鄭林茂
本文以2022年新高考全國Ⅰ卷的七選五閱讀和語法填空為重點內(nèi)容,對比2021年新高考全國Ⅰ卷試題進(jìn)行分析,發(fā)現(xiàn)試題命題特點及規(guī)律,以期為2023年高考備考帶來啟示。
一、七選五閱讀
從上表對比可以看出,2021年與2022年主題語境都是“人與自我”,體裁有記敘文,有說明文,語篇長度2021年略微長一點,難度要高于2022年。
下面分別依次分析2022年與2021年七選五的難點及解題策略:
(2022年新高考Ⅰ卷) Fitness Magazine recently ran an article titled “Five Reasons to Thank Your Workout Partner.” One reason was:“You'll actually show up if you know someone is waiting for you at the gym,” while another read:“ 36” With a workout partner,you will increase your training effort as there is a subtle(微妙)competition.
So,how do you find a workout partner?
First of all,decide what you want from that person. 37 Or do you just want to be physically fit,able to move with strength and flexibility? Think about the exercises you would like to do with your workout partner.
You might think about posting what you are looking for on social media,but it probably won't result in a useful response. 38 If you plan on working out in a gym,that person must?belong to the same gym.
My partner posted her request on the notice board of a local park. Her notice included what kind of training she wanted to do,how many days a week and how many hours she wanted to spend on each session,and her age. It also listed her favorite sports and activities,and provided her phone number. 39
You and your partner will probably have different skills. 40 Over time,both of you will benefit--your partner will be able to lift more weights and you will become more physically fit. The core(核心)of your relationship is that you will always be there to help each other.
A. Your first meeting may be a little awkward.
B. A workout partner usually needs to live close by.
C. You'll work harder if you train with someone else.
D. Do you want to be a better athlete in your favorite sport?
E. How can you write a good “seeking training partner” notice?
F. Just accept your differences and learn to work with each other.
對于七選五解題最基本也是最重要的方法就是:
1. 先通讀文章,關(guān)注文章的首段及段落首句,因為首段往往起到引入話題或者引出下文的作用,段落首句多為段落的主題句。例如本題中首段引入話題,是關(guān)于有健身伙伴的益處,第二段利用一個問句“So,how do you find a workout partner? ”引起下文,第三段的首句“First of all,decide what you want from that person.”是主題句,決定你想從你的搭檔身上得到什么(what)。第四、五段是關(guān)于在哪里(where)、用什么方式(how)尋找健身搭檔,最后一段是文章的總結(jié),你和你的搭檔都有著不同的技能,會起到互相幫助的作用。所以文章結(jié)構(gòu)很清晰,可以用思維導(dǎo)圖表示如下:
2. 重要突破口:關(guān)注并標(biāo)畫空格前后的關(guān)聯(lián)詞,各種表邏輯關(guān)系的連詞,代詞,關(guān)注空格前后的句式結(jié)構(gòu)。例如,36題前后One reason was:“You'll actually show up if you know someone is waiting for you at the gym”,while another read:“36”其中one…another(一個……另一個),前后肯定是有關(guān)聯(lián)的,而且后面都為直接引語,句式結(jié)構(gòu)可能相同或相似。同時標(biāo)畫出代詞you,36題中主語也應(yīng)該是you,結(jié)合句意選C。同樣,37空后面標(biāo)畫出or,or為并列連詞,說明前后為并列關(guān)系,or后是一般疑問句,那37空有很大可能也是一般疑問句,結(jié)合主題句,可以比較輕松選出D。再例如38題前面要標(biāo)畫出but,根據(jù)句意可知,在社交媒體上找健身搭檔不靠譜,接下來應(yīng)該是怎樣做是合適的,再結(jié)合后面一句“If you plan on working out in a gym,that person must belong to the same gym.”說明要住得足夠近,所以就可以選出答案B。
整體來講,2022年新高考全國Ⅰ卷的七選五語篇難度不大,平時做好語言知識的積累及掌握常規(guī)解題技巧就能夠很好地作答。
接下來詳細(xì)看看2021年全國Ⅰ卷七選五:
(2021年全國Ⅰ卷) My husband and I just spent a week in Paris.36So the first thing we did was rent a fantastically expensive sixthfloor apartment the size of a cupboard. It was so tiny that we had to leave our suitcases in the hallway.
