摘要:【目的】分析不同表面配體修飾對無鉛雙鈣鈦礦Cs2AgInCl6量子點穩(wěn)定性和光學性能的影響,實現(xiàn)量子點穩(wěn)定性和光學性能的提升?!痉椒ā客ㄟ^熱注射方法合成Cs2AgInCl6量子點,在合成過程中原位引入長碳鏈的油酸(OA)和有2條短支鏈的2-己基癸酸(DA),研究不同表面配體修飾對Cs2AgInCl6量子點的純度、粒徑和形貌的影響,并對量子點進行熒光性、穩(wěn)定性分析以及發(fā)光機制的討論。【結果】OA配體和DA配體均勻覆蓋Cs2AgInCl6量子點表面,2種量子點均呈現(xiàn)鈣鈦礦的立方結構,具有良好分散性和高結晶度,在常溫環(huán)境中連續(xù)儲存80 d后,DA修飾的Cs2AgInCl6量子點仍能保持初始發(fā)光的95.43%,熒光量子產(chǎn)率為4.67%?!窘Y論】DA配體可以保持Cs2AgInCl6量子點的穩(wěn)定性,并有助于有效的輻射復合,利于新興的無鉛雙鈣鈦礦Cs2AgInCl6量子點的光電應用。
關鍵詞:量子點;無鉛雙鈣鈦礦;表面配體;穩(wěn)定性
中圖分類號:TB44;TQ591文獻標志碼:A
引用格式:
邵山,徐帆,曹丙強.利用短支鏈表面配體修飾提升Cs2AgInCl6量子點穩(wěn)定性和熒光性能[J].中國粉體技術,2024,30(3):139-149.
SHAO S,XU F,CAO B Q.Utilizing short-chain surfactants for enhancing the stability and fluorescence performance of Cs2AgInCl6 quantum dots[J].China Powder Science and Technology,2024,30(3):139?149.
獲得2023年諾貝爾化學獎的量子點是一類特殊的半導體材料。鉛基鈣鈦礦ABX3(A=(CH3NH3)+、CH(NH2)2+、Cs+,B=Pb2+,X=Cl-、Br-、I-)量子點具有高熒光量子產(chǎn)率(photoluminescence quantum yield,PLQY)、強載流子遷移率、可調(diào)諧波長、單色純度等優(yōu)異的光學性能[1-7]。這些顯著特性使其超越了傳統(tǒng)的量子點光電材料,有望廣泛應用于發(fā)光二極管、太陽能電池、彩色顯示器等光電器件[8-12]。盡管有如此優(yōu)異特性,但是鹵化鉛基鈣鈦礦中存在鉛的毒性問題,長期接觸鉛會影響人的心血系統(tǒng)、神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)等,當鉛質量分數(shù)超過10-5時,會對人體健康造成不可逆轉的危害。歐洲國家的相關環(huán)境衛(wèi)生法規(guī),如有害物質限制指令RoHS 2002-95-EC,嚴格限制含鉛光電器件的商業(yè)應用[13],因此,開發(fā)一種具有優(yōu)異光電性能且綠色環(huán)保的無鉛鈣鈦礦量子點具有重要的意義。為了獲得無鉛鹵化物鈣鈦礦,一種簡單的方法是用毒性較小的IV族金屬離子Ge2+、Sn2+取代Pb2+,但是Ge2+、Sn2+在空氣中極易被氧化[14-15]。另一種方法是用三價離子Sb3+、Bi3+等電子取代Pb2+位構建A3B23+X9結構;然而由于電荷運輸能力變?nèi)?,因此其光學激發(fā)和發(fā)射性能降低[16-17]。為了獲得性能更好的無鉛鹵化物鈣鈦礦,研究人員提出用1個M+陽離子和1個M3+陽離子取代2個Pb2+離子而構建的三維鈣鈦礦結構,這種結構被稱為雙鈣鈦礦結構。雙鈣鈦礦具有通式A2M+M3+X6(A=Cs+、CH3NH3+,M+=Cu+、Ag+、Na+,M3+=Bi3+、Sb3+、In3+,X=Cl-、Br-、I-),共角八面體[M+X6]5-和[M3+X6]3-交替,作為鉛基鹵化物鈣鈦礦的新替代品出現(xiàn)[18-21]。雙鈣鈦礦材料具有光發(fā)射寬、毒性低、斯托克(Stoke)位移大、可調(diào)發(fā)光、對X射線靈敏等特性,已經(jīng)應用于光催化、太陽能電池、可調(diào)諧防偽、X射線探測器等方面[22-27]。在雙鈣鈦礦材料中,如Cs2AgBiX6、Cs2AgSbX6這類間接帶隙材料的光吸收系數(shù)相對較小,導致PLQY低[24];然而,Cs2AgInX6、Cs2NaInX6具有直接帶隙結構,因此具有較大的吸收系數(shù)、更高的PLQY以及更快的載流子復合速率[28]。其中,雙鈣鈦礦Cs2AgInCl6作為一種直接帶隙結構的雙鈣鈦礦材料,不僅其PLQY相較于其他雙鈣鈦礦材料更高,而且由于公差因子t和八面體因子μ均在穩(wěn)定范圍內(nèi),Cs2AgInCl6的穩(wěn)定性也相對較高[29]。
