摘要:甲狀腺癌是最常見的頭頸部惡性腫瘤,其中以甲狀腺乳頭狀癌最常見,直徑≤1.0 cm的甲狀腺乳頭狀癌稱為甲狀腺微小乳頭狀癌。近年來熱消融技術(shù)治療甲狀腺微小乳頭狀癌在國內(nèi)外迅速發(fā)展,有較好的臨床療效和安全性。目前國內(nèi)外發(fā)布了較多與甲狀腺微小乳頭狀癌熱消融治療相關(guān)的指南、共識(shí)和臨床研究,但關(guān)于熱消融治療甲狀腺微小乳頭狀癌的適應(yīng)證在不同指南中存在差異,其中低危微小甲狀腺乳頭狀癌是目前多數(shù)指南推薦的甲狀腺熱消融技術(shù)的適應(yīng)證,但低危微小甲狀腺乳頭狀癌的定義仍有爭議。本文基于現(xiàn)有文獻(xiàn)、指南、臨床研究,總結(jié)甲狀腺癌熱消融治療的優(yōu)勢、適應(yīng)證、療效、安全性、消融后的中醫(yī)藥治療以及存在的問題,并進(jìn)行概述、探討和分析。
關(guān)鍵詞:甲狀腺微小乳頭狀癌;熱消融技術(shù);臨床研究
中圖分類號(hào):R454;R615 文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)志碼:A
DOI:10.7652/jdyxb202406025
收稿日期:2023-12-03 修回日期:2024-09-14
基金項(xiàng)目:國家中醫(yī)藥管理局科研項(xiàng)目(No. 2018ZY03005);上海市科學(xué)技術(shù)委員會(huì)項(xiàng)目(No. 17401933);上海市中醫(yī)醫(yī)院“未來計(jì)劃”項(xiàng)目(No. WLJH2021ZYMZY009)
Supported by Scientific Research Projects of the State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine (No. 2018ZY03005), Project of Shanghai Municipal Science and Technology Commission (No. 17401933), and Shanghai Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine “Future Plan” Project (No. WLJH2021ZYMZY009)
通信作者:石坤和,主任醫(yī)師. E-mail: shxlsh@163.com
網(wǎng)絡(luò)出版地址:https://link.cnki.net/urlid/61.1399.R.20240927.0904.002 (2024-09-27)
Research progress of thermal ablation in the treatment of thyroid micropapillary carcinoma
LIU Jin, WANG Xiaoping, QU Lindi, WANG Qun, GAO Ying, GU Yuan,
GONG Yifei, LI Tao, TANG Xiaodan, SHI Kunhe
(Department Ⅲ of Surgery, Shanghai municipal Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine,
Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 200071, China)
ABSTRACT: Thyroid cancer is the most common malignant tumor of the head and neck, among which papillary thyroid carcinoma is the most common. Papillary thyroid carcinoma with a diameter of ≤ 1.0 cm is called thyroid micropapillary carcinoma. In recent years, thermal ablation technology for the treatment of thyroid micropapillary carcinoma has developed rapidly at home and abroad. At present, many guidelines, consensus and clinical studies related to thermal ablation treatment of thyroid micropapillary carcinoma have been published at home and abroad. Based on the existing literature, guidelines and clinical studies, this article summarizes, discusses and analyzes the advantages, indications, efficacy, safety, and existing problems of thermal ablation therapy for thyroid cancer.