The place wasn't entirely authentic,though. Unlike a normal Parisian apartment,the plumbing (水管) worked.37Our building even had a tiny lift with a female voice that said,“Ouverture des portes,” in perfect French. That is the only French phrase I mastered,and it's a shame I don't have much use for it.
Parisians are different from you and me. They never look lazy or untidy. As someone noted in this paper a couple of weeks ago,they eat great food and never gain weight. 38 French strawberries do not taste like cardboard. Instead,they explode in your mouth like little flavor bombs.
39 On our first morning in Paris,I went around the corner to the food market to pick up some groceries. I bought a handful of perfectly ripe small strawberries and a little sweet melon. My husband and I agreed they were the best fruit we had ever eaten. But they cost $18!
In France,quality of life is much more important than efficiency. You can tell this by cafés life. French cafés are always crowded.40When do these people work? The French take their 35hour workweek seriously—so seriously that some labor unions recently struck a deal with a group of companies limiting the number of hours that independent contractors can be on call.
A. Not all the customers are tourists.
B. The quality of life in France is equally excellent.
C. There was a nice kitchen and a comfortable bed.
D. The amazing food is mainly consumed by local farmers.
E. That's not the only reason the French eat less than we do.
F. Our aim was to see if we could live,in some way,like real Parisians.
G. The food is so delicious that you don't need much of it to make you happy.
通讀語篇,我們發(fā)現(xiàn)2021年七選五難度明顯高于2022年七選五,主要體現(xiàn)在以下幾個方面:
1. 詞匯,例如本題中的fantastically,cupboard,hallway,authentic,Parisian apartment,flavor bombs,groceries,cardboard,a handful of,efficiency,contractor等詞匯給學(xué)生閱讀造成了一定的障礙;
2. 文化意識的差異導(dǎo)致理解困難,例如“So the first thing we did was rent a fantastically expensive sixthfloor apartment the size of a cupboard.”這一句講的是我們租了一個極其昂貴的6層小公寓,但是這個公寓的大小只有一個衣柜那么大,正因為很小所以我們不得不把我們的行李箱放走廊里面。詞匯過關(guān)的學(xué)生能理解這個字面意思,但是還是很難想象出這是一個什么樣子的公寓,完全不符合學(xué)生的固有認(rèn)知,因為在中國我們沒有這種袖珍型房子,所以學(xué)生對此很是疑惑。又再比如第二段開始兩句“The place wasn't entirely authentic,though. Unlike a normal Parisian apartment,the plumbing (水管) worked.”這兩句學(xué)生也能讀懂字面意思,但也是一頭霧水,怎么在作者的描述里,這個地方其實也不“正宗”,原因居然是“水管能用”?言外之意是一個正常的巴黎公寓,水管通常是不能用的。這跟我們的刻板印象中法國巴黎就是浪漫之城,奢侈之城完全相反。而事實是,法國巴黎市中心的確是破破爛爛的,畢竟是老城區(qū),作者在此盡顯幽默,自己的房子很好就是不夠地道,不是“老巴黎”。 缺乏這個文化背景常識,也就無法理解作者的幽默及真正的情感。學(xué)生正是無法理解作者其實是借調(diào)侃“老巴黎”來凸顯自己公寓的舒適與美好,屬于積極的情感體驗,因而在37題不敢選C。