2018年,Liu等[30]通過熱注射法合成雙鈣鈦礦Cs2AgInCl6量子點,然而對于鉛基鈣鈦礦量子點來說,通過熱注射法合成的Cs2AgInCl6量子點的穩(wěn)定性仍然很差,極易受到空氣中的水分和氧氣的影響,嚴重阻礙了其實際應用。為了減少量子點的表面缺陷,提高量子點的穩(wěn)定性,合成過程中的原位表面鈍化是較為可行的方法。在之前的研究中,Gong等[31]將Cs2AgInCl6量子點包覆在無機物SiO2,不僅可以提高Cs2AgInCl6量子點在環(huán)境中和水中的穩(wěn)定性和抗氧性,而且還可以提高量子點的光學性能;但是這種核殼封裝策略通常需要復雜的步驟,因此有必要探索一種替代封裝策略的簡單方法,以避免量子點團聚。近年來,也有研究采用聚乙二烯二氟化物(PVDF)對Cs2AgIn0.93Bi0.07Cl6表面封蓋處理[32],制備成的Cs2AgIn0.93Bi0.07Cl6-PVDF復合薄膜性能突出,在水中儲存仍能保持穩(wěn)定的光致發(fā)光(photoluminescence,PL);然而PVDF包覆量子點后,Cs2AgIn0.93Bi0.07Cl6的結晶性下降,生長形狀不規(guī)則,所以應該探索一種既能提高量子點穩(wěn)定性能和光學性能,又不破壞鈣鈦礦結晶結構的制備方案。
熱注射法合成鈣鈦礦量子點,通常是以油酸(OA)和油胺(OLA)等長烷基配體原位封裝量子點,然而這類量子點在環(huán)境中的穩(wěn)定性并不理想,阻礙了量子點在光電領域中的應用。根據(jù)密度泛函理論計算結果發(fā)現(xiàn),長碳鏈有機物對應的配體與量子點之間的結合能比較弱,導致團聚和長期穩(wěn)定性差的問題[24],而短支鏈的2-乙基癸酸(DA)配體與量子點之間的大結合能可以提高量子點暴露在空氣中的穩(wěn)定性。有報道表明,用較短支鏈的配體DA替代較長支鏈的配體OA,制備出了高質量的CsPbBr3量子點[33-34]。本文中嘗試通過引入DA配體取代OA配體來提高Cs2AgInCl6量子點的穩(wěn)定能和光學性能。
1材料與方法
1.1試劑材料和儀器設備
試劑材料:碳酸銫(CsCO3,質量分數(shù)為99%)、1-十八烯(ODE,質量分數(shù)gt;90%)、油酸(分析純,阿拉丁試劑(上海)有限公司);硝酸銀(AgNO3)、乙酸乙酯(均為分析純,上海滬試化工有限公司);氯化銦(InCl3,質量分數(shù)為99.99%,北京伊諾凱科技有限公司);油胺(質量分數(shù)為80%~90%)、正己烷(分析純,上海麥克林生化科技有限公司);2-己基癸酸(質量分數(shù)為98%,梯希愛(上海)化成工業(yè)發(fā)展有限公司);鹽酸(HCl,質量分數(shù)為37%,煙臺遠東精細化工有限公司)。
儀器設備:集熱式磁力攪拌器(湖南云儀匯電子商務有限公司);JW–3021H型醫(yī)用離心機(安徽嘉文儀器設備有限公司);PANalytical X-ray Diffractometer Model X pert3型粉末衍射儀(XRD,荷蘭帕納科公司);JEM-2100 PLUS型高分辨率透射電子顯微鏡(TEM,日本電子株式會社);Nicoletis 20型傅里葉紅外光譜儀(FTIR,美國賽默飛世爾科技公司);Lambda 1050型透射、反射、吸收光譜儀(UV,美國珀金埃爾默股份有限公司);FLS 1000型穩(wěn)、瞬態(tài)熒光光譜儀(英國愛丁堡公司)。
1.2制備與測試
首先將質量為0.203 5 g的CsCO3、10 mL的ODE、0.625 mL的OA裝入三頸燒瓶中,在溫度為120℃的條件下真空處理1 h,通入N2并將混合物加熱至150℃,完全溶解,合成油酸銫溶液,持溫等待注射。接下來,將質量為0.061 1 g的AgNO3、0.080 8 g的InCl3、14 mL的ODE、1 mL OA、1 mL OLA,以及0.28 mL HCl裝入另一只三頸燒瓶中,在溫度為120℃的條件下真空處理1 h后通入N2,將混合物升溫至260℃時,快速注入0.8 mL熱的油酸銫溶液,等待5 s,將混合物置于水浴冷卻至室溫。隨后對產(chǎn)物進行離心處理,在轉速為8 000 r/min下離心4 min,得到沉淀重新分散在正己烷中。再次在轉速為5 000 r/min離心4 min,將得到的上清液均勻分散在乙酸乙酯中。最終,在轉速為10 000 r/min離心10 min,得到Cs2AgInCl6-OA量子點沉淀。將上述步驟中的OA置換成DA,經(jīng)過相同步驟,最終獲得Cs2AgInCl6-DA量子點沉淀。
