【摘要】 目的:探討羥考酮復(fù)合環(huán)泊酚在老年無痛胃鏡檢查中的應(yīng)用效果。方法:選取江南大學(xué)附屬中心醫(yī)院2022年6—12月收治的接受老年無痛胃鏡檢查患者108例,采用隨機(jī)數(shù)字表法將其分為復(fù)合組(54例)與常規(guī)組(54例)。復(fù)合組采用羥考酮復(fù)合環(huán)泊酚麻醉,常規(guī)組采用環(huán)泊酚麻醉。比較兩組檢查時間、蘇醒時間與環(huán)泊酚使用總量;比較術(shù)中嗆咳、體動以及脈搏氧飽和度低于90%發(fā)生情況;比較兩組不良反應(yīng)發(fā)生情況。結(jié)果:兩組檢查時間比較差異無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(Pgt;0.05),復(fù)合組蘇醒時間短于常規(guī)組(Plt;0.05),復(fù)合組環(huán)泊酚使用總量少于常規(guī)組(Plt;0.05)。復(fù)合組嗆咳、體動以及脈搏氧飽和度低于90%發(fā)生率均低于常規(guī)組(Plt;0.05)。復(fù)合組不良反應(yīng)發(fā)生率為3.70%,低于常規(guī)組的16.67%(Plt;0.05)。結(jié)論:羥考酮復(fù)合環(huán)泊酚在老年無痛胃鏡檢查中的鎮(zhèn)痛作用顯著,可縮短蘇醒時間,降低不良反應(yīng)發(fā)生率。
【關(guān)鍵詞】 無痛胃鏡檢查 羥考酮 環(huán)泊酚 檢查時間 蘇醒時間
Effect of Oxycodone Combined with Ciprofol on Painless Gastroscopy in Elderly Patients/PAN Yunsong, YIN Lei. //Medical Innovation of China, 2023, 20(19): 0-067
[Abstract] Objective: To investigate the effect of Oxycodone combined with Ciprofol in painless gastroscopy of the elderly patients. Method: A total of 108 elderly patients who received painless gastroscopy in our hospital from June 2022 to December 2022 were selected and divided by random number table method into compound group (54 cases) and conventional group (54 cases). The compound group was anesthetized with Oxycodone combined with Ciprofol, and the conventional group was anesthetized with Ciprofol. The examination time, recovery time and total Ciprofol consumption were compared between the two groups. The incidences of cough, body movement and pulse oxygen saturation below 90% were compared. The occurrence of adverse reactions was compared between the two groups. Result: There was no significant difference in the examination time between the two groups (Pgt;0.05). The recovery time of the compound group was shorter than that of the conventional group (Plt;0.05), and the total use of Ciprofol in the compound group was less than that of the conventional group (Plt;0.05). The incidences of cough, body movement and pulse oxygen saturation below 90% in compound group were lower than those in conventional group (Plt;0.05). The incidence of adverse reactions in compound group was 3.70%, which was lower than 16.67% in conventional group (Plt;0.05). Conclusion: Oxycodone combined with Ciprofol in the elderly painless gastroscopy has significant analgesic effect, can shorten the recovery time, reduce the incidence of adverse reactions.
