=5) and the non-SICH group (n=216). ROC curve analysis showed that baseline NLR had high predictive value for 3-month poor outcomes, 3-month mortality and END in AIS patients, with AUCs of 0.748 (95%CI: 0.679-0.817), 0.738 (95%CI: 0.622-0.853) and 0.730 (95%CI: 0.656-0.804), respectively. There was no predictive value for SICH. Patients in the high NLR group (NLR≥2.63, n=89) had significantly higher baseline NIHSS scores, random blood glucose levels and rates of hypertension, coronary artery disease, END, 3-month poor outcomes and 3-month mortality compared to those in the low NLR group (NLR<2.63, n=132). Conclusion Elevated baseline NLR is associated with the occurrence of END and 3-month poor outcomes in AIS patients following intravenous thrombolysis therapy, suggesting its potential as a biomarker for predicting clinical outcomes in AIS patients.
Key words: ischemic stroke; neutrophil; lymphocyte; outcome; inflammation; neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio
對(duì)急性缺血性腦卒中(acute ischemic stroke,AIS)患者使用重組組織型纖溶酶原激活劑進(jìn)行靜脈溶栓(intravenous thrombolytic,IVT)治療是非常有效的。然而,由于出血并發(fā)癥或溶栓無效等問題,僅不足40%的AIS患者能實(shí)現(xiàn)動(dòng)脈再通[1]。盡管已有多種風(fēng)險(xiǎn)因素和預(yù)測模型可用于預(yù)測AIS的預(yù)后,但存在檢測費(fèi)用較高、模型不穩(wěn)定等問題,仍需尋找更多客觀且易于獲取的生物標(biāo)志物。外周血中性粒細(xì)胞與淋巴細(xì)胞比值(neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio,NLR)可反映外周循環(huán)中中性粒細(xì)胞(NEU)和淋巴細(xì)胞(LYM)的比例,是全身炎癥和感染的標(biāo)志物[2]。目前針對(duì)行靜脈溶栓治療的AIS患者外周血NLR水平與臨床預(yù)后之間的關(guān)系已有較多研究,但研究結(jié)果存在爭議,如有研究表明基線NLR水平升高與AIS患者靜脈溶栓治療后發(fā)生癥狀性顱內(nèi)出血(symptomatic intracerebral hemorrhage,SICH)和不良預(yù)后相關(guān)[3],但也有研究顯示二者無明顯相關(guān)性[4]。本研究旨在探究接受靜脈溶栓治療的AIS患者基線外周血NLR水平與臨床預(yù)后之間的關(guān)系,以期為預(yù)測AIS患者的臨床轉(zhuǎn)歸提供參考。
1 對(duì)象與方法
