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        生物標志物指導膿毒癥患者抗生素使用的研究進展

        2023-12-29 00:00:00陳湘鈺潘小燕李靜代小雨
        醫(yī)學信息 2023年13期

        摘要:膿毒癥是一種高死亡率的醫(yī)療緊急情況,快速啟動抗菌治療對膿毒癥至關重要,由于缺乏準確的診斷方案及強有力的證據支撐安全地停止抗生素使用,抗菌藥物持續(xù)時間通常超過療程,不合理使用抗生素可導致藥物不良事件、多重耐藥菌產生等危害。因此,抗生素管理在膿毒癥中非常重要。生物標志物對于優(yōu)化抗生素管理的潛力已被廣泛證實,本文主要針對常見生物標志物指導抗生素使用的國內外研究進行綜述。

        關鍵詞:膿毒癥;抗生素;降鈣素原;C反應蛋白;白細胞介素-6

        中圖分類號:R459.7 " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " "文獻標識碼:A " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " "DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1006-1959.2023.13.041

        文章編號:1006-1959(2023)13-0182-06

        Research Progress of Biomarkers in Guiding the Use of Antibiotics in Patients with Sepsis

        CHEN Xiang-yu1,2,PAN Xiao-yan1,2,LI Jing3,DAI Xiao-yu1

        (1.Department of Nephrology,Mianyang Central Hospital,Mianyang 621000,Sichuan,China;

        2.School of Clinical Medicine,Chengdu Medical College,Chengdu 610500,Sichuan,China;

        3.Department of Nephrology,Sichuan Mianyang 404 Hospital,Mianyang 621000,Sichuan,China)

        Abstract:Sepsis is a medical emergency with high mortality and rapid initiation of antimicrobial therapy is critical for sepsis. Due to the lack of an accurate diagnosis plan and strong evidence to support the safe discontinuation of antibiotics, the duration of antibiotics usually exceeds the course of treatment, and irrational use of antibiotics can lead to adverse drug events and multidrug-resistant bacteria. Therefore, antibiotic stewardship is very important in sepsis patients. The potential of biomarkers to optimize antibiotic stewardship has been widely demonstrated, and this article reviews domestic and foreign studies on common biomarkers to guide antibiotic use.

        Key words:Sepsis;Antibiotic;Procalcitonin;C-reactive protein;IL-6

        膿毒癥(sepsis)指宿主對感染的反應失調導致危及生命的器官功能障礙[1],是住院患者常見的死亡原因,死亡率約1/4[2]。早期識別、抗生素治療和液體復蘇是膿毒癥的重要管理策略。早期、適當地使用抗生素是降低膿毒癥死亡率最重要的干預措施[3],不必要、長療程的使用抗生素會增加過敏、超敏反應、腎損傷、機會性感染、多重耐藥等不良事件的發(fā)生率[4,5]。臨床工作中,疑似膿毒癥患者通常直接、長療程使用抗生素,在過去幾十年間,抗生素耐藥性問題不斷上升,世界經濟論壇已將抗生素耐藥性問題定義為醫(yī)療安全的主要威脅之一[6]。盡管有各種國際討論、指南和評分標準來幫助臨床醫(yī)師早期診斷和治療膿毒癥,但該病仍存在治療不足或過度等情況,而早期診斷和縮短抗生素治療時間是減少抗生素不良事件和緩解多重耐藥性的有效策略[7]。目前,生物標志物已被證明在膿毒癥的早期識別、風險分層、抗生素管理中起著重要作用。為此,本文主要針對常見生物標志物指導抗生素使用的國內外研究進行綜述。