[Key words] Painless gastroscopy Oxycodone Ciprofol Inspection time Recovery time
First-author's address: Affiliated Central Hospital of Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214000, China
doi:10.3969/j.issn.1674-4985.2023.19.015
胃鏡檢查術(shù)是隨著腔鏡技術(shù)飛速發(fā)展而發(fā)展起來的臨床診療技術(shù),微創(chuàng),并發(fā)癥少,有利于胃腸道疾病的早期診斷及早期治療。早期的胃鏡檢查術(shù)在患者清醒狀態(tài)下進(jìn)行,術(shù)中患者情緒緊張,咽部刺激明顯,吞咽、惡心嘔吐、嗆咳反射強(qiáng)烈,不利于檢查的順利進(jìn)行,造成血流動力學(xué)的劇烈波動,甚至食管胃底黏膜撕裂損傷等風(fēng)險。特別對于老年患者,因其往往依從性差,且合并心血管及神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)潛在基礎(chǔ)疾病,風(fēng)險更大。無痛胃鏡檢查術(shù)就是通過使用麻醉性鎮(zhèn)靜及鎮(zhèn)痛藥物,使患者處于意識喪失及無痛的麻醉狀態(tài),以利于檢查術(shù)的順利進(jìn)行。無痛胃鏡檢查常用靜脈麻醉的方法,使用的藥物有異丙酚、咪達(dá)唑侖、依托咪酯等靜脈麻醉藥,或者輔助阿片類鎮(zhèn)痛藥物,但存在注射痛,心血管及自主呼吸抑制明顯,麻醉后蘇醒困難等缺點(diǎn)。環(huán)泊酚作為一種新型的靜脈麻醉藥物,跟異丙酚比較,呼吸、循環(huán)抑制作用更輕,可控性更強(qiáng);羥考酮激動μ、κ受體,具有很好的解除內(nèi)臟痛及牽拉反射作用[1-2]。環(huán)泊酚復(fù)合羥考酮是否能夠安全有效的應(yīng)用于老年患者的無痛胃鏡檢查術(shù)麻醉,是本研究觀察的目的。
1 資料與方法
1.1 一般資料
選取江南大學(xué)附屬中心醫(yī)院2022年6—12月收治的接受老年無痛胃鏡檢查患者108例。納入標(biāo)準(zhǔn):納入標(biāo)準(zhǔn):年齡≥70歲;美國麻醉醫(yī)師協(xié)會(ASA)Ⅰ、Ⅱ級;行老年無痛胃鏡檢查,意識清醒;資料齊全。排除標(biāo)準(zhǔn):患有呼吸疾病;精神障礙;消化道潰瘍或出血;對羥考酮、環(huán)泊酚過敏;合并神經(jīng)肌肉疾病;凝血功能障礙;有惡性腫瘤。根據(jù)隨機(jī)數(shù)表法將其分為復(fù)合組與常規(guī)組,每組54例。患者均知情統(tǒng)一并簽署知情同意書。本研究已經(jīng)醫(yī)學(xué)倫理委員會批準(zhǔn)。
1.2 方法
術(shù)前均常規(guī)禁食、禁水10 h。患者入手術(shù)室后,建立靜脈通路,給予鼻導(dǎo)管吸氧5 L/min,同時監(jiān)測血壓、心率、血氧飽和度等。準(zhǔn)備就緒后,復(fù)合組先靜脈注射羥考酮5 mg(生產(chǎn)廠家:RAFA LABORATORIES LIMITED,注冊證號:國藥準(zhǔn)字HJ20170223,規(guī)格:2 mL∶20 mg),5 min后予環(huán)泊酚(生產(chǎn)廠家:遼寧海思科制藥有限公司,批準(zhǔn)文號:國藥準(zhǔn)字H20200013,規(guī)格:20 mL∶50 mg)0.5 mg/kg靜脈注射。常規(guī)組先靜脈注射等量生理鹽水,5 min后開始緩慢靜脈注射環(huán)泊酚0.5 mg/kg。兩組環(huán)泊酚靜脈注射速度10~20 mg/10 s,待睫毛反射消失,呼之不應(yīng)后開始進(jìn)鏡。術(shù)中如有體動、嗆咳追加環(huán)泊酚0.15 mg/kg;如血壓下降幅度超過基礎(chǔ)值20%,靜脈注射多巴胺2 mg。脈搏氧飽和度低于90%時,予托下頜或者面罩輔助通氣。
1.3 觀察指標(biāo)
對比兩組檢查時間、蘇醒時間、環(huán)泊酚使用總量。對比兩組術(shù)中嗆咳、體動以及脈搏氧飽和度低于90%發(fā)生情況。對比兩組不良反應(yīng)發(fā)生情況,包括惡心、支氣管痙攣、紅斑、瘙癢、低血壓。
1.4 統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)處理
采用SPSS 26.0軟件進(jìn)行統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)分析,計(jì)量資料以(x±s)表示,采用t檢驗(yàn),計(jì)數(shù)資料以率(%)表示,采用字2檢驗(yàn),Plt;0.05為差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。
2 結(jié)果
2.1 兩組一般資料比較