KEY WORDS: micropapillary carcinoma of the thyroid gland; thermal ablation technology; clinical research
甲狀腺癌在頭頸部腫瘤中發(fā)病居首位,遠(yuǎn)期預(yù)后較好,10年生存率高達(dá)98%[1]。甲狀腺乳頭狀癌(papillary thyroid carcinoma,PTC)是甲狀腺癌最常見的病理類型,PTC中直徑≤1.0 cm的稱為甲狀腺微小乳頭狀癌(papillary thyroid microcarcinoma,PTMC)[2]。其中,無淋巴結(jié)轉(zhuǎn)移、無累及被膜等復(fù)發(fā)轉(zhuǎn)移高危因素的PTMC可稱為低危PTMC[3-4]。PTMC發(fā)病原因目前尚不明確。手術(shù)切除腫瘤是PTMC的主要治療手段,雖然腔鏡技術(shù)的應(yīng)用提升了甲狀腺癌手術(shù)的美容效果,但仍存在缺點(diǎn)或并發(fā)癥,如皮下積液、長期服用優(yōu)甲樂等。微波熱消融技術(shù)作為治療甲狀腺結(jié)節(jié)的新技術(shù),在治療甲狀腺良性腫瘤中的有效性和安全性已被證實(shí),但在治療PTMC中仍存在爭議[5]。本文通過文獻(xiàn)回顧,對微波熱消融治療PTMC的研究進(jìn)展及熱消融后的中醫(yī)治療進(jìn)行總結(jié)和分析。
1 熱消融技術(shù)治療甲狀腺腫瘤的方法和優(yōu)勢
熱消融技術(shù)是近年來臨床中出現(xiàn)的一項(xiàng)新興的腫瘤微創(chuàng)介入治療技術(shù),是一種局部熱療方法,具有創(chuàng)傷小、恢復(fù)快、并發(fā)癥少等優(yōu)勢。操作方法為經(jīng)超聲引導(dǎo)將消融電極經(jīng)皮穿刺進(jìn)入結(jié)節(jié)組織內(nèi),通過將組織和細(xì)胞短暫地升高溫度(通常在50~80 ℃),使病灶組織發(fā)生不可逆的凝固性壞死,達(dá)到滅活腫瘤細(xì)胞和組織的效果[6],凝固的壞死組織細(xì)胞被水解酶溶解液化,再由淋巴細(xì)胞和血管吸收,最后機(jī)體將壞死組織完全吸收,從而達(dá)到消融的效果。
熱消融技術(shù)根據(jù)基本原理及設(shè)備的不同,主要分為微波消融、射頻消融、激光消融三類。不同的熱消融方式各有其優(yōu)點(diǎn)和不足。微波消融的優(yōu)點(diǎn)為加熱速度更快,可持續(xù)高溫作用于組織,縮短手術(shù)時(shí)長,可作用于大體積腫瘤的消融;但其缺點(diǎn)為容易天線過熱,需要冷卻機(jī)制來保護(hù)且設(shè)備較為笨重[7]。射頻消融的優(yōu)點(diǎn)為加熱范圍通常較小,對消融灶周圍正常組織的影響??;但缺點(diǎn)為對血流冷卻效應(yīng)的影響較明顯,對臨近血管的腫瘤治療效果欠佳。激光消融的優(yōu)點(diǎn)為區(qū)域更加精準(zhǔn)可控,對消融灶周圍正常組織和結(jié)構(gòu)幾乎無損傷;但缺點(diǎn)為緊鄰激光纖維的組織容易發(fā)生炭化,從而限制了光的穿透[8]。
綜上,熱消融相比傳統(tǒng)手術(shù)治療甲狀腺腫瘤,具備創(chuàng)傷性更小,感染風(fēng)險(xiǎn)更低,恢復(fù)時(shí)間更短,并發(fā)癥更少等優(yōu)勢[8]。
2 低危PTMC的概念和定義
