摘要" 目的:基于網(wǎng)絡藥理學及分子對接技術(shù)探討通心絡膠囊治療心力衰竭的潛在作用機制。方法:在《中國藥典》中尋找通心絡膠囊的主要中藥成分,利用TCMSP數(shù)據(jù)庫和BATMAN-TCM數(shù)據(jù)庫系統(tǒng)提取中藥成分對應的活性成分及靶點,導入Cytoscape 3.8.2軟件中構(gòu)建“中藥-活性成分-靶點”圖。在GeneCards、OMIM和TTD數(shù)據(jù)庫中檢索“心力衰竭”對應的靶點數(shù)據(jù),并與通心絡膠囊的治療靶點取交集,利用STRING構(gòu)建蛋白質(zhì)互作網(wǎng)絡圖,利用David數(shù)據(jù)庫進行基因本體(GO)、京都基因與基因組百科全書(KEGG)富集分析,篩選出排名居前20位的通路、活性成分及靶點,使用DockThor網(wǎng)站進行分子對接。結(jié)果:通心絡膠囊的活性成分包括西紅花素、異黃蝶呤、D-甘露醇、熊果酸等;可能通過鈣離子信號通路、環(huán)磷酸腺苷(cAMP)信號通路、白介素17(IL-17)信號通路、腫瘤壞死因子(TNF)信號通路、C型凝集素受體信號通路等,作用于氨酸/蘇氨酸蛋白激酶B(AKT1)、V-Rel網(wǎng)狀內(nèi)皮增生病毒癌基因同源物A重組蛋白(RELA)、環(huán)氧合酶2(PTGS2)、絲裂原激活蛋白激酶14(MAPK14)、絲裂原激活蛋白激酶1(MAPK1)、B細胞κ輕肽基因增強子核因子1(NFKB1)等關(guān)鍵靶點,達到治療心力衰竭的目的。結(jié)論:通心絡膠囊治療心力衰竭具有多組分、多靶點、多通路協(xié)同的優(yōu)勢。
關(guān)鍵詞" 心力衰竭;通心絡膠囊;網(wǎng)絡藥理學;分子對接;熊果酸;作用機制
doi:10.12102/j.issn.1672-1349.2024.22.005
Potential Mechanism of Tongxinluo Capsules for the Treatment of Heart Failure
XUE Jingxin1, ZHOU Hua2
1.Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan 030001, Shanxi, China; 2.Second Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan 030001, Shanxi, China
Corresponding Author" ZHOU Hua, E-mail: zhouhua032670@163.com
Abstract" Objective:To explore the potential mechanism of Tongxinluo capsules for treating heart failure based on network pharmacology and molecular docking technology.Methods:The main traditional Chinese medicine components of Tongxinuo capsules were searched from Chinese Pharmacopoeia,and the corresponding active components and their targets were extracted using TCMSP database and BATMAN-TCM database system,and imported into Cytoscape 3.8.2 software to construct the \"traditional Chinese medicine-active ingredient-target\" diagram.Target data of \"heart failure\" were retrieved from GeneCards,OMIM and TTD databases,and the intersection was performed with the therapeutic target of Tongxinluo capsules.Protein interaction network diagram was constructed using STRING,and gene ontology(GO),Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes(KEGG) enrichment analysis were conducted using David database.The top 20 ranked pathways,active ingredients and targets were screened,and molecular docking were performed using DockThor website.Results:The active ingredients of Tongxinluo capsules included crocin,isoxanthopterin,D-mannitol,ursolic acid.It related through calcium ion signaling pathway,cyclic adenosine phosphate(cAMP) signaling pathway,interleukin-17(IL-17) signaling pathway,tumor necrosis factor(TNF) signaling pathway,C-type lectin receptor signaling pathway,acting on serine/threonine protein kinase B(AKT1),recombinant protein A(RELA),cyclooxygenase-2(PTGS2),mitogen-activated protein kinase 14(MAPK14),mitogen-activated protein kinase 1(MAPK1),and enhancer nuclear factor 1 of B cell κ light peptide gene(NFKB1) and other key targets for the treatment of heart failure.Conclusion:Tongxinluo capsules showed the advantages of multi-component,multi-target and multi-pathway synergism for the treatment of heart failure.