        1降鈣素原

        降鈣素原作為當前研究最廣泛的膿毒癥生物標志物,在診斷膿毒癥、指導膿毒癥患者開始、選擇和停止使用抗生素方面均有較廣泛的研究。膿毒癥治療效果非常依賴于抗生素使用時機,臨床癥狀出現后1 h內使用抗生素患者的生存率最高,每延遲1 h患者的住院死亡率增加104%[8],但血培養(yǎng)作為膿毒癥最可靠的診斷方式,標準的培養(yǎng)流程需要近5 d,且靈敏度交叉與藥敏試驗結果產生具有延遲性[9],對早期的診斷及臨床治療會產生不利影響。降鈣素原是降鈣素的肽前體,在正常情況下僅有甲狀腺組織中的濾泡旁細胞內產生,健康人群中血清值通常<0.5 μg/L,微生物和嚴重全身感染時可迅速上升(2~4 h)[10],其檢測時間相較于血培養(yǎng)更具有時間優(yōu)勢,且具有良好的鑒別特性,在病毒感染、心源性休克和非感染性全身炎癥反應綜合征中少量甚至完全沒有增加[11],從而為膿毒癥患者初期評估提供有關細菌感染信息。

        無論在入院前是否接受過抗生素治療,初始降鈣素原水平的增加,都可能意味著革蘭氏陰性菌導致的嚴重細菌感染,且其結果同樣適用于免疫功能低下的患者[12]。此外,降鈣素原在區(qū)分細菌和真菌引起的嚴重感染方面具有潛在作用。研究表明[13,14],降鈣素原>1 ng/ml可用于防止不必要的抗真菌治療,這些特征使降鈣素原水平可能成為快速選擇最合適抗生素的重要工具,對細菌性膿毒癥患者的預后至關重要。因此,理論上講,降鈣素原的水平與臨床評估相結合可能促進早期使用及選擇抗菌藥物,但目前的研究發(fā)現降鈣素原指導膿毒癥患者抗生素開始使用與常規(guī)治療方案相比較,短期死亡率與住院時間并沒有明顯差異[15],最新版膿毒癥指南并不建議將降鈣素原作為開始使用抗生素的指標[1]。

        急性多重耐藥病原體的不斷出現是對全球健康最緊迫的威脅之一[16],由于過短的抗生素療程可能會導致感染復發(fā)和死亡率升高,臨床工作中常延長抗生素使用時間,醫(yī)院過度使用抗生素已被認為是抗生素耐藥問題產生的主要原因[17]。迄今為止,關于降鈣素原指導抗生素停用的研究證實,降鈣素原水平指導停止抗菌藥物使用是安全的[18]。柏林共識建議將疾病的嚴重程度和細菌感染的概率結合起來,發(fā)現輕度至中度膿毒癥患者降鈣素原<0.25 μg/L,危重癥患者降鈣素原<0.5 μg/L,或PCT從峰值水平下降≥80%時停用抗生素[19]。與標準抗生素使用療程對比,降鈣素原指導的危重癥膿毒癥患者抗菌藥物治療顯示出明顯的降低抗生素消耗的趨勢,這可能會減少醫(yī)療支出并延緩耐藥菌的產生[20,21],尤其是對于基線抗菌藥物使用量較高的國家,但能否改善非重癥膿毒癥患者預后尚且存在爭議。研究認為[22,23],在病情穩(wěn)定的膿毒癥患者中,降鈣素原指導的抗生素停用能改善預后,但不能降低危重癥患者(SOFA評分>8分)的死亡率。

        目前為止,降鈣素原指導抗生素使用對膿毒癥患者的獲益仍存在爭論,總的來說,降鈣素原在指導膿毒癥患者抗生素停用方面比決定是否開始使用抗生素更具有優(yōu)勢。

        2 C反應蛋白

        C反應蛋白是一種由肝臟合成并釋放的急性期反應蛋白,主要在炎癥或感染過程中的急性期由IL-6引導C反應蛋白轉錄的基因合成[24]。健康人的血清值<10 mg/L,在機體受到病原微生物刺激時后增加,12 h后顯著增加,48 h可達到峰值[25],在炎癥得到控制后逐漸恢復至正常水平[26],其血清值水平與膿毒癥患者疾病嚴重程度呈正相關[26,27]。

