【摘要】心血管疾病因其流行性和高死亡率受到廣泛關(guān)注。動脈粥樣硬化的嚴(yán)重程度對心血管疾病的發(fā)展產(chǎn)生重要影響。脂蛋白相關(guān)磷脂酶A2(Lp-PLA2)作為血管炎癥和動脈粥樣硬化斑塊易損性的生物標(biāo)志物備受關(guān)注。在過去的20年中,人們通過基因水平對Lp-PLA2進(jìn)行了大量研究,發(fā)現(xiàn)62%遺傳因素可能影響Lp-PLA2活性變異,并且基因的多態(tài)性可能影響Lp-PLA2的功能,從而進(jìn)一步影響相關(guān)疾病的進(jìn)展?,F(xiàn)探討Lp-PLA2基因V279F、A379V、I198T、R92H的多態(tài)性與心血管疾病之間的關(guān)聯(lián)性,以便更深入了解基因多態(tài)性對Lp-PLA2功能的影響。
【關(guān)鍵詞】脂蛋白相關(guān)磷脂酶A2;心血管疾??;單核苷酸多態(tài)性
【DOI】10.16806/j.cnki.issn.1004-3934.2024.04.016
Functional Analysis of Lp-PLA2 Gene Polymorphisms in Cardiovascular Disease
ZHANG Jiajia,WANG Fukun
(Department of Laboratory,No.980 Hospital of The Joint Logistics Support Force of The Chinese People’s Liberation Army,Shijiazhuang 050082,Hebei,China)【Abstract】Cardiovascular disease has received extensive attention due to its prevalence and high mortality.The severity of atherosclerosis has an important impact on the development of cardiovascular disease.Lipoprotein-associated phospholipase A2(Lp-PLA2)has attracted much attention as a biomarker of vascular inflammation and vulnerability to atherosclerotic plaque.In the past 20 years,people have conducted a large number of studies on Lp-PLA2 at the gene level,and found that 62% of the genetic factors may affect the variation of Lp-PLA2 activity,and the gene polymorphism may affect the function of Lp-PLA2,thus further affecting the progress of related diseases.This article is to explore the association between Lp-PLA2 gene V279F,A379V,I198T,R92H polymorphism and cardiovascular disease,so as to further understand the effect of gene polymorphism on Lp-PLA2 function.
【Keywords】Lipoprotein-associated phospholipase A2;Cardiovascular disease;Single nucleotide polymorphism