在臨床病理表現(xiàn)方面,目前對于低危PTMC的定義,現(xiàn)有的指南和共識(shí)存在一定的共性和差異。根據(jù)三項(xiàng)最新和較為權(quán)威的指南和共識(shí):2015年版美國甲狀腺協(xié)會(huì)《甲狀腺結(jié)節(jié)和分化型甲狀腺癌診治指南》[9]、2016年中國抗癌協(xié)會(huì)甲狀腺癌專業(yè)委員會(huì)《甲狀腺微小乳頭狀癌診斷與治療中國專家共識(shí)》[3]、2020年日本內(nèi)分泌外科學(xué)會(huì)《成人低風(fēng)險(xiǎn)甲狀腺微小乳頭狀A(yù)S的適應(yīng)證和策略的共識(shí)聲明》[4],總結(jié)低危PTC的定義達(dá)成共識(shí)的有:①無淋巴結(jié)轉(zhuǎn)移和遠(yuǎn)處轉(zhuǎn)移;②無甲狀腺腺體外侵犯;③非病理學(xué)高危亞型;④無氣管或喉返神經(jīng)侵犯。未達(dá)成共識(shí)的有:①腫瘤直徑≤5 mm;②無甲狀腺癌家族史;③無青少年或童年時(shí)期頸部放射暴露史。
在基因表達(dá)層面,BRAF V600E基因突變在PTC患者中占比約為50%,是PTC中最常見的基因突變[10]。有研究結(jié)果顯示,BRAF V600E基因突變與PTC惡性程度相關(guān)[11],具體表現(xiàn)為臨床分期較晚、腫瘤原發(fā)灶較嚴(yán)重、區(qū)域淋巴結(jié)陽性、遠(yuǎn)處轉(zhuǎn)移及其他部位淋巴結(jié)受累等。另一些研究結(jié)果顯示,在BRAF V600E基因突變的患者中,PTC復(fù)發(fā)率顯著增加[12]。由此推斷,BRAF V600E基因突變與PTC侵襲性密切相關(guān),為高侵襲性和預(yù)后差的相關(guān)危險(xiǎn)因素,對PTC惡性程度具有獨(dú)立的預(yù)測價(jià)值。
綜上,滿足以下條件的PTC可以認(rèn)為是低危PTMC:①腫瘤直徑≤10 mm;②無淋巴結(jié)轉(zhuǎn)移和遠(yuǎn)處轉(zhuǎn)移;③無甲狀腺腺體外侵犯;④非病理學(xué)高危亞型;⑤無氣管或喉返神經(jīng)侵犯;⑥BRAF V600E基因未突變。
3 熱消融治療PTC的適應(yīng)證
熱消融技術(shù)最初應(yīng)用于甲狀腺良性腫瘤。中國醫(yī)師協(xié)會(huì)發(fā)布的《甲狀腺良性結(jié)節(jié)、微小癌及頸部轉(zhuǎn)移性淋巴結(jié)熱消融治療專家共識(shí)(2018版)》[13]提到熱消融治療PTC尚缺乏足夠的循證醫(yī)學(xué)證據(jù),但也提出了熱消融治療PTC的9條適應(yīng)證。近年來有諸多關(guān)于熱消融治療復(fù)發(fā)性甲狀腺癌和原發(fā)性低風(fēng)險(xiǎn)PTC的臨床研究,并取得了較好的療效。有臨床遠(yuǎn)期隨訪研究發(fā)現(xiàn),熱消融治療低危PTC有效[14]。故可以認(rèn)為,把握熱消融治療PTC的適應(yīng)證并在充分知情同意下,可以選擇超聲引導(dǎo)下的熱消融治療[15]。
目前國內(nèi)外各項(xiàng)指南和共識(shí)對熱消融技術(shù)治療原發(fā)性PTC的適應(yīng)證均有推薦意見。