相較于讀后續(xù)寫(xiě),應(yīng)用文寫(xiě)作更注重文章的交際性功能,在詞匯和語(yǔ)句方面更顯平實(shí),描述性語(yǔ)言較少,也較少使用修辭。但在實(shí)際寫(xiě)作中,特定無(wú)靈主語(yǔ)句在應(yīng)用文寫(xiě)作中仍是比較高級(jí)的表達(dá)。實(shí)際上,應(yīng)用文是一個(gè)廣義概念,其文體包括通信(求助、告知、詢問(wèn)、建議、申請(qǐng)、祝賀、投訴、邀請(qǐng)、感謝、推薦、致歉等)、通知(書(shū)面與口頭)、演講稿、歡迎/送辭、倡議書(shū)、新聞稿、宣傳稿、征稿等,以下將討論無(wú)靈主語(yǔ)句在不同應(yīng)用文文體中的可能用途。
一、用于寒暄、告別
在通信類應(yīng)用文寫(xiě)作中,考生有必要根據(jù)語(yǔ)境進(jìn)行適當(dāng)寒暄以顯示文章的交際功能,同時(shí)也要根據(jù)場(chǎng)景適當(dāng)表達(dá)離別時(shí)的關(guān)切,以下是一些例子:
[例1] I hope this letter finds you well (愿見(jiàn)信安| 用于開(kāi)頭寒暄).
[例2] May this message bring a smile to your face as it carries my best wishes (這消息帶著我最美好的祝愿,望能給你帶來(lái)微笑| 用于結(jié)尾祝愿).
[例3] The memories of our times together will linger long after this farewell (分別之后,我們共度時(shí)光的回憶將留在腦海| 用于歡送致辭).
[例4] The journey ahead promises new adventures, and I wish you all the best on your path (新的旅程,新的冒險(xiǎn),我祝愿你在旅途中一切順利| 用于告別祝愿).
二、用于附加信息
在真實(shí)情境中,當(dāng)寫(xiě)信人進(jìn)行申請(qǐng)、求助、詢問(wèn)等時(shí),可能會(huì)一并發(fā)送附件。而應(yīng)用文寫(xiě)作要求考生適當(dāng)補(bǔ)充細(xì)節(jié),以增添內(nèi)容,對(duì)于信件中可能會(huì)有的附加信息,我們也可以使用無(wú)靈主語(yǔ)句進(jìn)行表達(dá),以下是一些例子:
[例1] The enclosed questionnaire seeks your valuable feedback (隨信附上的問(wèn)卷希望得到您的寶貴反饋).
[例2] The enclosed resume details my qualifications and experience (隨信附上的簡(jiǎn)歷詳細(xì)列出了我的資質(zhì)和經(jīng)驗(yàn)).
三、用于凸顯文章目的
應(yīng)用文寫(xiě)作帶有明確目的。例如,在通信類應(yīng)用文中,考生常常使用I am writing to do…在文章開(kāi)頭點(diǎn)出寫(xiě)作目的。這種開(kāi)門(mén)見(jiàn)山的寫(xiě)法凸顯了應(yīng)用文的交際功能,是值得肯定的。但在有些情況下,細(xì)節(jié)的增添需要考生再次強(qiáng)調(diào)寫(xiě)作目的,此時(shí)可以使用無(wú)靈主語(yǔ)句來(lái)變化句型,以下是一些例子:
[例1] Words fail to express my gratitude/ Words cant describe my appreciation (感激之情難以言表| 感謝信).
[例2] Your insights were invaluable and made a difference to my final success (你的真知灼見(jiàn)是無(wú)價(jià)的,對(duì)我最終的成功起到了重要作用| 感謝信).
[例3] Hopefully, my suggestions can enable you to overcome the difficulty (希望我的建議能使你克服困難| 建議信).
[例4] Your presence will add immeasurable joy to this festive occasion (你的到場(chǎng)將會(huì)增添節(jié)日的快樂(lè)氣氛| 邀請(qǐng)信).