復(fù)合組男34例,女20例;年齡50~71歲,平均(60.85±5.25)歲;常規(guī)組男33例,女21例;年齡50~70歲,平均(60.25±5.14)歲。兩組一般資料差異均無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(Pgt;0.05)。具有可比性。
2.2 兩組檢查時間、蘇醒時間及環(huán)泊酚使用總量比較
兩組檢查時間比較差異無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(Pgt;0.05),復(fù)合組蘇醒時間短于常規(guī)組(Plt;0.05),復(fù)合組環(huán)泊酚使用總量少于常規(guī)組(Plt;0.05),見表1。
2.3 兩組嗆咳、體動及脈搏氧飽和度低于90%發(fā)生情況比較
復(fù)合組嗆咳、體動及脈搏氧飽和度低于90%發(fā)生率均低于常規(guī)組(Plt;0.05),見表2。
2.4 兩組不良反應(yīng)發(fā)生情況比較
復(fù)合組不良反應(yīng)發(fā)生率為3.70%,低于常規(guī)組的16.67%(字2=4.960,P=0.026),見表3。
3 討論
胃腸鏡檢查雖然是一項(xiàng)微創(chuàng)的外科技術(shù),但現(xiàn)使用的纖維鏡還是直徑粗,鏡身長,硬度硬;人體咽喉部感覺、運(yùn)動神經(jīng)豐富,存在各種保護(hù)性神經(jīng)反射,纖維鏡進(jìn)入胃腸道特別是咽喉部患者反應(yīng)劇烈[3];為手術(shù)視野需要,術(shù)中需要不斷充氣,沖洗,吸引,給患者帶來不適的同時刺激迷走神經(jīng),引起牽拉反應(yīng)影響血流動力學(xué)穩(wěn)定。因此,胃腸鏡檢查術(shù)適合在麻醉狀態(tài)下進(jìn)行[4]。
老年患者往往合并例如高血壓、冠心病、氣管炎、糖尿病等一些慢性基礎(chǔ)疾病,因此術(shù)中血流動力學(xué)的劇烈波動勢必影響重要器官的血流及氧供需平衡,造成風(fēng)險;同時,呼吸、循環(huán)及神經(jīng)等系統(tǒng)的功能衰退,使得機(jī)體維持血流動力學(xué)及內(nèi)環(huán)境穩(wěn)定的能力大大降低[5]。因此,保護(hù)和維持機(jī)體的調(diào)節(jié)機(jī)制,維持生命體征的平穩(wěn),是老年患者麻醉的重點(diǎn)[6]。最后,老年患者藥物代謝能力顯著下降,容易造成麻醉藥物的蓄積及蘇醒延遲[7]。胃鏡檢查術(shù)手術(shù)時間短,周轉(zhuǎn)快,需要麻醉醫(yī)生采用可控性強(qiáng),恢復(fù)快的麻醉方法和技術(shù)。
以往無痛胃鏡檢查多選用丙泊酚作為靜脈麻醉藥物,在臨床使用過程中發(fā)現(xiàn)丙泊酚有以下缺點(diǎn):(1)有注射痛,往往需要使用較大的靜脈或者很慢的注射速率方能避免,但在胃腸鏡檢查術(shù)麻醉中難以做到;(2)心血管抑制作用,包括對心臟的直接抑制造成心率降低,心輸出量下降;抑制交感神經(jīng),擴(kuò)張外周阻力血管,導(dǎo)致血容量的相對不足,血壓下降。對于老年人,這種心血管抑制作用更加明顯;(3)無鎮(zhèn)痛作用,手術(shù)刺激增加時容易出現(xiàn)患者肢體無意識活動,或者各種神經(jīng)反射,影響手術(shù)進(jìn)行[8-10]。往往需要臨時快速增加異丙酚劑量,從而增加了心血管抑制作用。環(huán)泊酚是一種新研發(fā)的靜脈麻醉藥,其在丙泊酚化學(xué)結(jié)構(gòu)的基礎(chǔ)上引入環(huán)丙基,增強(qiáng)了與GABAA受體的親和力[11-12]。因此其起效恢復(fù)更快、效價更高、注射痛更少[13-14]。羥考酮術(shù)前用于無痛胃鏡檢查,有效減輕內(nèi)臟痛,減少炎癥反應(yīng),且對呼吸影響小[15-16]。并且有效抑制患者的應(yīng)激反應(yīng),顯著降低血清皮質(zhì)醇、去甲腎上腺素和腎上腺素水平[17-18]。
本研究發(fā)現(xiàn),復(fù)合組患者術(shù)中嗆咳和體動例數(shù),環(huán)泊酚追加次數(shù)及使用總量明顯少于常規(guī)組,造成患者的蘇醒時間明顯縮短,表明了羥考酮用于老年無痛胃鏡檢查患者中,效果確切,優(yōu)勢明顯。此外,因術(shù)中嗆咳、體動嚴(yán)重影響手術(shù)進(jìn)行,需要快速加深麻醉,而快速追加環(huán)泊酚極易造成一過性呼吸抑制,發(fā)生低氧血癥,必要時需要面罩加壓給氧甚至控制呼吸等干預(yù)。復(fù)合組術(shù)中需要干預(yù)的次數(shù)及觀察到的不良反應(yīng)發(fā)生率明顯低于常規(guī)組,可能源于需要追加環(huán)泊酚次數(shù)及用量的減少。羥考酮本身對呼吸的影響輕微,本研究中使用羥考酮后5 min后開始環(huán)泊酚靜脈麻醉,可以保證羥考酮充分發(fā)揮藥效的同時降低了聯(lián)合用藥可能存在的呼吸抑制方面的協(xié)同影響,更為安全。
綜上所述,羥考酮復(fù)合環(huán)泊酚用于老年無痛胃鏡檢查患者中,鎮(zhèn)痛效果確切,不良反應(yīng)發(fā)生率低,麻醉更為安全。
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(收稿日期:2023-05-17) (本文編輯:田婧)