1.1 研究對(duì)象 回顧性納入2019年3月—2021年5月于天津醫(yī)科大學(xué)第二醫(yī)院接受阿替普酶靜脈溶栓治療的AIS住院患者221例。納入標(biāo)準(zhǔn):(1)年齡≥18歲;(2)經(jīng)腦CT或MRI診斷為AIS,符合《中國急性缺血性腦卒中診治指南2018》[5]中的診斷標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。排除標(biāo)準(zhǔn):(1)近1個(gè)月患有炎癥或感染性疾病,或正在使用免疫抑制劑治療;(2)接受橋接治療的患者;(3)合并腫瘤、血液系統(tǒng)疾病、嚴(yán)重肝腎功能不全、心力衰竭和3個(gè)月內(nèi)發(fā)生過急性心肌梗死;(4)臨床資料不全或失訪。本研究經(jīng)天津醫(yī)科大學(xué)第二醫(yī)院倫理委員會(huì)的批準(zhǔn)(倫理號(hào):KY2020K183)。
1.2 收集指標(biāo) (1)一般資料:性別、年齡、吸煙及飲酒情況、收縮壓(SBP)和舒張壓(DBP)。(2)既往疾病史:高血壓、糖尿病、高脂血癥、冠心病、心房顫動(dòng)、既往卒中或短暫性腦缺血發(fā)作(transient ischemic attack,TIA)等。(3)基線實(shí)驗(yàn)室檢查:在患者接受阿替普酶靜脈溶栓治療前抽取肘靜脈血2 mL,采用邁瑞B(yǎng)C-7500全自動(dòng)血細(xì)胞分析儀進(jìn)行檢測,包括白細(xì)胞計(jì)數(shù)(WBC)、NEU、LYM、低密度脂蛋白膽固醇(LDL-C)、隨機(jī)血糖、同型半胱氨酸(HCY),并計(jì)算NLR=NEU/LYM。(4)溶栓過程記錄:癥狀發(fā)作至采血的時(shí)間(OST)、癥狀發(fā)作至治療的時(shí)間(OTT)和美國國立衛(wèi)生研究院卒中量表(national institute of health stroke scale,NIHSS)評(píng)分[6]。
1.3 治療方案 所有患者均接受腦CT(西門子64排GoTop)或MRI(西門子雙射頻3.0 T VIDA)檢查。在靜脈溶栓后24 h內(nèi)再次接受CT或MRI掃描,若有神經(jīng)功能缺損癥狀加重或昏迷等臨床癥狀惡化出現(xiàn)時(shí)則提前進(jìn)行掃描。阿替普酶(勃林格殷格翰)靜脈注射劑量為0.9 mg/kg(總劑量≤90 mg),以總劑量的10%在1 min內(nèi)進(jìn)行初始劑量靜脈注射,余量在60 min內(nèi)靜脈滴注。根據(jù)《中國急性缺血性腦卒中診治指南2018》[5]對(duì)抗血小板聚集、抗凝、口服他汀類藥物和風(fēng)險(xiǎn)因素(如高血壓、糖尿病、高脂血癥、心房顫動(dòng)等)進(jìn)行評(píng)估并給予相應(yīng)治療。
1.4 隨訪和終點(diǎn)事件的定義 采用門診或電話隨訪的方式評(píng)估患者發(fā)病后3個(gè)月的改良Rankin量表(modified Rankin scale,mRS)評(píng)分[7],評(píng)分范圍0~6分,分?jǐn)?shù)越高代表患者殘疾程度越重。主要終點(diǎn)事件:發(fā)病3個(gè)月預(yù)后不良或死亡,預(yù)后不良定義為mRS評(píng)分3~6分,死亡的mRS評(píng)分為6分。次要研究終點(diǎn):(1)根據(jù)歐洲急性卒中合作研究Ⅱ(ECASS-Ⅱ)[8]記錄SICH的發(fā)生情況;(2)靜脈溶栓后24 h內(nèi)出現(xiàn)早期神經(jīng)功能惡化(early neurological deterioration,END),即NIHSS評(píng)分較基線水平上升≥4分或?qū)е滤劳觯?]。根據(jù)隨訪3個(gè)月時(shí)的mRS評(píng)分,將患者分為預(yù)后良好組(mRS評(píng)分為0~2分)和預(yù)后不良組(mRS評(píng)分為3~6分)。所有評(píng)估均由對(duì)研究設(shè)計(jì)不知情、經(jīng)驗(yàn)豐富的神經(jīng)科醫(yī)生進(jìn)行。