綜合以下6項(xiàng)最新的權(quán)威指南和共識(shí):中國醫(yī)師協(xié)會(huì)《甲狀腺良性結(jié)節(jié)、微小癌及頸部轉(zhuǎn)移性淋巴結(jié)熱消融治療專家共識(shí)(2018版)》[13],中國醫(yī)師協(xié)會(huì)《甲狀腺微小乳頭狀癌熱消融診療指征專家共識(shí)(2019年)》[15],歐洲甲狀腺協(xié)會(huì)《2021甲狀腺惡性病變微創(chuàng)治療臨床實(shí)踐指南》[16],美國斯坦福醫(yī)院《關(guān)于消融技術(shù)治療甲狀腺腺良惡性疾病的國際多學(xué)科共識(shí)(2022年)》[17],中國臨床腫瘤學(xué)會(huì)《分化型甲狀腺癌診療指南(2021)》[18],上海市中西醫(yī)結(jié)合學(xué)會(huì)甲狀腺分會(huì)《甲狀腺結(jié)節(jié)及相關(guān)疾病熱消融中西醫(yī)結(jié)合診療指南》(2021版)[19],總結(jié)熱消融治療PTC的適應(yīng)證達(dá)成共識(shí)的為:①腫瘤直徑≤10 mm;②病理學(xué)無侵襲性亞型的PTC;③局限于甲狀腺的單灶微小癌,無甲狀腺被膜受侵且無周圍組織侵犯;④無淋巴結(jié)或遠(yuǎn)處轉(zhuǎn)移證據(jù);⑤患者經(jīng)醫(yī)護(hù)人員充分告知后,仍拒絕外科手術(shù)的PTC患者。未達(dá)成共識(shí)的適應(yīng)證有:①腫瘤直徑≤5 mm;②癌灶不位于峽部;③無多灶性;④無甲狀腺癌家族史;⑤無青少年或童年時(shí)期頸部放射暴露史。
由此可見,熱消融治療PTMC的適應(yīng)證和低危PTMC的概念較為相似,除了癌灶不位于峽部和無多灶性有待探討外,可以得出非峽部的單個(gè)結(jié)節(jié)病灶的低危PTMC適用于熱消融技術(shù)。
4 熱消融治療PTMC的療效
目前熱消融技術(shù)在甲狀腺惡性腫瘤治療的研究,主要應(yīng)用于PTMC、局部復(fù)發(fā)的甲狀腺癌及頸部轉(zhuǎn)移性淋巴結(jié)的治療。對于熱消融治療PTMC的療效主要是通過術(shù)后PTMC的體積縮小率和復(fù)發(fā)率評估[20]。
YAN等[21]回顧性分析884例單病灶低危型PTMC,對比熱消融和甲狀腺手術(shù)切除術(shù),中位隨訪時(shí)間為48.3個(gè)月,兩組在局部腫瘤進(jìn)展、淋巴結(jié)轉(zhuǎn)移、復(fù)發(fā)、腫瘤殘留和4 年無復(fù)發(fā)生存率間差異無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(Pgt;0.05),但消融組手術(shù)時(shí)間短,術(shù)中失血量少,住院時(shí)間短,術(shù)中及術(shù)后并發(fā)癥少(Plt;0.001),生活質(zhì)量更高(Plt;0.05)。該課題組的另幾項(xiàng)研究發(fā)現(xiàn),熱消融后PTMC的病灶縮小率隨著隨訪時(shí)間的延長有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)差異(Plt;0.05);且術(shù)后復(fù)發(fā)率、淋巴結(jié)轉(zhuǎn)移及病灶進(jìn)展均與對照手術(shù)組差異無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(Pgt;0.05)[22-23]。類似的研究有:楊月等[24]回顧性分析130例孤立性cN0期PTMC患者;魏瑩等[25]回顧性分析728例孤立性T1N0M0期PTC患者;CHO等[14]對熱消融治療低風(fēng)險(xiǎn)PTMC的遠(yuǎn)期療效進(jìn)行了評價(jià),均得出熱消融治療孤立性低危PTMC的安全性及有效性與手術(shù)切除術(shù)相當(dāng),且有更少的并發(fā)癥。