1.3測試與表征
采用粉末衍射儀測定粉末的物相和純度;采用傅里葉紅外光譜儀測定粉末的官能團;采用透射電子顯微鏡觀察不同溶液的形貌;采用透射、反射、吸收光譜儀和穩(wěn)、瞬態(tài)熒光光譜儀測定溶液的吸收和發(fā)光特性。
2結果與討論
2.1結構與官能團分析
圖1所示為Cs2AgInCl6雙鈣鈦礦的結構模型以及2種量子點的XRD圖譜、FTIR圖譜。Cs2AgInCl6雙鈣鈦礦的結構模型如圖1(a)所示,其形貌是立方體結晶,空間結構為共角八面體[AgX6]5-和[InX6]3-交替與Cs+共同構成了一個三維的立方鈣鈦礦結構框架。圖1(b)、(c)分別展示了長支鏈OA配體和短支鏈DA配體在Cs2AgInCl6量子點表面的分布。原則上DA配體的短支鏈可以增強配體與量子點之間的結合能,進一步提高量子點的穩(wěn)定性。Cs2AgInCl6-OA量子點與Cs2AgInCl6-DA量子點的XRD圖譜如圖1(d)所示,觀察到2種量子點的XRD結果與塊狀標準卡片ICSD 1927876是一致的[35],并無雜質峰,Cs2AgInCl6-DA量子點的結晶性明顯優(yōu)于Cs2AgInCl6-OA量子點。為了研究表面配體,進行相對應的FTIR光譜表征,如圖1(e)所示。2種量子點均在波數(shù)為3 200 cm-1處出現(xiàn)N—H伸縮振動吸收峰,表明量子點表面有少量來自油胺的氨基表面活性基團。波數(shù)為2 924 cm-1處的峰顯示了含有—CH3甲基的烴鏈存在。波數(shù)為722 cm-1處的峰顯示了長飽和烴鏈中—(CH2)n—的特征峰。在Cs2AgInCl6-OA量子點的1 468 cm-1峰位和Cs2AgInCl6-DA量子點的1 465 cm-1峰位表明了—COO—羥酸鹽的拉伸振動特性,配體中的羥基基團是以—COO—基團的形式結合在Cs2AgInCl6量子點表面,說明經(jīng)離心清洗后長支鏈OA配體和短支鏈DA配體已經(jīng)均勻地覆蓋量子點的表面[36]。
2.2形貌與粒徑分析
圖2所示為Cs2AgInCl6-OA量子點和Cs2AgInCl6-DA量子點的TEM圖像。Cs2AgInCl6-OA量子點和Cs2AgInCl6-DA量子點的TEM照片如圖2(a)和(d),通過圖2(a)和(d)可以清晰地看到Cs2AgInCl6-OA量子點和Cs2AgInCl6-DA量子點均呈現(xiàn)鈣鈦礦的立方結構、良好的分散性和高結晶度。PVDF對Cs2AgIn0.93Bi0.07Cl6表面封蓋處理的實驗中,Cs2AgInCl6呈現(xiàn)不規(guī)則的納米塊狀形貌。經(jīng)過精確計算,量子點的平均晶粒粒徑分別達到了10.54、10.65 nm。這些數(shù)據(jù)表明,量子點的尺寸并沒有發(fā)生明顯的變化,這意味著羥基鏈長度的改變并不會對量子點尺寸產(chǎn)生影響,短支鏈DA配體仍能夠有效控制量子點形貌。而在無機物SiO2包覆Cs2AgInCl6的實驗中,Cs2AgInCl6不僅生長不規(guī)則,且尺寸過大。在本實驗中成功合成了尺寸均勻、結晶性高、分散良好的具有立方結構的Cs2AgInCl6量子點。此外在圖2(b)和(e)中可以測量出二者晶格條紋均為0.36 nm,這與雙鈣鈦礦結構的(022)晶面相吻合,對應XRD圖譜中(022)衍射峰。同時,快速傅里葉紅外圖譜如圖2(c)和(f)中2種量子點都表現(xiàn)出良好結晶性,測量結果同晶格條紋的測量結果一致,均對應(022)晶面。
2.3光學性能和穩(wěn)定性分析
