自1864年世界第一個(gè)自然保護(hù)地——美國(guó)加利福尼亞州的紅杉樹保護(hù)區(qū)建立，現(xiàn)今的自然保護(hù)地已成為全世界各國(guó)保護(hù)自然區(qū)域的主要形式。2021年，中國(guó)國(guó)家發(fā)展改革委正式設(shè)立三江源、大熊貓、東北虎豹、海南熱帶雨林、武夷山首批5個(gè)國(guó)家公園，標(biāo)志著以國(guó)家公園為主體的自然保護(hù)地正式確立。自然保護(hù)地是新時(shí)代生態(tài)文明建設(shè)的核心載體和美麗中國(guó)的重要象征。2013年，黨的十八屆三中全會(huì)首次提出建立國(guó)家公園體制。2019年，《關(guān)于建立以國(guó)家公園為主體的自然保護(hù)地體系指導(dǎo)意見》強(qiáng)調(diào)把具有國(guó)家代表性的重要自然生態(tài)系統(tǒng)納入國(guó)家公園體系，形成以國(guó)家公園為主體、自然保護(hù)區(qū)為基礎(chǔ)、各類自然公園為補(bǔ)充的自然保護(hù)地體系。黨的二十大進(jìn)一步強(qiáng)調(diào)將人與自然和諧共生作為中國(guó)式現(xiàn)代化的重要特征和本質(zhì)要求之一。國(guó)家層面系列政策措施的出臺(tái)，推動(dòng)國(guó)家自然保護(hù)地體系加快構(gòu)建。

自然保護(hù)地作為全球生態(tài)安全的基石，在保護(hù)生物多樣性、保存自然遺產(chǎn)、改善環(huán)境質(zhì)量、維護(hù)生態(tài)安全中具有不可替代的價(jià)值。國(guó)際自然保護(hù)聯(lián)盟（IUCN）對(duì)其定義是“一個(gè)明確界定的地理空間，通過法律或其他有效手段得到承認(rèn)、專用和管理，以實(shí)現(xiàn)自然的長(zhǎng)期保護(hù)以及相關(guān)的生態(tài)系統(tǒng)服務(wù)和文化價(jià)值”；國(guó)內(nèi)《中國(guó)自然保護(hù)綱要》對(duì)其定義為“為了自然保護(hù)的目的，把包含保護(hù)對(duì)象的一定面積的陸地或水體劃分出來，進(jìn)行特殊的保護(hù)和管理的區(qū)域”。不同國(guó)家和組織對(duì)自然保護(hù)地定義不同，但其內(nèi)涵基本一致。自然保護(hù)地作為一個(gè)人與自然相互作用的復(fù)雜巨系統(tǒng)，長(zhǎng)期面臨著不同類型與程度的人類活動(dòng)威脅。加強(qiáng)對(duì)自然系統(tǒng)、社會(huì)系統(tǒng)及其二者相互作用在內(nèi)的人地關(guān)系研究，是實(shí)現(xiàn)對(duì)自然保護(hù)地系統(tǒng)有效治理的前提。

本期專題“自然保護(hù)地及人地協(xié)調(diào)”，從國(guó)內(nèi)本土問題出發(fā)，結(jié)合國(guó)際研究進(jìn)展，多維度研討了自然保護(hù)地人地系統(tǒng)復(fù)雜性表征、自然保護(hù)地多元利益主體以及自然保護(hù)地人地關(guān)系治理的國(guó)際經(jīng)驗(yàn)。基于土地利用模擬模型對(duì)重慶金佛山自然保護(hù)地毗鄰區(qū)未來發(fā)展進(jìn)行模擬預(yù)測(cè)，總結(jié)了不同約束情景下各用地類型的變化趨勢(shì)及規(guī)律；以黑龍江豐林國(guó)家級(jí)自然保護(hù)區(qū)為研究對(duì)象，全面踏查設(shè)置植物群落調(diào)查樣地，揭示了以紅松+紫椴+碩樺群系為主的闊葉紅松林內(nèi)優(yōu)勢(shì)樹種生態(tài)位特征，并分析紅松種群與其他喬木種群占據(jù)空間的范圍和資源利用能力；以大熊貓國(guó)家公園（唐家河園區(qū)）為研究對(duì)象，探索了社區(qū)共管模式下農(nóng)戶參與程度/類型對(duì)其滿意度和保護(hù)意愿的影響，拓展了社會(huì)交換理論的應(yīng)用范疇，揭示了社區(qū)參與類型對(duì)保護(hù)態(tài)度的作用機(jī)制；梳理“災(zāi)害”類自然現(xiàn)象的科學(xué)定義，剖析了全球范圍內(nèi)國(guó)家公園“災(zāi)害”類自然現(xiàn)象先鋒管控模式特點(diǎn)，明確了中國(guó)國(guó)家公園應(yīng)對(duì)“災(zāi)害”類自然現(xiàn)象中在經(jīng)濟(jì)平衡、科研建設(shè)、原住民培育、國(guó)際聯(lián)防4方面存在的真實(shí)困境。