心血管疾病因其廣泛流行和高死亡率已成為重要的公共衛(wèi)生問題,其中炎癥在該疾病的進(jìn)展過程中發(fā)揮關(guān)鍵作用。脂蛋白相關(guān)磷脂酶A2(lipoprotein-associated phospholipase A2,Lp-PLA2)是位于第6號染色體上PLA2G7基因編碼的酶,也稱為血小板活化因子乙酰水解酶,屬于鈣非依賴性脂肪酶的一種。它主要由巨噬細(xì)胞分泌,并與低密度脂蛋白和高密度脂蛋白形成復(fù)合物的形式循環(huán)于血液中[1]。Lp-PLA2通過調(diào)節(jié)血液中的脂質(zhì)代謝來介導(dǎo)血管內(nèi)部的炎癥反應(yīng),是循環(huán)系統(tǒng)中與炎癥相關(guān)的標(biāo)志物之一。流行病學(xué)調(diào)查[1-2]表明,Lp-PLA2濃度或酶活性升高已被確定為心血管疾病概率增加的風(fēng)險因素。許多研究評估了Lp-PLA2基因遺傳變異對其表達(dá)水平和/或功能是否產(chǎn)生影響,并據(jù)此推斷其可能對人類心血管疾病的發(fā)病率及嚴(yán)重程度產(chǎn)生影響。在不同患者中,已對Lp-PLA2的遺傳變異進(jìn)行了廣泛研究,包括它們對生理功能和疾病的影響?,F(xiàn)詳細(xì)闡述4個編碼區(qū)的單核苷酸多態(tài)性V279F、A379V、I198T、R92H,從基因頻率、同源序列比對、酶活性以及與心血管疾病的相關(guān)性來提出新的見解,旨在更深入理解遺傳變異如何影響Lp-PLA2的活性及功能。
1 等位基因頻率
在公共數(shù)據(jù)庫(http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/)中搜索編碼Lp-PLA2基因多態(tài)性顯示,V279F(rs76863441)在日本受試者中出現(xiàn)的頻率最高,其次是中國和韓國受試者,但在美國白種受試者中不存在。Unno等[3]、Yamada等[4-5]的多項研究證實了V279F等位基因與日本受試者的動脈粥樣硬化、心肌梗死等血管疾病之間的相關(guān)性。A379V(rs1051931)在東亞人群中出現(xiàn)頻率最高,非洲人群出現(xiàn)的頻率最低。Liu等[6]發(fā)現(xiàn),在中國臺灣患者中,A379V多態(tài)性在早發(fā)性心肌梗死患者中更為普遍。I198T(rs1805018)在非洲人群中出現(xiàn)的頻率最高,而在美國人群中則較低。Sutton等[7]發(fā)現(xiàn)I198T等位基因與心血管疾病多態(tài)性頻率無關(guān)。R92H(rs1805017)在歐洲人群中出現(xiàn)頻率最高,南亞人群中出現(xiàn)的頻率最低。與健康受試者相比,R92H等位基因似乎對冠狀動脈疾病或心肌梗死患者的多態(tài)性頻率沒有影響[7-8]。這些臨床研究顯示,在心血管疾病中,V279F和A379V基因出現(xiàn)頻率較高,而I198T和R92H似乎沒有變化。
2 同源序列分析及蛋白功能預(yù)測
從UniProt(https://www.uniprot.org/)下載與PLA2G7基因相關(guān)的其他物種的同源序列,通過對氨基酸的保守性進(jìn)行分析,發(fā)現(xiàn)R92、A379保守性較低,I198保守性適度。相比之下,V279具有較高的保守性,這些位置上的突變可能會影響酶的功能(圖1)。為了預(yù)測蛋白質(zhì)功能是否受到影響,筆者使用了Phyre2(基于蛋白質(zhì)三級結(jié)構(gòu))和SIFT(基于蛋白同源序列)在線預(yù)測工具。根據(jù)表1結(jié)果顯示,V279F突變對蛋白質(zhì)功能產(chǎn)生有害影響,而I198T、A379V和R92H則屬于良性突變。
3 酶的活性分析
PLA2G7屬于磷脂酶A2超家族,是能水解磷脂底物sn-2位點上的酯鍵以產(chǎn)生脂肪酸和溶血磷脂的酶。該蛋白中A47-I429殘基已經(jīng)通過晶體結(jié)構(gòu)學(xué)解析(PDB:3D5E),確定了含有383個氨基酸殘基的蛋白結(jié)構(gòu)[9]。該蛋白結(jié)構(gòu)呈現(xiàn)典型的α/β-水解酶折疊,具有GXSXG脂肪酶的典型特征。活性位點由Ser273、His351和Asp296組成的催化三聯(lián)體。其中,Ser273位于α-螺旋的N端,Phe274和Leu153穩(wěn)定催化反應(yīng)機(jī)制中的負(fù)電荷。另外兩個催化三聯(lián)體殘基的位置恰當(dāng),可激活Ser273進(jìn)行催化;Asp296位于β-折疊的C端,而His351位于α-螺旋的N端(見圖2)。