此外,YAN等[26]對比熱消融在多灶PTMC的治療中較單灶PTMC的術(shù)后復(fù)發(fā)、淋巴結(jié)轉(zhuǎn)移、無病生存率差異均無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(Pgt;0.05)。祁怡等[27]納入92例位于峽部的PTMC,中位隨訪時(shí)間35個(gè)月,比較治療前與治療后甲狀腺功能差異均無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(Pgt;0.05),治療后6~18個(gè)月病灶最大徑和體積較治療前明顯縮?。≒lt;0.05),且無其他嚴(yán)重并發(fā)癥。吳冬倩等[28]回顧性分析141例單灶PTMC鄰近甲狀腺被膜患者,術(shù)后5例(3.55%)有喉返神經(jīng)損傷但均自行恢復(fù),甲狀腺功能在術(shù)前術(shù)后差異均無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(Pgt;0.05),術(shù)后隨訪64個(gè)月,68.79%患者病灶完全消失,31.21%病灶明顯縮小且未見局部復(fù)發(fā)及遠(yuǎn)處轉(zhuǎn)移。
近年來,熱消融技術(shù)治療PTC因微創(chuàng)、手術(shù)時(shí)間短,手術(shù)瘢痕小,對組織創(chuàng)傷性小、術(shù)后恢復(fù)快,對甲狀腺功能影響較小等優(yōu)勢在國內(nèi)外迅速發(fā)展。上述多項(xiàng)臨床研究表明,熱消融治療低危PTMC有效且安全性高。
5 微波熱消融治療PTMC后的中醫(yī)治療
5.1 中醫(yī)病因病機(jī)
中醫(yī)將甲狀腺疾病稱為“癭病”,《千金要方》中將癭病根據(jù)表現(xiàn)與病因,分為“氣癭”“石癭 ”“憂癭”“土癭”“勞癭”。其中“石癭”對應(yīng)的現(xiàn)代醫(yī)學(xué)病名為甲狀腺癌,在中醫(yī)的典籍中,并無對PTMC的特定病名,故PTMC也稱為“石癭”。其發(fā)病的病因病機(jī)在《呂氏春秋·季春紀(jì)》、《諸病源候論·癭候》、《外科正宗 ·癭瘤論》等中醫(yī)典籍中均有記載,中醫(yī)認(rèn)為其發(fā)病的病因與飲食、環(huán)境、體質(zhì)和情志密不可分;發(fā)病總的病機(jī)是正氣不足、邪毒內(nèi)生,氣滯、血瘀、痰凝等病理變化,蘊(yùn)結(jié)于頸前而成癭。
熱消融術(shù)后,癌細(xì)胞雖已被滅活,但其組織仍然存留在甲狀腺腺體內(nèi),需要患者經(jīng)過一段時(shí)間的自我吸收方可縮小以至消失,不同個(gè)體吸收的時(shí)間各有不同,約3個(gè)月至1年不等,有些甚至不能完全被機(jī)體消化吸收。故PTMC熱消融后可配合中醫(yī)中藥治療幫助其吸收和消除,從而達(dá)到降低復(fù)發(fā)的作用。熱消融術(shù)后的中醫(yī)治療分為內(nèi)服和外治。
5.2 中醫(yī)內(nèi)治
中醫(yī)內(nèi)治可分為中成藥治療和中藥治療。
中成藥物治療包括消癭五海丸、西黃丸、小金丸、平消膠囊、夏枯草膠囊、內(nèi)消瘰疬丸、大黃蟲丸、桂枝茯苓丸等。王燦等[29]使用平消膠囊治療甲狀腺結(jié)節(jié),能減小結(jié)節(jié)直徑。劉洋靖等[30]研究桂枝茯苓丸中的有效成分含有子山柰酚、槲皮素,黃芩苷等,具有抗炎、抗氧化,可用來治療甲狀腺疾病。