當(dāng)然，自然保護(hù)地系統(tǒng)的復(fù)雜性不僅體現(xiàn)在自然系統(tǒng)本身，還體現(xiàn)在自然保護(hù)地與其外圍（毗鄰區(qū)）的復(fù)雜人地關(guān)系上。因此，不僅要從空間上超越自然保護(hù)地本體范圍至毗鄰區(qū)，還需要相關(guān)專家學(xué)者將自然系統(tǒng)和人文系統(tǒng)進(jìn)行關(guān)聯(lián)融合審視，以實(shí)現(xiàn)對(duì)自然保護(hù)地人地關(guān)系的“善治”。期待將來有更多學(xué)術(shù)同仁就此課題開展探討，研以共進(jìn)！

主編

2023年9月15日

Accelerating the Construction of China’s Nature Reserve System

Since 1864, when the first nature reserve in the world, the Redwood reserve in California, USA, was established, today’s nature reserves have become the main form of protecting natural areas around the world.In 2021, China’s National Development and Reform Commission (NDRC) officially established the first five national parks in Sanjiangyuan, Giant Panda, Northeastern Tiger and Leopard, Hainan Tropical Rainforest, and Wuyi Mountain, marking the formal establishment of nature reserves with national parks as the main body.Nature reserves are the core carrier of ecological civilization construction in the new era and an important symbol of beautiful China.In 2013, the Third Plenary Session of the 18th CPC Central Committee first proposed the establishment of a national park system.In 2019,theGuidingOpinionsonthe EstablishmentofaNatureReserveSystemwithNationalParksastheMainBodyemphasized the incorporation of important natural ecosystems with national representativeness into the national park system and the formation of a nature reserve system with national parks as the main body, nature reserves as the foundation, and various types of nature parks as a supplement.The 20th CPC National Congress further emphasized harmonious coexistence between human beings and nature as one of the important features and essential requirements of Chinese-style modernization.The introduction of a series of policies and measures at the national level has accelerated the construction of the national nature reserve system.

As the cornerstone of global ecological security, nature reserves have irreplaceable value in protecting biodiversity, preserving natural heritage, improving environmental quality and maintaining ecological security.The International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) defines a nature reserve as “a clearly defined geographic space that is recognized, dedicated and managed through legal or other effective means in order to achieve the long-term conservation of nature and its associated ecosystem services and cultural values”;China’sOutlineforNatureProtectiondefines it as “an area of land or water body of a certain size that contains the object of conservation, which is set aside for special protection and management for the purpose of nature conservation”.Different countries and organizations define nature reserves differently, but their connotations are basically the same.As a complex giant system of human-nature interaction, nature reserves have long faced different types and degrees of threats from human activities.Strengthening research on human-land relations, including natural systems, social systems and their interactions, is a prerequisite for effective management of protected natural areas.

The topic of this issue “Natural Protected Areas and Man-Land Coordination” discusses the complexity characterization of human-land systems in nature reserves,the multiple interests in nature reserves, and the international experience in the governance of human-land relationship in nature reserves from the perspective of domestic local issues and international research progress.Based on the land use simulation model, the future development of the adjoining area of Jinfoshan Nature Reserve in Chongqing was simulated and predicted, and the trends and patterns of each land use type under different constraint scenarios were summarized; Taking Heilongjiang Fenglin National Nature Reserve as the research object, plant community survey sample plots were comprehensively set up, the ecological position characteristics of the dominant tree species within the broad-leaved red pine forest dominated by the red pine+purple linden+Shuozhu birch group lineage were revealed, and the extent of space occupied by the red pine population and other tree populations as well as the ability to utilize the resources were analyzed; Taking the Giant Panda National Park(Tangjiahe Park) as the research object, the authors explored the influence of the degree/type of farmers’ participation on their satisfaction and willingness to conserve under the community co-management model, expanded the application scope of the social exchange theory, and revealed the mechanism of the type of community participation on the attitude towards conservation; The scientific definition of “disaster” natural phenomena was sorted out, the characteristics of the pioneering management and control model of “disaster” natural phenomena in national parks around the world were analyzed, and the real dilemma of China’s national parks in dealing with “disaster” natural phenomena was clarified in four aspects: economic balance, scientific research and construction, indigenous cultivation, and international joint defense.

Of course, the complexity of the nature reserve system is not only reflected in the nature system itself, but also in the complex human-land relationship between the nature reserve and its periphery (neighboring areas).Therefore, it is not only necessary to go beyond the spatial scope of the nature reserve itself to the adjacent areas,but it is also necessary for relevant experts and scholars to examine the connection and integration of the natural system and the humanistic system, so as to realize the “good governance” of the human-land relationship in the nature reserve.We are looking forward to more academic colleagues discussing this topic in the future, so that we can make progress together!

Editor-in-Chief

September 15th, 2023