Val279殘基靠近酶的活性位點,對蛋白的正確折疊及活性催化至關(guān)重要,突變?yōu)镻he,側(cè)鏈較小的纈氨酸被大的苯丙氨酸取代,導(dǎo)致折疊過程受阻并影響了酶的活性。分子研究[10]表明,F(xiàn)279重組蛋白失去了其活性,這會導(dǎo)致體內(nèi)血漿Lp-PLA2的缺乏。在健康和患病人群中的基因研究[11]發(fā)現(xiàn),Lp-PLA2缺乏會影響許多炎癥性疾病的發(fā)病率及嚴(yán)重程度。Kruse等[12]的動力學(xué)研究顯示,與重組的野生型蛋白相比,V379突變蛋白表現(xiàn)出增強(qiáng)的分子活性,其Km值高于野生型2倍,而T198突變的Km值高于野生型6倍。此外,這兩個突變都降低了底物親和力。H92保持了與野生型相似的活性、Km和Vmax特征。
在臨床研究中,關(guān)于A379V對血漿Lp-PLA2酶活性的影響存在爭議。早期的冠心病研究[13-14]發(fā)現(xiàn),在歐洲人群中攜帶A379等位基因會顯著增加酶活性。一項針對72 657例冠心病受試者進(jìn)行的大規(guī)模研究[15]發(fā)現(xiàn),個體攜帶V379等位基因時,檢測到的酶活性可降低2.7%。Liu等[6]在中國臺灣心肌梗死的受試者中發(fā)現(xiàn)A379V的催化活性降低。Qi等[16]對中國漢族人群的動脈粥樣硬化的研究揭示了A379V多態(tài)性對酶的活性無統(tǒng)計學(xué)意義的影響。關(guān)于I198T變異對血漿Lp-PLA2水平的影響,目前尚無定論。Hoffmann等[17]在德國冠狀動脈疾病的受試者中發(fā)現(xiàn)T198與酶的活性無關(guān)。一項歐洲的冠狀動脈鈣化的研究[18]也支持了這個結(jié)論。然而,在中國動脈粥樣硬化列隊中進(jìn)行的一項研究[17]發(fā)現(xiàn)T198會導(dǎo)致酶的活性降低。Hou等[8]對827例中國冠心病患者進(jìn)行的研究表明,攜帶T198基因型的受試者顯示出顯著降低的酶活性水平。Sutton等[7]報道了攜帶T198基因型的受試者主動脈中酶表達(dá)下降的趨勢。至于R92H對血漿Lp-PLA2活性的影響也存在不確定性。Qi等[16]在中國人群動脈粥樣硬化的研究中揭示了R92H與酶活性之間無統(tǒng)計學(xué)意義上的顯著差異。但是,在一項歐洲前瞻性隊列冠狀動脈研究[19]中,確定了H92增加了該酶的活性。此外,在一項薈萃分析[13]中證實了R92H與Lp-PLA2活性呈負(fù)相關(guān)趨勢。在一項大規(guī)模心血管藥物遺傳學(xué)研究中,Yeo等[20]觀察到R92H與Lp-PLA2活性略有降低有關(guān)。德國心血管健康研究中心對3 234例冠狀動脈造影的受試者進(jìn)行檢測發(fā)現(xiàn),攜帶H92等位基因的受試者中血漿酶活性適度降低[17]。中國和歐洲受試者的研究[8,21]表明,在血漿中攜帶H92基因?qū)γ富钚詻]有影響。
在臨床研究中,除了已確定V279F突變具有酶失活作用外,對于該酶的其他突變的影響存在爭議,這可能是因為不同患者體內(nèi)微環(huán)境的變化而導(dǎo)致了Lp-PLA2的生理功能受到影響。
4 與心血管疾病的相關(guān)性分析
在日本人群中,約4%的個體廣泛存在V279F基因突變,并導(dǎo)致血漿中Lp-PLA2酶活性缺失[22]。對這種功能喪失突變進(jìn)行詳細(xì)研究并獲得的所有臨床數(shù)據(jù)表明,V279F基因突變與動脈粥樣硬化之間呈顯著正相關(guān),可能增加患心血管疾病的風(fēng)險[23]。然而,在中國的幾項研究中發(fā)現(xiàn)V279F多態(tài)性與心血管疾病無關(guān),而韓國的兩項研究發(fā)現(xiàn)F279能降低動脈粥樣硬化的風(fēng)險。雖然V279F基因突變導(dǎo)致血漿中Lp-PLA2水平的顯著降低是明顯可見的事實,但由于目前主要集中在亞洲人群中進(jìn)行調(diào)查研究,并未明確闡明V279F與心血管疾病之間是否存在關(guān)聯(lián)。