Keywords" heart failure; Tongxinluo capsules; network pharmacology; molecular docking; ursolic acid; mechanism
因心室充盈受損或射血功能損傷導致呼吸困難或
基金項目" 山西省基礎研究計劃項目(No.202103021224419)
作者單位" 1.山西醫(yī)科大學(太原" 030001);2.山西醫(yī)科大學第二醫(yī)院(太原" 030001)
通訊作者" 周華,E-mail:zhouhua032670@163.com
引用信息" 薛晶鑫,周華.通心絡膠囊治療心力衰竭的潛在作用機制[J].中西醫(yī)結(jié)合心腦血管病雜志,2024,22(22):4077-4085.
體力活動受限的臨床綜合征稱為心力衰竭[1]。全球約3 770萬例心力衰竭病人,約50%的心力衰竭病人在診斷治療后5年內(nèi)死亡,其死亡率甚至超過了許多癌癥[2]。統(tǒng)計數(shù)據(jù)表明,我國25歲以上的人群心力衰竭的全國標準化發(fā)病率為275/10萬,提示我國25歲以上的心力衰竭病人已達1 210萬例,心力衰竭給病人及其家屬帶來巨大的醫(yī)療及經(jīng)濟負擔[3]。中藥治療心力衰竭歷史悠久,中西藥聯(lián)合可顯著改善病人預后[4]。但其涉及的機制復雜、藥代動力學和治療靶點未驗證[5]。吳以嶺院士研制的通心絡膠囊,包含人參、全蝎、水蛭、赤芍等中藥原料,可發(fā)揮益氣活血、通絡止痛的作用。本研究基于網(wǎng)絡藥理學和分子對接技術(shù)分析通心絡膠囊防治心力衰竭的活性成分及對應靶點,以期為臨床應用提供依據(jù)。
1" 資料與方法
1.1" 通心絡膠囊的主要活性成分及作用靶點的篩選
在《中國藥典(2020版)》中尋找通心絡膠囊組分,并利用TCMSP數(shù)據(jù)庫(https://old.tcmsp-e.com/tcmsp.php)進行藥物代謝動力學(ADME)篩選。根據(jù)口服生物利用度(OB)≥30%、類藥性(DL)≥0.18的標準,篩選出符合條件的活性成分及其作用靶點;利用UniProt數(shù)據(jù)庫(https://www.uniprot.org)對照基因名稱并刪除重復值。對TCMSP數(shù)據(jù)庫查詢不到的中藥成分,按照“Score≥20、P value<0.05”的條件在BATMAN-TCM數(shù)據(jù)庫(http://bionet.ncpsb.org.cn/batman-tcm/)中篩選剩余藥物作用靶點。取兩者并集,并將有效成分和靶點數(shù)據(jù)導入Cytoscape 3.8.2軟件中,構(gòu)建“藥物-有效成分-靶點”網(wǎng)絡。
1.2" 心力衰竭疾病靶點的獲取
在GeneCards(https://genecards.org/)、OMIM (https://omim.org/)、TTD(https://db.idrblab.net/ttd/)中輸入檢索詞“heart failure”,檢索與心力衰竭有關(guān)的疾病靶點。
1.3" 藥物-疾病交集靶點的獲取
將心力衰竭的疾病靶點與通心絡膠囊活性成分的作用靶點取交集,得到通心絡膠囊防治心力衰竭的潛在作用靶位,在JVenn(http://jvenn.toulouse.inra.fr/app/index.html)中取交集靶點繪制韋恩圖。
1.4" 蛋白-蛋白互作網(wǎng)絡的構(gòu)建