1.5 統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)方法 采用SPSS 25.0軟件進(jìn)行數(shù)據(jù)分析。符合正態(tài)分布的計(jì)量資料以均數(shù)±標(biāo)準(zhǔn)差([[x] ±s
])表示,組間比較采用獨(dú)立樣本t檢驗(yàn);非正態(tài)分布的計(jì)量資料以中位數(shù)(四分位間距)[M(P25,P75)]表示,組間比較采用Mann-Whitney U檢驗(yàn)。計(jì)數(shù)資料以例(%)表示,組間比較采用χ2檢驗(yàn)。采用多因素Logistic回歸分析患者臨床結(jié)局的影響因素,并計(jì)算比值比(OR)和95%置信區(qū)間(CI)。采用受試者工作特征(ROC)曲線并計(jì)算曲線下面積(AUC)評(píng)估NLR對(duì)患者臨床結(jié)局的預(yù)測價(jià)值。NLR與卒中嚴(yán)重程度之間的關(guān)系采用Spearman相關(guān)分析。雙側(cè)P<0.05為差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。
2 結(jié)果
2.1 不同預(yù)后患者臨床資料比較 與預(yù)后良好組相比,預(yù)后不良組年齡,合并高血壓、糖尿病、冠心病、心房顫動(dòng)比例,NEU,NLR,隨機(jī)血糖及基線NIHSS評(píng)分升高,男性比例、LYM降低(P<0.05),見表1。
2.2 患者預(yù)后的影響因素分析 以AIS患者行靜脈溶栓治療后3個(gè)月的預(yù)后情況(預(yù)后良好=0,預(yù)后不良=1)為因變量,以表1中單因素分析P<0.05的指標(biāo)為自變量,包括性別(男=0,女=1),年齡,高血壓、糖尿病、冠心病、心房顫動(dòng)(賦值均為是=1,否=0),NLR,隨機(jī)血糖,NIHSS評(píng)分,進(jìn)行多因素Logistic回歸分析。結(jié)果顯示,女性、高血壓、較高的基線NLR和NIHSS評(píng)分是患者3個(gè)月預(yù)后不良的獨(dú)立危險(xiǎn)因素,見表2。
2.3 死亡與非死亡組AIS患者臨床資料比較 與非死亡組相比,死亡組的年齡,合并高血壓、糖尿病、冠心病、既往卒中或TIA比例,NEU,NLR,隨機(jī)血糖及基線NIHSS評(píng)分升高,男性比例、LYM降低(P<0.05),見表3。
2.4 患者死亡的影響因素分析 以AIS患者行靜脈溶栓治療后3個(gè)月是否死亡(是=1,否=0)為因變量,以表3中單因素分析P<0.05的指標(biāo)為自變量,包括性別(男=0,女=1),年齡,高血壓、糖尿病、冠心病、既往卒中或TIA(賦值均為是=1,否=0),NLR,隨機(jī)血糖,基線NIHSS評(píng)分,進(jìn)行多因素Logistic回歸分析。結(jié)果顯示,女性、既往卒中或TIA、較高的隨機(jī)血糖、較高的基線NLR和NIHSS評(píng)分是患者3個(gè)月死亡的獨(dú)立危險(xiǎn)因素,見表4。[變量 β SE Wald χ2 P OR(95%CI) 性別 2.080 0.698 8.890 0.003 8.005(2.040~31.420) 卒中或TIA 1.475 0.629 5.496 0.019 4.732(1.274~15.008) NLR 0.275 0.127 4.729 0.030 1.317(1.028~1.688) 隨機(jī)血糖 0.197 0.074 7.008 0.008 1.218(1.052~1.408) NIHSS評(píng)分 0.188 0.051 13.684 <0.001 1.207(1.092~1.333) 常數(shù)項(xiàng) -11.429 2.124 28.959 <0.001 0.000 ][Tab.4 Multivariable Logistic regression analysis of 3-month mortality in AIS patients