Cs2AgInCl6-OA量子點和Cs2AgInCl6-DA量子點的吸收光譜、光致發(fā)光激發(fā)光譜以及壽命譜如圖3所示。圖3(a)描述了Cs2AgInCl6-OA量子點和Cs2AgInCl6-DA量子點的吸收光譜,可以觀察到2種量子點的激子吸收峰均為292 nm。圖3(d)展示了Cs2AgInCl6-OA量子點和Cs2AgInCl6-DA量子點在室溫下的光致激發(fā)譜和光致發(fā)光譜。2種量子點均在450 nm處呈現(xiàn)藍色發(fā)射,峰形并未發(fā)生變化,但Cs2AgInCl6-DA量子點的發(fā)光強度明顯更高。同時表征Cs2AgInCl6-OA量子點和Cs2AgInCl6-DA量子點的PLQY,經(jīng)過計算分析得出二者的PLQY分別為2.79%、4.67%。Cs2AgInCl6-OA量子點和Cs2AgInCl6-DA量子點的壽命衰減譜如圖3(b)、(e)所示。采用雙指數(shù)擬合方法,得到Cs2AgInCl6-OA量子點壽命τ1=1.221 7 ns,τ2=4.538 9ns,Cs2AgInCl6-DA量子點壽命τ1=1.835 1 ns,τ2=6.133 5 ns。平均壽命計算公式為
式中:τavg為平均壽命;τ1為雙指數(shù)擬合中A1對應壽命;τ2為雙指數(shù)擬合中A2對應壽命;A1、A2為常數(shù)。
確定Cs2AgInCl6-OA量子點和Cs2AgInCl6-DA量子點的平均壽命分別為1.236 9、3.936 6 ns。Cs2AgInCl6-DA量子點的發(fā)光強度增強、光致熒光衰減壽命延長,意味著Cs2AgInCl6-DA量子點的熒光性能更優(yōu),證明了DA配體可以顯著降低量子點的表面缺陷,并有效地抑制由缺陷引起的非輻射復合。Cs2AgInCl6-OA量子點和Cs2AgInCl6-DA量子點在室溫環(huán)境下靜置80 d的PL穩(wěn)定性,如圖3(c)、(f)所示。經(jīng)過空氣中靜置40 d后,Cs2AgInCl6-OA量子點熒光強度減小至原來的76.95%,與此同時Cs2AgInCl6-DA量子點的熒光強度降低至96.50%。連續(xù)靜置80 d后,Cs2AgInCl6-OA量子點的熒光強度繼續(xù)減小至原56.27%,Cs2AgInCl6-DA量子點的熒光強度減小至95.43%。圖3(c)、(f)中的照片同樣可以觀察出與Cs2AgInCl6-OA量子點的熒光強度快速下降相比,Cs2AgInCl6-DA量子點下降十分平緩。這一現(xiàn)象表明,Cs2AgInCl6-DA量子點的穩(wěn)定性優(yōu)于Cs2AgInCl6-OA量子點,具有更強的抗氧性和防潮性,這得益于短支鏈DA配體與量子點之間的強相互作用,即使長時間暴露在空氣中,量子點的熒光強度也沒有明顯改變。Wang等[37]通過Co的摻雜提高Cs2AgInCl6的穩(wěn)定性和光學性能,在經(jīng)過30 d后,Cs2AgInCl6的熒光強度下降至原強度的70%左右。Cs2AgInCl6-DA量子點在空氣中經(jīng)過80 d后熒光強度下降至原強度的95.43%,說明Cs2AgInCl6-DA量子點展現(xiàn)出更加優(yōu)越的穩(wěn)定性能。
I(T)=I0/1+Aexp(-k BT(E b))[38],(2)
式中:I(T)為隨溫度變化熒光強度;I0為0 K時的熒光強度;Eb為激子結合能;kB為玻爾茲曼常數(shù);A為常數(shù)因子。
圖4所示為Cs2AgInCl6-OA量子點和Cs2AgInCl6-DA量子點的溫度依賴性和功率依賴性的PL分析圖譜。PL強度隨溫度變化的趨勢圖譜如圖4(c)、(d)所示,計算得到Cs2AgInCl6-OA量子點的激子結合能為64.67 meV,Cs2AgInCl6-DA量子點的激子結合能為78.88 meV。圖4(e)、(f)分別展示了Cs2AgInCl6-OA量子點和Cs2AgInCl6-DA量子點的具有功率依賴性的PL強度變化圖譜。從圖4(e)中可以觀察到Cs2AgInCl6-OA量子點的發(fā)射強度與激發(fā)功率之間呈現(xiàn)線性關系,表明發(fā)射不是由永久缺陷引起的,Cs2AgInCl6-DA量子點的發(fā)射強度與激發(fā)功率同樣呈現(xiàn)線性關系(如圖4(f))。Cs2AgInCl6量子點展示出的高激子結合能和寬發(fā)射峰等特性,通常是因為存在自陷激子(Self-trapped excitons,STEs),STEs的產(chǎn)生是由于半導體中具有局域載流子和軟晶格[29]。
2.4圓極化發(fā)光性和發(fā)光機制分析