將交集靶點上傳至STRING(https://string-db.org),置信度≥0.7,獲取蛋白-蛋白互作網(wǎng)絡,將得到的結(jié)果導出制表符分隔值(tabseparated values,TSV)格式文件。將數(shù)據(jù)導入Cytoscape 3.8.2軟件中,根據(jù)節(jié)點度值(degree)、介度(betweenness)、緊密度(closeness)篩選關(guān)鍵靶點,利用插件MCODE篩選出核心靶點網(wǎng)絡,通過節(jié)點大小和顏色反映靶點的重要性。
1.5" 基因本體(GO)、京都基因與基因組百科全書(KEGG)富集分析
將潛在作用靶點信息復制粘貼至DAVID數(shù)據(jù)庫(https://david.ncifcrf.gov/),標識符選擇“official genesymbol”,物種選擇“Homo sapiens”,進行GO和KEGG通路富集分析。結(jié)果以P<0.05的指標進行篩選,以氣泡圖展示富集結(jié)果。
1.6" 成分-靶點-通路篩選
為了探討通心絡膠囊治療心力衰竭可能的分子機制,選取KEGG富集分析的前20條關(guān)鍵通路與排名居前20位的關(guān)鍵成分及其對應靶點,構(gòu)建“成分-靶點-通路”圖。
1.7" 對活性成分-靶點蛋白進行分子對接
選取度值排名居前10位的靶點和度值排名居前5位的活性成分進行分子對接。從PDB蛋白數(shù)據(jù)資料庫(https://www.rcsb.org/)得到目標蛋白的3D晶體結(jié)構(gòu),PubChem數(shù)據(jù)資料庫(https://pubchem.nc-bi.nlm.nih.gov/)中提取活性物質(zhì)的sdf結(jié)構(gòu)信息后,將每個蛋白與化合物輸入至DockThor平臺(https://dockthor.lncc.br/v2/),選擇“Blind docking”模塊,利用PyMOL軟件行可視化分析。
2 "結(jié)" 果
2.1" “藥物-有效成分-靶點”網(wǎng)絡
將TCMSP數(shù)據(jù)庫、BATMAN-TCM數(shù)據(jù)庫檢索到的有效成分及靶點,刪除重復值,最終得到通心絡膠囊的94個活性成分、716個作用靶點,“藥物-有效成分-靶點”網(wǎng)絡見圖1。
2.2" 疾病靶點
以“heart failure”為檢索詞,將GeneCards、OMIM、TTD數(shù)據(jù)庫獲得的疾病靶點合并去重,篩選分度值≥中位數(shù)的靶點,共得到4 023個疾病靶點。
2.3" 交集靶點與韋恩圖
將通心絡膠囊與心力衰竭的靶基因取交集得到375個共同靶點,在UniProt數(shù)據(jù)庫中檢索UniProt ID。詳見圖2。
2.4" “蛋白-蛋白互作”網(wǎng)絡
將375個共同靶點導入到STRING數(shù)據(jù)庫中,構(gòu)建“蛋白-蛋白互作”網(wǎng)絡,利用Cytoscape 3.8.2軟件進行可視化分析,導出網(wǎng)絡拓撲參數(shù),利用插件MCODE篩選出核心靶點網(wǎng)絡,得到核心“蛋白-蛋白互作”網(wǎng)絡,包括絲氨酸/蘇氨酸蛋白激酶B(AKT1)、V-Rel網(wǎng)狀內(nèi)皮增生病毒癌基因同源物A重組蛋白(RELA)、環(huán)氧合酶2(PTGS2)、絲裂原激活蛋白激酶14(MAPK14)、絲裂原激活蛋白激酶1(MAPK1)、B細胞κ輕肽基因增強子核因子1(NFKB1)等關(guān)鍵靶基因。詳見圖3。
2.5" GO和KEGG富集分析