中藥治療強(qiáng)調(diào)疏肝健脾,化痰散結(jié)、清熱解毒以祛除體內(nèi)剩余邪毒,益氣健脾資后天之本,調(diào)和機(jī)體功能,提高機(jī)體免疫能力。唐漢鈞治療甲狀腺癌以“扶正祛邪”為主,治以健脾養(yǎng)血、養(yǎng)陰生精,佐以清熱解毒治療[31]。劉小慶等[32]研究通氣散堅(jiān)湯加減治療氣滯血瘀型甲狀腺癌療效突出。王悅等[33]研究行氣消癭方可促進(jìn)微波消融術(shù)后甲狀腺結(jié)節(jié)的吸收,改善臨床癥狀。
5.3 中醫(yī)外治
中醫(yī)外治可分為中藥外治和針灸治療。
中藥外治主要包括中藥貼敷療法和中醫(yī)透藥療法等[19]。其機(jī)制是通過將中藥外用于頸部皮膚,使藥效透過皮膚組織和毛細(xì)血管滲入到甲狀腺組織和病灶,發(fā)揮治療作用。在口服中藥幫助消融灶吸收的同時(shí),亦可配合中醫(yī)外治達(dá)到化痰軟堅(jiān)散結(jié)的治療目的。劉宏方等[34]使用“散結(jié)2號(hào)方”敷于雙側(cè)氣癭穴治療甲狀腺結(jié)節(jié),結(jié)果均顯示結(jié)節(jié)變小、主癥減輕。鮑陶陶等[35]研究夏慈消結(jié)散外敷聯(lián)合化痰消癭方口服能縮小甲狀腺結(jié)節(jié),提高臨床療效,改善中醫(yī)證候療效。
針灸治療是對甲狀腺局部或鄰近腧穴或特定穴針刺治療,通過改善甲狀腺結(jié)節(jié)的局部血運(yùn),調(diào)節(jié)代謝,促進(jìn)甲狀腺結(jié)節(jié)的縮小和吸收。李永桂等[36]使用夏枯草湯加減結(jié)合雷火神針可優(yōu)化甲狀腺結(jié)節(jié)內(nèi)血流信號(hào)分級(jí)情況。劉春雪等[37]使用腹針配合圍刺可改善甲狀腺結(jié)節(jié)直徑大小。
6 總結(jié)與展望
近年來,熱消融技術(shù)治療PTMC因微創(chuàng)、手術(shù)時(shí)間短,手術(shù)瘢痕小,對組織創(chuàng)傷性小、術(shù)后恢復(fù)快,對甲狀腺功能影響較小,術(shù)后并發(fā)癥少等優(yōu)勢在國內(nèi)外發(fā)展迅速?;诂F(xiàn)有的研究,提示低危PTMC可以進(jìn)行熱消融治療,且熱消融治療有效,但患者遠(yuǎn)期療效(5年以上)有待進(jìn)一步考證。BRAF V600E基因突變的PTMC患者不推薦做甲狀腺熱消融。位于峽部、多灶的低危PTMC目前臨床研究尚少,有待進(jìn)一步循證醫(yī)學(xué)支持。熱消融后中藥口服和外用可幫助消融灶吸收,或可成為熱消融術(shù)后的輔助治療,但仍需要更多臨床研究數(shù)據(jù)的支持。
PTMC的熱消融治療在臨床應(yīng)用中依然存在許多挑戰(zhàn),如針對術(shù)后殘留和術(shù)后隨訪困難等問題也存在爭議之聲。MA等[38]對12例患者共22個(gè)病灶的熱消融術(shù)后再手術(shù)的病理結(jié)果進(jìn)行回顧性分析,結(jié)果顯示,所有病例均被證實(shí)PTC殘余,并且66.7%存在淋巴結(jié)轉(zhuǎn)移。另外對7項(xiàng)來自不同國家的臨床研究進(jìn)行文獻(xiàn)回顧,均發(fā)現(xiàn)原發(fā)性PTC的不完全消融和轉(zhuǎn)移淋巴結(jié)遺漏[33]。
因此,除了嚴(yán)格把握熱消融治療PTMC的指征之外,提高操作者的技術(shù)和能力,優(yōu)化術(shù)后評估療效及有效管理和隨訪術(shù)后患者對熱消融技術(shù)治療PTMC也至關(guān)重要。
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