表4 AIS患者行靜脈溶栓治療后3個(gè)月死亡的影響因素分析]
2.5 END與非END組AIS患者臨床資料比較 與非END組比較,END組的年齡,WBC、NEU、NLR、HCY水平和基線NIHSS評(píng)分,合并高血壓、糖尿病、冠心病、心房顫動(dòng)比例升高,LYM降低(P<0.05),見表5。
2.6 患者END的影響因素分析 以AIS患者行靜脈溶栓治療后是否發(fā)生END(是=1,否=0)為因變量,以表5中單因素分析P≤0.05的指標(biāo)為自變量,包括性別(男=0,女=1),年齡,高血壓、糖尿病、冠心病、心房顫動(dòng)(賦值均為是=1,否=0),WBC,NLR,HCY,基線NIHSS評(píng)分,進(jìn)行多因素Logistic回歸分析。結(jié)果顯示,高血壓、較高的HCY、較高的基線NLR和NIHSS評(píng)分是END的獨(dú)立危險(xiǎn)因素,見表6。
2.7 SICH與非SICH組AIS患者NLR比較 SICH組(n=5)NLR水平與非SICH組(n=216)差異無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義[2.79(1.41,5.00) vs. 2.25(1.48,3.43),Z=0.495,P=0.620]。
2.8 基線NLR對(duì)終點(diǎn)事件的預(yù)測價(jià)值 ROC曲線分析結(jié)果顯示,基線NLR對(duì)AIS患者行靜脈溶栓治療后3個(gè)月預(yù)后不良、3個(gè)月死亡及END的預(yù)測價(jià)值較高,對(duì)SICH無預(yù)測價(jià)值,見表7、圖1。
2.9 NLR對(duì)臨床結(jié)局的影響 根據(jù)ROC曲線NLR的臨界值,將221例患者分為高NLR組(NLR≥2.63,n=89)和低NLR組(NLR<2.63,n=132)。與低NLR組相比,高NLR組基線NIHSS評(píng)分,隨機(jī)血糖,合并高血壓、冠心病、END、3個(gè)月預(yù)后不良和3個(gè)月死亡的比例升高(均P<0.05),見表8。
2.10 基線NLR與NIHSS評(píng)分及mRS評(píng)分的相關(guān)性 相關(guān)性分析表明,基線NLR與基線NIHSS評(píng)分無相關(guān)性(rs=0.121,P=0.073),與3個(gè)月mRS評(píng)分呈正相關(guān)(rs=0.419,P<0.001)。
3 討論
炎癥機(jī)制在AIS的發(fā)病、進(jìn)展和預(yù)后中起著關(guān)鍵作用。缺血性腦卒中發(fā)生后,缺血組織釋放炎性細(xì)胞因子和趨化因子,可激活并聚集外周血中的白細(xì)胞至病灶處;聚集的白細(xì)胞不僅參與繼發(fā)性腦損傷,還可能對(duì)缺血組織產(chǎn)生進(jìn)一步的影響[10]。NEU是缺血性腦損傷的關(guān)鍵免疫反應(yīng)因子,可作為基質(zhì)金屬蛋白酶-9的來源,導(dǎo)致血腦屏障破壞和出血性轉(zhuǎn)化[11],亦可能是導(dǎo)致END發(fā)生的重要因素之一。此外,NEU還能通過參與神經(jīng)可塑性和誘導(dǎo)氧自由基的產(chǎn)生加劇腦卒中后的腦損傷[12]。NLR是一種反映全身炎癥狀態(tài)以及NEU與LYM間平衡的生物標(biāo)志物,被認(rèn)為亦可作為預(yù)測AIS患者預(yù)后的生物標(biāo)志物[13-14]。