在DAVID數(shù)據(jù)庫中進行GO富集分析,以P<0.05為篩選條件,共獲得1 202條生物過程(BP),見圖4,主要包括藥物反應(response to drug)、脂多糖反應(response to lipopolysaccharide)、乙醇反應(response to ethanol)等;111個細胞組分(CC),見圖5,主要包括線粒體(mitochondrion)、質(zhì)膜整體成分(integral component of plasma membrane)、細胞外間隙(extracellular space)等;239條分子功能(MF),見圖6,主要包括酶結(jié)合(enzyme binding)、同質(zhì)化蛋白結(jié)合(identical protein binding)、活化配體特異性序列DNA集合(ligand-activated sequence-specific DNA binding)等。KEGG分析共獲得194條信號通路,涉及鈣信號通路(calcium signaling pathway)、環(huán)磷酸腺苷信號通路(cAMP signaling pathway)、白細胞介素-17信號通路(IL-17 signaling pathway)、腫瘤壞死因子信號通路(TNF signaling pathway)、C型凝集素受體信號通路(C-type lectin receptor signaling pathway)等,詳見圖7。選取前20條數(shù)據(jù)繪制氣泡圖。圖中的Count值代表與此條目相關(guān)的靶點基因數(shù)量,Count值越大提示相關(guān)的靶點基因數(shù)量越多。
2.6" 成分-靶點-通路
將前20個關(guān)鍵活性成分、對應靶點和富集分析的前20條關(guān)鍵通路繪制網(wǎng)絡圖,共包含75個節(jié)點、466種作用關(guān)聯(lián)的“成分-靶點-通路”圖。詳見圖8。
2.7" 分子對接
排名居前5位的活性成分分別為西紅花素(crocetin)、異黃蝶呤(isoxanthopterin)、D-甘露醇(D-mannitol)、熊果酸(ursolic acid)、酪氨酸(tyrosin);度值排名居前10位的靶點分別為AKT1、RELA、PTGS2、MAPK14、MAPK1、NFKB1、JUN、MAPK10、MAPK8、MAPK9,將其逐一進行分子對接。詳見表1。分子結(jié)合能負值越低提示結(jié)合效果越好。選取效果最好的熊果酸與靶點進行可視化,詳見圖9。
3" 討" 論
心力衰竭包括射血分數(shù)減低的心力衰竭(HFrEF)、射血分數(shù)保留的心力衰竭(HFpEF)和射血分數(shù)中間值的心力衰竭(HFmEF)3種類型,均引起心肌結(jié)構(gòu)的改變。有研究顯示,心臟結(jié)構(gòu)的改變可能與心肌細胞肥大、內(nèi)皮細胞功能障礙、氧化應激、炎癥和間質(zhì)纖維化等過程相關(guān)[6-7]。由于心力衰竭涉及的機制復雜,治療心力衰竭是目前臨床面臨的一個重要難題。網(wǎng)絡藥理學可能為發(fā)病機制的探索及改善心力衰竭預后、降低病人死亡率提供新思路和見解。
治療心力衰竭主要是西藥聯(lián)合中藥口服。中醫(yī)藥防治心力衰竭具有多通道、多靶點的優(yōu)勢。通心絡膠囊具有抑制心室重構(gòu)、延緩心力衰竭進展的功效,與西藥聯(lián)合可顯著改善心力衰竭病人癥狀。本研究“成分-靶點-通路”網(wǎng)絡中,通心絡膠囊治療心力衰竭的主要活性成分包括西紅花素、異黃蝶呤、D-甘露醇、熊果酸、酪氨酸等。其中熊果酸與核心靶點的對接效果最佳,其次是西紅花素。有研究表明,熊果酸對缺氧心肌細胞的保護作用可能與抑制p38信號通路[8]和p53上調(diào)凋亡調(diào)節(jié)因子(Puma)通路[9]有關(guān),熊果酸可增加解偶聯(lián)蛋白2(UCP2)和抗凋亡相關(guān)蛋白骨髓白血病細胞分化蛋白(Mcl-1)表達,改善細胞氧化狀態(tài),減輕心肌細胞凋亡。