為了深入研究Cs2AgInCl6量子點的圓極化發(fā)光特性,在室溫下對Cs2AgInCl6-OA量子點和Cs2AgInCl6-DA量子點進行極化發(fā)光光譜研究,圖5所示為Cs2AgInCl6-OA量子點和Cs2AgInCl6-DA量子點的自旋極化分析圖譜和發(fā)光機制圖。在測試過程中,使用σ+激發(fā)樣品(此處定義左旋圓偏振光為σ+、右旋偏振光為σ-)。圓偏振光路中,氙燈發(fā)出的非偏振光經(jīng)過線偏振片和1/4λ波片,最終轉變?yōu)閳A偏振光。通過使用左旋和右旋偏振光來激發(fā)量子點,獲得了圖5(a)和(b)中展示的Cs2AgInCl6-OA量子點以及Cs2AgInCl6-DA量子點的圓偏振光致發(fā)光光譜。在圖5(a)中Cs2AgInCl6-OA量子點的圓偏振光致發(fā)光峰位保持不變,發(fā)光強度存在明顯差異。為了量化圓極化PL的程度,引入了參數(shù)DP,定義
DP=(Iσ+-Iσ-)/(Iσ++Iσ-)[39],(3)
式中:Iσ+為左旋偏振PL強度;Iσ-為右旋偏振PL強度。
經(jīng)計算得出Cs2AgInCl6-OA量子點的DP值為5.561%。同樣得出圖5(b)中Cs2AgInCl6-DA量子點的DP值為5.333%?;诮莿恿渴睾愣?,基態(tài)的電子受激躍遷到激發(fā)態(tài),這些激發(fā)的電子或激子同樣具有特定的角動量+?,并在復合的過程中釋放出對應的自旋態(tài)光子[40-41]。如圖5(c)所展示,圓偏振激發(fā)下量子點的自旋極化過程。量子點受偏振光激發(fā)時會出現(xiàn)電子自旋態(tài)的不平衡態(tài),在這種情況下,σ+光激發(fā)的自旋帶比σ-光激發(fā)自旋帶更加密集,這就導致了σ+光與σ-光激發(fā)的熒光強度之間存在差異[42]。二者的DP值相差不大,可以說明配體只通過—COO—基團結合于量子點表面,主要作用為控制形貌并防止團聚,長支鏈OA配體和短支鏈DA配體均并不會對量子點的發(fā)光過程產(chǎn)生影響。Cs2AgInCl6的發(fā)光機制如圖5(d)所示,Cs2AgInCl6在Γ點的價帶邊(VBM)和導帶邊(CBM)提供直接帶隙結構[43]。在Γ點,VBM主要來源于Ag 5 s態(tài)和Cl 3 p軌道,由于Ag軌道Eg態(tài)的能量更高,VBM在Γ點以Γ3+表示,而CBM主要來源于In 5 s態(tài),因In 5 s態(tài)和反演對稱性,CBM在Γ點具有Γ1+表示,因此,VBM和CBM具有相同的偶宇稱,從VBM到CBM在Γ點的躍遷是奇偶禁止躍遷。VBM-1在Γ點上以Γ4+表示,所以VBM-1到CBM在Γ點上的躍遷同樣是奇偶禁止躍遷,而VBM-2在Γ點具有Γ4-表示,從VBM-2到CBM在Γ點上的躍遷是奇偶允許的。自由激子從允許躍遷的VBM轉移到CBM,部分自由激子由于表面缺陷非輻射復合,而部分自由激子被由強電子-聲子耦合引起的[AgCl6]5-八面體的Jahn-Teller畸變而形成的自陷態(tài)捕獲[29-30]。雙鈣鈦礦Cs2AgInCl6是通過自陷激子的輻射復合實現(xiàn)了發(fā)射。
3結論
1)通過熱注射法成功制備了純相的Cs2AgInCl6-OA量子點和Cs2AgInCl6-DA量子點。
2)Cs2AgInCl6-DA量子點和Cs2AgInCl6-OA量子點均呈現(xiàn)立方結構,具有分散良好、尺寸均一等特性。
3)與傳統(tǒng)的Cs2AgInCl6-OA量子點相比,Cs2AgInCl6-DA量子點的穩(wěn)定性能顯著,結晶性更好,壽命更長,PLQY更高。
4)長支鏈OA配體和短支鏈DA配體分別修飾量子點表面,起到控制形貌、阻止團聚的作用,并討論了Cs2AgInCl6量子點的發(fā)光機制,即[AgCl6]5-八面體的Jahn-Teller畸變而形成的STE的輻射復合。
利益沖突聲明(Conflict of Interests)
所有作者聲明不存在利益沖突。
All authors disclose no relevant conflict of interests.
作者貢獻(Author’s Contributions)
邵山、徐帆、曹丙強參與了實驗設計、論文的寫作和修改。所有作者均閱讀并同意了最終稿件的提交。
The study was designed,drafted and revised by SHAO Shan、XU Fan and CAO Bingqiang.All authors have read the last version of paper and consented for submission.