[例5] Small as our personal power might be, our joint efforts can work wonders in helping solve the global problem of food shortage (盡管我們的個(gè)人力量可能很小,但我們的共同努力可以在幫助解決全球糧食短缺問(wèn)題方面創(chuàng)造奇跡| 倡議書(shū)).
[例6] Every effort counts / matters / makes a difference (每一份努力都很重要| 倡議書(shū)).
[例7] It is a great honor to stand here and share with you my perspective on healthy lifestyle (很榮幸能站在這里與大家分享我對(duì)健康生活方式的看法| 演講| 本句是以it為形式主語(yǔ)的無(wú)靈主語(yǔ)句).
[例8] It is a regret that I am unable to accompany you to the bookstore this Sunday as previously planned (很遺憾,我不能按原計(jì)劃在這個(gè)星期天陪你去書(shū)店| 致歉).
四、用于表達(dá)要點(diǎn)內(nèi)容
1. 用于建議的內(nèi)容
在建議信中,使用無(wú)靈主語(yǔ)句可以使建議更加客觀和中立,避免給人過(guò)于主觀或強(qiáng)加于人的感覺(jué)。常見(jiàn)的句型表達(dá)以it為形式主語(yǔ),例如It is suggested/ advised/ recommended that+從句以及It is necessary/ important/ crucial that + 從句,以下是一些例句:
[例1] It is sensible/advisable/wise/important that you should make conversations with others to improve your oral Chinese, which can strongly build up your confidence (通過(guò)與他人交談來(lái)提高你的口語(yǔ)是明智的/可取的/明智的/重要的,這可以增強(qiáng)你的信心).
[例2] It is recommended that you should remove any kind of distraction to stay focused when learning (建議你在學(xué)習(xí)時(shí)消除所有干擾,保持專注).
2. 用于表達(dá)資質(zhì)
申請(qǐng)信的要點(diǎn)內(nèi)容涵蓋個(gè)人資質(zhì),考生多使用I am good at 或I have a good command of 等句型。實(shí)際上,我們可以使用意為“精通于…”的抽象名詞做主語(yǔ),使用無(wú)靈主語(yǔ)句表達(dá)個(gè)人資質(zhì),使得內(nèi)容更具有客觀性,這一類名詞通常有proficiency (精通語(yǔ)言), familiarity (熟悉), competence (能力), experience (經(jīng)驗(yàn))等,例如:
[例1] All successful activities in our class have fully witnessed my competence in organization (我們班所有成功的活動(dòng)都充分證明了我的組織能力).
[例2] My proficiency in/ mastery of/ good command of English and Chinese removes the language barrier in my interactions with visitors (我對(duì)英語(yǔ)和漢語(yǔ)的熟練掌握消除了我與游客互動(dòng)時(shí)的語(yǔ)言障礙).
[例3] The familiarity with Chinese painting culture enables me to present its beauty with vivid accounts (對(duì)中國(guó)繪畫(huà)文化的熟悉使我能夠用生動(dòng)的敘述來(lái)呈現(xiàn)它的美).
3. 用于介紹活動(dòng)及其意義
對(duì)于活動(dòng)的介紹涉及多種應(yīng)用文文體,例如邀請(qǐng)參與活動(dòng)、通知開(kāi)展活動(dòng)、宣傳某活動(dòng)、報(bào)道某活動(dòng)等,因此該點(diǎn)為考試的重點(diǎn)內(nèi)容之一。同時(shí)介紹活動(dòng)包括簡(jiǎn)介活動(dòng)也涵蓋了對(duì)于活動(dòng)意義、影響的描述。在使用無(wú)靈主語(yǔ)句時(shí),可以用時(shí)間、地點(diǎn)、活動(dòng)做主語(yǔ),以下是一些例子:
[例1] To facilitate the aesthetic appreciation of Chinese culture, the local museum will present/ display a splendid Chinese painting exhibition (為了促進(jìn)對(duì)中國(guó)文化的美學(xué)鑒賞,當(dāng)?shù)夭┪镳^將舉辦一場(chǎng)盛大的中國(guó)畫(huà)展| 事前通知).