熊果酸可舒張心腦血管,預防動脈粥樣硬化形成,減輕主動脈縮窄術(shù)后小鼠的病理性心肌肥厚和心肌纖維化,且與microRNA-21、轉(zhuǎn)化生長因子β1(TGF-β1)和絲裂原活化蛋白激酶/細胞外調(diào)節(jié)蛋白激酶1/2(MAPK/ERK1/2)通路相關(guān)[10-12]。西紅花素通過抑制絲裂原活化蛋白激酶(MAPK)、細胞外調(diào)節(jié)蛋白激酶(MEK/ERK1/2)通路,上調(diào)谷胱甘肽過氧化物酶和超氧化物過氧化物酶的活性,下調(diào)炎性因子腫瘤壞死因子α(TNF-α)、白介素6(IL-6)和白介素1β(IL-1β)表達,進而改善心肌細胞氧化應激,甚至逆轉(zhuǎn)心肌細胞肥厚,改善病人預后[13-14]。
D-甘露醇通過快速提高血漿滲透壓產(chǎn)生利尿作用,減輕心臟負荷。鈣離子作為細胞中的第二信使,在多種細胞過程中發(fā)揮重要作用,如電刺激、收縮、基因表達、細胞死亡等[15-17]。在心力衰竭早期,細胞鈣離子丟失增加且攝入減少,在鈣調(diào)素依賴性蛋白激酶Ⅱ的作用下,促進蘭尼堿受體2(RyR2)在絲氨酸2814/2815的磷酸化,導致心肌細胞內(nèi)肌質(zhì)網(wǎng)中的鈣離子丟失增加、吸收減少[18-19]。作為第二信使的cAMP在心血管疾病中發(fā)揮著重要作用,可調(diào)節(jié)其下游效應器蛋白激酶A(PKA)、鳥嘌呤核苷酸交換因子Epac、cAMP信號組織者及A激酶錨定蛋白(AKAP)的表達,在心肌細胞收縮、細胞增殖、肥大和凋亡等生物學過程發(fā)揮作用[20-21]。cAMP也參與心肌纖維化過程,可能與肌成纖維細胞分化、增殖、膠原分泌和侵襲性有關(guān)[22]。
心力衰竭病人血液白介素17(IL-17)水平高于健康對照組,提示IL-17可能在心肌損傷中有一定的改變[23]。IL-17可激活心肌細胞核轉(zhuǎn)錄因子(NF)-κB信號通路,抑制心肌肌漿網(wǎng)Ca2+-ATP酶2a(SERCA2a)和L型鈣離子通道蛋白1.2(Cav1.2)的表達,進而損傷心肌細胞收縮力,抑制心室肌重塑,促進細胞凋亡,導致心力衰竭發(fā)生[24]。
TNF-α參與介導多種細胞,包括心肌細胞、巨噬細胞和細胞外基質(zhì),參與細胞凋亡和細胞外基質(zhì)降解的過程[25]。有研究表明,TNF-α可促進心肌細胞產(chǎn)生負性肌力,調(diào)節(jié)內(nèi)皮細胞和白細胞的黏附作用,介導心肌損傷和功能障礙[26-27]。相關(guān)研究表明,C型凝集素受體(CLRs)在動脈粥樣硬化過程中發(fā)揮保護作用,分析可能與C型凝集素受體CLEC4A2抑制Toll樣受體信號通路、減少巨噬細胞中的膽固醇含量有關(guān)[28]。
綜上所述,本研究采用網(wǎng)絡藥理學分析方法和分子對接手段初步預測了通心絡膠囊治療心力衰竭的重要活性成分、靶點及通路,通心絡膠囊治療心力衰竭的主要作用可能包括西紅花素、異黃蝶呤、D-甘露醇、熊果酸、酪氨酸等多種活性成分,通過鈣信號通路、cAMP信號通路、IL-17信號通路、TNF信號通路、C型凝集素受體信號通路等,作用于AKT1、RELA、PTGS2、MAPK14、MAPK1、NFKB1等多靶點實現(xiàn)的,仍需進一步的生物學實驗驗證。本研究為今后深入探討中藥治療心力衰竭的作用機制提供了依據(jù)。
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(收稿日期:2023-04-02)
(本文編輯薛妮)