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Utilizing short-chain surfactants for enhancing the stability and fluorescence performance of Cs2AgInCl6 quantum dots
SHAO Shan1,XU Fan1,CAO Bingqiang2
1.School of Physics and Physical Engineering,Qufu Normal University,Qufu 273165,China;
2.School of Materials Science and Engineering,University of Jinan,Jinan 250022,China
Abstract
Objective Lead-free double perovskite Cs2AgInCl6 quantum dots,which are non-toxic and optically superior compared to toxic lead-based perovskites have garnered considerable attention.However,challenges arise from their poor stability and ten?dency to aggregate in air,hindering their practical applications.To address these issues,this study analyzed the effects of vari?ous surface ligand modifications on the stability and optical properties of Cs2AgInCl6 quantum dots,aiming to improve their sta?bility and optical characteristics.The research methodologies and findings presented in this paper hold promise for the applica?tion of double perovskite Cs2AgInCl6 quantum dots in optoelectronic devices.
Methods Cs2AgInCl6 quantum dots were synthesized via a thermal injection method,employing oleic acid(OA)and 2-hexylcap?ric acid(DA)as surface ligands.The synthesized quantum dots underwent comprehensive characterization including powder diffraction,F(xiàn)ourier infrared spectrometry,transmission electron microscopy,transmission,reflection,and absorption spectrom?etry,stability assessment,and transient fluorescence spectrometry.This study investigated the influence of different surface ligand modifications on the purity,particle size,and morphology of Cs2AgInCl6 quantum dots,along with fluorescence and sta?bilityanalyses.Furthermore,the luminescence mechanism was elucidated through examinations of low-temperature fluores?cence,power-dependent fluorescence,and circular polarization luminescence properties.