盡管已經(jīng)對不同患者進(jìn)行了A379V多態(tài)性方面的研究與調(diào)查,但所得到的結(jié)果卻不一致,因此需要進(jìn)一步深入地開展更多相關(guān)研究以闡明這種遺傳變異是否與預(yù)防后期心血管疾病的風(fēng)險及其結(jié)果相關(guān)聯(lián)。根據(jù)大部分研究顯示,I198T和R92H基因突變可能增加心血管疾病的風(fēng)險,然而,由于相關(guān)研究數(shù)量有限,不能一概而論。最近進(jìn)行的薈萃分析[24]發(fā)現(xiàn)V279F和R92H基因突變與臨床動脈粥樣硬化的風(fēng)險增加有關(guān),而A379V、I198T則沒有顯著關(guān)聯(lián)。因此,對Lp-PLA2基因的多態(tài)性進(jìn)行更深入、更全面的研究是必要的,以此來闡明其在心血管疾病中的作用。見表2[25-33]。
5 總結(jié)
在過去幾十年中,心血管疾病的篩查、診療、預(yù)防取得顯著進(jìn)展。然而,它仍然是全球高發(fā)病率的疾病和死亡的主要原因,其發(fā)生與動脈粥樣硬化的嚴(yán)重程度密切相關(guān)。動脈粥樣硬化是一種慢性血管炎癥,在心血管疾病發(fā)病之前就已經(jīng)存在數(shù)十年[34]。Lp-PLA2通過水解氧化低密度脂蛋白來釋放促炎介質(zhì)(溶血磷脂和氧化脂肪酸),它可以預(yù)測心血管事件與動脈粥樣硬化斑塊的易損性[35]。遺傳學(xué)研究[36]表明,約62%的Lp-PLA2活性變異是由遺傳因素引起的。
研究討論PLA2G7基因多態(tài)性與心血管疾病之間的關(guān)聯(lián),這也是Lp-PLA2參與最廣泛的領(lǐng)域。Lp-PLA2基因頻率在特定患者中更常見,例如V279F在日本人群中出現(xiàn)頻率更高。V279位于活性位點Ser273和Asp296殘基之間,該區(qū)域?qū)γ傅恼_折疊起著至關(guān)重要的作用,該突變致使酶的活性喪失[37]。臨床研究發(fā)現(xiàn)F279對酶的活性和心血管疾病的相關(guān)性方面存在不一致的結(jié)果,可能是由于F279雖然使酶的活性喪失,但不會顯著影響與底物水解的能力。其他突變體V379、T189、H92對酶活性和心血管相關(guān)疾病影響的研究也有不同結(jié)論,除了基因多態(tài)性還要考慮是否會受到脂蛋白等因素影響。此外,Lp-PLA2容易被氧化失活,這些多態(tài)性增加了對氧化失活的敏感性[38]。
眾所周知,脂蛋白的氧化與動脈粥樣硬化有關(guān),Lp-PLA2參與動脈粥樣硬化和相關(guān)慢性炎癥細(xì)胞(即單核細(xì)胞/巨噬細(xì)胞、T淋巴細(xì)胞、肥大細(xì)胞)的產(chǎn)生和分泌,并參與短鏈氧化膦酯的代謝[39]。研究[40]發(fā)現(xiàn),降血脂藥,尤其是他汀類藥物,可以降低血漿Lp-PLA2的水平和活性,改善血脂狀況。這表明Lp-PLA2可能是降脂治療的重要靶點,可降低動脈粥樣硬化的炎癥反應(yīng)和斑塊易損性。darapladib是Lp-PLA2活性的一種抑制劑,在動物模型和人類中的研究[40]表明,它可以有效且安全地降低血漿和動脈粥樣硬化斑塊中的Lp-PLA2活性。一項藥物遺傳學(xué)研究[41]表明,盡管Lp-PLA2基因的遺傳變異對darapladib治療和耐受性的影響有限,但基因的多態(tài)性對藥物遺傳學(xué)的影響仍是值得關(guān)注的焦點。目前研究的Lp-PLA2抑制劑對心血管疾病的療效,應(yīng)充分考慮到基因多態(tài)性對蛋白功能的影響,以便開發(fā)更有效和/或有選擇性的Lp-PLA2抑制劑。
Lp-PLA2在基因多態(tài)性研究領(lǐng)域取得了顯著進(jìn)展,但仍需要更全面、有力的研究來解決不一致的結(jié)果。此外,在心血管疾病中進(jìn)行的研究也可以應(yīng)用于其他疾病,或許會揭示Lp-PLA2基因多態(tài)性對某些疾病產(chǎn)生意想不到的影響。
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收稿日期:2023-12-08