        相較于降鈣素原,C反應蛋白在膿毒癥早期診斷方面的靈敏性和特異性較低[28],其在各種急慢性炎癥疾病中都可能升高。單一的C反應蛋白血清值用于早期診斷膿毒癥具有較大的局限性,但將降鈣素原與C反應蛋白聯(lián)合診斷膿毒癥可能優(yōu)于單一的降鈣素原血清值[29]。同時,在腹部手術后出現感染(病原學依據)的患者,C反應蛋白相較于降鈣素原似乎是更好的評估抗生素治療效果的生物標志物[30]。研究顯示[18],降鈣素原指導的膿毒癥患者抗生素持續(xù)時間減少且死亡率較常規(guī)治療組降低;C反應蛋白指導膿毒癥抗生素使用時間縮短,但在住院時間及28 d死亡率和感染復發(fā)上與常規(guī)治療沒有差異,這可能表明C反應蛋白指導膿毒癥患者縮短抗生素使用時間的潛能,但安全性似乎相較于降鈣素原較差。

        作為最早應用于診斷感染和膿毒癥的生物標志物之一,C反應蛋白比降鈣素原具有更廣泛的可用性和較低的醫(yī)療成本,雖然其區(qū)分細菌性膿毒癥和其他炎癥性疾病的能力有限,但在評估抗生素治療效果和預測膿毒癥預后方面具有較大潛力,目前關于降鈣素原指導抗生素停用的臨床研究較少,還需要進一步高質量的隨機對照研究來證實其在膿毒癥患者中的臨床實用性。

        3其它生物標志物

        3.1白細胞介素-6 "白細胞介素-6是一種由免疫細胞和基質細胞分泌的細胞因子,在協(xié)調對感染的免疫反應中起著關鍵作用,被認為是新一代的膿毒癥生物標志物。在健康成年人中,白介素-6的血漿濃度范圍為0.2~7.8 pg/ml,感染、創(chuàng)傷或其它炎癥反應后幾分鐘內開始升高,其血清水平與膿毒癥嚴重程度及死亡率密切相關[31,32]。研究顯示[33],白介素-6診斷膿毒癥的靈敏度僅為66%,但由于樣本的數據具有較大異質性,可信度較低。雖然白介素-6對膿毒癥的診斷效能不佳,但在膿毒癥發(fā)熱患者中,白介素-6可以用于早期區(qū)分革蘭氏陰性、革蘭氏陽性和真菌感染,對于嚴重血液感染與晚期癌癥疾病患者,白介素-6的診斷效能可能優(yōu)于降鈣素原[34,35]。在疑似膿毒癥患者中,將降鈣素原水平與白介素-6結合可以提高診斷準確性并為患者抗生素管理提供指導,而且在評估非手術患者抗生素治療效果方面相較于C反應蛋白與降鈣素原有更好的表現[36,37]。相較于降鈣素原和C反應蛋白,白介素-6在指導抗生素使用方面研究較少,其安全性及可靠性尚需進一步研究。

        3.2可溶性白細胞分化抗原14亞型(sCD14-ST) "sCD14-ST是CD14膜輔受體的裂解產物,由各種免疫細胞釋放,參與病原體識別和先天免疫反應的啟動,是細菌和真菌感染的快速反應生物標記物,膿毒癥患者sCD14-ST水平明顯高于非細菌性感染患者[38],其血清值于疾病嚴重程度呈正相關,在治療有效后迅速下降[39]。研究顯示[40],sCD14-ST在膿毒癥診斷中具有更高的敏感性和特異性,可能是膿毒癥早期診斷有用和有價值的生物標志物,但其在區(qū)分革蘭氏陰性桿菌與革蘭氏陽性桿菌方面仍存在爭議[39,41]。sCD14-ST可能是膿毒癥患者評估抗生素治療效果的適當指標,其第7天血清值的變化反映了抗生素治療的效果[42,43]。最近一項多中心、前瞻性隊列試驗認為[44],sCD14-ST指導可以縮短膿毒癥患者的抗生素治療時間,且不會增加死亡、反復感染和器官衰竭惡化的風險。除此之外,sCD14-ST的檢驗只需不到17 min即可完成,相較于其它生物標志物有檢測時間短的優(yōu)勢。作為新一代膿毒癥生物標志物,sCD14-ST在目前研究中表現出較好的診斷及動態(tài)評估膿毒癥患者預后的性能,但其在停止抗生素使用方面研究較少,需要更多的隨機臨床試驗驗證其安全性。