本研究結(jié)果顯示,基線NLR升高是AIS患者行靜脈溶栓治療后3個(gè)月預(yù)后不良的獨(dú)立預(yù)測因子,當(dāng)NLR≥2.63時(shí),其對(duì)3個(gè)月預(yù)后不良具有較好的預(yù)測價(jià)值。陳炎等[15]研究表明,在接受阿替普酶靜脈溶栓治療的老年腦梗死患者中,基線NEU和NLR升高與治療后90 d功能殘疾和死亡的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)增加相關(guān),NLR的截?cái)嘀禐?.98。Wang等[16]研究發(fā)現(xiàn),基線NLR升高與AIS患者靜脈溶栓治療后3個(gè)月死亡和功能殘疾相關(guān)。Liu等[17]研究表明,入院時(shí)高NLR是預(yù)測接受靜脈溶栓治療的AIS患者出院時(shí)和3個(gè)月預(yù)后不良的有效指標(biāo)。然而另有研究表明,NLR是一個(gè)動(dòng)態(tài)變化的指標(biāo),靜脈溶栓治療后的NLR對(duì)患者預(yù)后不良的預(yù)測價(jià)值優(yōu)于入院時(shí)的NLR[18-19]。由于各研究的排除標(biāo)準(zhǔn)和結(jié)局定義不同,不同研究中基線NLR對(duì)接受靜脈溶栓治療的AIS患者預(yù)后的預(yù)測效能也不盡相同。例如,Malhotra等[20]研究未排除近期感染的患者,而感染本身會(huì)導(dǎo)致基線NLR水平升高。Qian等[19]將預(yù)后不良組的mRS評(píng)分定義為2~6分,而本研究定義為3~6分,這些因素均會(huì)對(duì)研究結(jié)果造成一定的影響。此外,既往部分研究未排除接受橋接治療的患者,但接受橋接治療的患者多合并大血管閉塞,發(fā)病時(shí)病情重、合并癥多,炎癥反應(yīng)可能更強(qiáng)烈[21-22],這也會(huì)在一定程度上對(duì)研究結(jié)果造成影響。
本研究中有58例(26.2%)患者發(fā)生END,基線NLR升高是AIS患者發(fā)生END的獨(dú)立預(yù)測因子;當(dāng)NLR≥2.63時(shí),其對(duì)END的預(yù)測價(jià)值較高。Tian等[9]研究隊(duì)列的END發(fā)生率為25.4%,早期NLR升高是接受靜脈溶栓治療的AIS患者發(fā)生END的獨(dú)立危險(xiǎn)因素(OR=2.616,95%CI:1.640~4.175)。Gong等[21]研究顯示,入院時(shí)NLR升高是導(dǎo)致溶栓后發(fā)生END的獨(dú)立危險(xiǎn)因素,其最佳截?cái)嘀禐?.43。Gong等[22]的另一項(xiàng)研究顯示,NLR的臨界值為4.92時(shí)可用于預(yù)測溶栓后END的發(fā)生。上述研究中NLR的截?cái)嘀递^本研究高,分析其原因可能是,以上研究均未排除接受橋接治療的患者,故重癥患者的比例較高,因此推測早期炎癥反應(yīng)可能在重癥患者中更強(qiáng)烈。
關(guān)于NLR與AIS患者靜脈溶栓后發(fā)生出血轉(zhuǎn)化的關(guān)系,各研究結(jié)果不盡相同。有研究表明,基線NLR升高是AIS患者靜脈溶栓后發(fā)生出血轉(zhuǎn)化的獨(dú)立危險(xiǎn)因素[23-26]。而另有研究表明,在接受靜脈溶栓治療的患者中,基線 NLR水平與發(fā)生SICH無關(guān)[4,27]。本中心在篩選接受靜脈溶栓治療的患者時(shí)采用了相對(duì)嚴(yán)格的標(biāo)準(zhǔn),SICH的發(fā)生率較低(2.3%),加之潛在的混雜因素,本研究未發(fā)現(xiàn)基線NLR與SICH的發(fā)生有關(guān)。
綜上所述,基線NLR升高與AIS患者靜脈溶栓治療后發(fā)生END及3個(gè)月預(yù)后不良相關(guān),有望成為預(yù)測AIS患者臨床預(yù)后的生物標(biāo)志物。但是,由于本研究為單中心回顧性研究,樣本量較小,且未動(dòng)態(tài)監(jiān)測NLR的變化,因此未來還需大樣本前瞻性研究進(jìn)行驗(yàn)證。
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(2024-09-09收稿 2024-11-13修回)
(本文編輯 陳麗潔)