Results and Discussion This paper investigated the impact of different surface ligand modifications on the purity,particle size,and morphology of Cs2AgInCl6 quantum dots.X-ray diffraction(XRD)analysis revealed consistent results with ICSD 1927876,a bulk standard card,for both types of quantum dots,indicating no impurity peaks.Notably,Cs2AgInCl6-DA quan?tum dots exhibited enhanced crystallization compared to Cs2AgInCl6-OA quantum dots,as evidenced by the 1 468 cm-1 peak for Cs2AgInCl6-OA and the 1 465 cm-1 peak for Cs2AgInCl6-DA,indicating tensile vibration characteristics of the—COO—group.Both types of quantum dots demonstrated a cubic structure,good dispersion,and high crystallinity of the perovskite.Fluores?cence and stability analyses were conducted for Cs2AgInCl6 quantum dots.Cs2AgInCl6-DA quantum dots exhibited notably higher luminescence intensity compared to Cs2AgInCl6-OA quantum dots,with a photoluminescence quantum yield of 4.67%.After continuous storage at room temperature for 80 days,DA-modified Cs2AgInCl6 quantum dots retained 95.43%of the initial luminescence,while Cs2AgInCl6-OA quantum dots exhibited a photoluminescence quantum yield of 2.79%,with fluorescence intensity decreasing to 56.27%after the same duration.Moreover,the average lifetime of Cs2AgInCl6-OA and Cs2AgInCl6-DA quantum dots was determined to be 1.236 9 ns and 3.936 6 ns,respectively.The luminescence mechanism was discussed based on low-temperature fluorescence,power-dependent fluorescence,and circular polarization luminescence studies.Both types of quantum dots showed a decrease in emission intensity with increasing temperature,suggesting inhibition of non-radiative recombination at lower temperatures.Furthermore,the exciton binding energy was calculated to be 64.67 meV for Cs2AgInCl6-OA quantum dots and 78.88 meV for Cs2AgInCl6-DA.While the photoluminescence peaks remained consistent for both types of quantum dot,noticeable differences existed in luminous intensity.Additionally,a polarization value,defined as the ratio of the difference in left-handed and right-handed polarized photoluminescence intensities to their sum and normalized to the range[-1,1],was introduced as a measure of the degree of photoluminescence emission polarization.The polarization value,or DP value,was found to be 5.561%for Cs2AgInCl6-OA and 5.333%for Cs2AgInCl6-DA.
Conclusion This study reported the successful synthesis of pure-phase Cs2AgInCl6-OA and Cs2AgInCl6-DA quantum dots through thermal injection.The hydroxyl group within the ligand bound to the surface of Cs2AgInCl6 quantum dots as—COO—groups,ensuring uniform coverage of both the long-branched OA ligand and short-branched DA ligand.Both Cs2AgInCl6-DA and Cs2AgInCl6-OA quantum dots exhibited a cubic structure with excellented dispersion and uniform size.Cs2AgInCl6-DA dem?onstrated superior performance compared to traditional Cs2AgInCl6-OA,showcasing a prolonged fluorescence even after continu?ous exposure to air for 80 days,demonstrating remarkable stability.DA ligands effectively reduced surface defects of quantum dots,suppressing non-radiative recombination and enhancing fluorescence lifetimes and photoluminescence quantum yield.The long-branched OA and short-branched DA ligands played a crucial role in morphology control and preventing agglomeration by modifying the surface of quantum dots.The observed transition of free excitons from the valence band maximum(VBM)to the conduction band minimum(CBM)highlighted the interplay between radiative and non-radiative recombination pathways,influ?enced by surface defects and Jahn-Teller distortion of the[AgCl6]5-octahedron under strong electron-phonon coupling.Radia?tive recombination of self-trapped excitons drove emission in the double perovskite Cs2AgInCl6.In summary,DA ligands contrib?ute to preserving the stability of Cs2AgInCl6quantum dots and facilitating effective radiation recombination,thereby offering potential for the photoelectric application of emerging lead-free double perovskite Cs2AgInCl6 quantum dots.
Keywords:quantum dots;lead-free double perovskite;surface ligand;stability
(責任編輯:王雅靜)