        3.3中區(qū)域促腎上腺素(MR-proADM) "MR-proADM是由腎上腺髓質素前體翻譯后加工的一種45~92個氨基酸的蛋白質片段,在膿毒癥、肺動脈高壓、心力衰竭等疾病中升高,在血管通透性、炎癥介質和上皮內屏障調節(jié)及微循環(huán)穩(wěn)定中發(fā)揮重要作用[45],參考值為0.26~0.51 nmol/L,隨著感染的嚴重程度增加[46]。研究顯示[47],MR-proADM是診斷膿毒癥的優(yōu)秀生物標志物,具有高靈敏性(0.83)和特異性(0.90),最佳臨界值為1~1.5 nmol/L,但該研究的異質性較高,可能需要進一步研究來判斷MR-proADM在不同情況下的診斷能力。有研究指出[48,49],MR-proADM有助于區(qū)分膿毒癥患者致病病原體類型,包括革蘭氏陰性桿菌、革蘭氏陽性桿菌和酵母菌,但使用MR-proADM區(qū)分膿毒癥致病病原體的研究有限,需要進一步的隨機對照研究。經過有效的抗生素治療后,膿毒癥患者的降鈣素原血清值顯著下降,而MR-proADM僅在嚴重膿毒癥或膿毒癥休克患者明顯下降;不過,持續(xù)性增加的濃度值對治療或抗生素無效患者中有獨特的預示性[45,50],對于評估重癥患者的抗生素治療效果有潛在能力。MR-proADM入院水平和第2~5天水平及下降程度有助識別重癥膿毒癥患者的器官衰竭及死亡風險,是早期識別重癥膿毒癥患者的良好生物標志物,可能有助于提高SOFA評分的預后預測能力,相較于降鈣素原和C反應蛋白更有效[51,52]。

        3.4可溶性尿激酶型纖溶酶激活因子受體(suPAR) "suPAR是一種由免疫激活的生物標志物,參與炎癥細胞從血流遷移到組織中以防止感染,可在血液、尿液和腦脊液等體液中檢測到[53]。目前有兩項研究對suPAR診斷膿毒癥的價值結果不一致,一項研究認為suPAR在膿毒癥患者的診斷價值較低(AUC=0.62)[54],而另一項研究認為suPAR是及時診斷和預測膿毒癥的可行生物標志物(AUC=0.76),且相較于降鈣素原有更好的特異性[55]。最近一項前瞻性觀察性隨機研究認為[56],suPAR是膿毒癥患者死亡的獨立預測指標,當截止值為13.4 pg/ml時靈敏度為100%,特異度為95.9%,但研究為單中心且納入人數較少,需要更大樣本量的研究證實該結論。

        4總結與展望

        生物標記物作為一種輔助工具,有助于識別膿毒癥患者及指導抗生素使用、進一步優(yōu)化膿毒癥患者個性化抗生素治療、降低抗生素的毒性反應及耐藥機率。因此,生物標志物應該納入抗菌藥物管理計劃中,這對膿毒癥的臨床管理中至關重要,但在選擇最佳生物標志物時應充分與患者臨床表現結合,需要進一步的前瞻性研究來比較不同臨床環(huán)境下的生物標志物靈敏性與特異性。

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        收稿日期:2022-07-31;修回日期:2022-09-14

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