[例2] To ignite our passion for art and embrace beauty in our life, the fifth pottery exhibition will unveil its beauty next Monday/ will kick off at 8 a.m. on Saturday morning and last for three days (為了點(diǎn)燃我們對(duì)藝術(shù)的熱情,擁抱生活中的美,第五屆陶藝展將于下周一/周六上午8點(diǎn)開(kāi)幕,為期三天| 事前通知).
[例3] The exhibition will never fail to live up to your expectations (展覽絕不會(huì)辜負(fù)你的期望| 宣傳).
[例4] Last Sunday witnessed the successful hosting of a Chinese painting exhibition in the local museum (上周日,當(dāng)?shù)夭┪镳^成功舉辦了一場(chǎng)中國(guó)畫(huà)展| 事后報(bào)道).
[例5] Last Friday, a fascinating English speech contest took place in our lecture hall from 3∶00 p.m. to 5∶00 p.m. (上周五下午3點(diǎn)到5點(diǎn),我們?cè)谘葜v廳舉行了一場(chǎng)引人入勝的英語(yǔ)演講比賽| 事后報(bào)道).
[例6] The activity received favorable comments/ feedback from the participants (活動(dòng)得到了參與者的好評(píng)/反饋| 活動(dòng)評(píng)價(jià)).
[例7] Not only can this activity provide you with an opportunity for workout, but it renders financial assistance to people in need (這項(xiàng)活動(dòng)不僅能為你提供鍛煉的機(jī)會(huì),還能為有需要的人提供經(jīng)濟(jì)援助| 活動(dòng)評(píng)價(jià)).
[例8] The campaign not only contributes to saving food but also helps enhance our social responsibility (這場(chǎng)運(yùn)動(dòng)不僅有助于節(jié)約糧食,而且有助于加強(qiáng)我們的社會(huì)責(zé)任| 活動(dòng)評(píng)價(jià)).
[例9] The journey will expose you to / immerse you in the countless cultural relics and also offer you an insight into splendid Chinese culture (這段旅程將讓你接觸/沉浸在無(wú)數(shù)的文物中,也讓你深入了解燦爛的中國(guó)文化| 活動(dòng)評(píng)價(jià)).
[例10] Cruising down the river will feast your eyes on the picturesque scene of towering mountains, deep valleys and vast plains (順流而下,您將飽覽高聳的山脈、深谷和廣闊的平原| 活動(dòng)評(píng)價(jià)).
4. 用于圖表描述
圖表描述類文章暫未出現(xiàn)于新高考應(yīng)用文寫(xiě)作,但作為應(yīng)用文分類之一,有必要積累一定的語(yǔ)料,例如:
[例1] The report points out/ indicates that the majority of respondents support the governments environmental protection policies (報(bào)告指出,大多數(shù)受訪者支持政府提出的環(huán)保政策).
[例2] Statistics/ Data reveal that the unemployment rate in the region has fallen to an all-time low (統(tǒng)計(jì)數(shù)據(jù)顯示,該地區(qū)的失業(yè)率已經(jīng)降至歷史最低點(diǎn)).
[例3] The chart demonstrates/ illustrates a sharp increase in the number of internet users worldwide (圖表顯示,互聯(lián)網(wǎng)用戶數(shù)量在全球范圍內(nèi)急劇增長(zhǎng)).
[例4] The picture/ image depicts/ portrays a group of children playing happily in the park (這張照片描繪了一群孩子在公園里快樂(lè)地玩耍).
【作者簡(jiǎn)介:中學(xué)二級(jí)教師,在《廣東教育》《教學(xué)考試》等雜志發(fā)表過(guò)多篇文章,曾多次指導(dǎo)學(xué)生獲得外研社杯全國(guó)一等獎(jiǎng)、二十一世紀(jì)英語(yǔ)演講比賽全國(guó)二等獎(jiǎng)】
責(zé)任編輯 吳昊雷