3. 隱含的因果邏輯關(guān)系,這里就體現(xiàn)在第38題及39題,很多學(xué)生在這兩題犯了錯誤,就是沒有發(fā)現(xiàn)作者敘事中所包含的隱藏邏輯關(guān)系。38題前面一句“As someone noted in this paper a couple of weeks ago,they eat great food and never gain weight.”這句話點出了一個奇怪的現(xiàn)象:巴黎人吃的很好,但是從不長胖。讀者看到這里肯定會有疑問,作者也是故意吊讀者胃口。所以接下來其實是講為什么巴黎人不長胖?讀完第三四段后,最后一句“But they cost $18!”才可能推斷出巴黎人不長胖的原因有兩個:1)好吃,吃一點就很滿足;2)價格貴。理解到這個層面的隱含的邏輯關(guān)系后,38題我們就可以選出G,39題就可以選出E。當(dāng)然,這里面還有一點與我們的認(rèn)知不同,通常食物好吃我們都會想當(dāng)然地以為會多吃,文章卻表達(dá)出好吃,只要吃一點就很滿足。所以,我們在閱讀文本的時候要基于文本本身所傳遞的信息,摒棄自己的慣性思維。
2021年的這篇七選五閱讀文本難度稍大,但真正影響學(xué)生答題的還是文化背景知識的缺失以及無法在有限的時間內(nèi)挖掘出文本內(nèi)部隱含的因果邏輯關(guān)系。
二、語篇型填空(語法填空)
首先對比看一下近兩年的語篇內(nèi)容及主題:
我們對比發(fā)現(xiàn)2022年語法填空題語篇長度明顯比2021年的要長,而就難度而言,這兩年的語法填空題語篇難度都偏難,主要體現(xiàn)在以下兩個方面:
1. 生僻詞匯,如2022年的語篇中包含finalize,extend,significant,previously,authority,effectiveness,inconsistencies,principle,authenticity,ecological buffer zones等詞匯,2021年語篇中包含breathtaking,winding,highlight,spring等詞。
2. 長難句,如2022年語篇中“The plan will extend protection to a significant number of areas that 58(be)previously unprotected,bringing many of the existing protected areas for giant pandas under one authority 59(increase)effectiveness and reduce inconsistencies in management. ”,2021年語篇中的“Though it is the only unnatural thing on your way up the mountain,still it highlights the whole adventure 62offers a place where you can sit down to rest your 63 (ache) legs.”
大量的生僻詞匯給學(xué)生理解造成了困難,弄不清楚句式結(jié)構(gòu)也很影響學(xué)生做題。因此,對閱讀詞匯及長難句的突破顯得尤為重要。
我們再對比看一下考點分布:
通過上表對比分析可以看出,近兩年全國Ⅰ卷的語法填空考點分布還是比較穩(wěn)定,實詞與虛詞的考查都是6:4分布。當(dāng)然查看更多年份的試卷,也偶爾有7/3或者5/5分布。但整體可以看出考點分布比較穩(wěn)定,實詞考查居多,虛詞較少,其中實詞考查中的重點是動詞。
2022年全國Ⅰ卷難題分布主要在56-59這四道題中:56(cover)an area about three times 57 size of Yellowstone National Park,the GPNP will be one of the first national parks in the country. The plan will extend protection to a significant number of areas that 58(be) previously unprotected,bringing many of the existing protected areas for giant pandas under one authority 59(increase)effectiveness and reduce inconsistencies in management. 其中,56題考查非謂語,57題考查了一種表達(dá)倍數(shù)的固定結(jié)構(gòu):“A+be+倍數(shù)+the size / height / length...+of+B”結(jié)構(gòu),表示“A 是 B 的……倍”。 “the size of...”這種結(jié)構(gòu)其實在上面提到的2021年七選五中也有類似的語言表達(dá):“So the first thing we did was rent a fantastically expensive sixthfloor apartment the size of a cupboard.”這就給我們一個重要的啟示:我們要精練、精讀往年的高考題,搞懂里面的每一句話。58和59題則要求學(xué)生有比較強(qiáng)的長難句解碼能力,有比較好的句法結(jié)構(gòu)知識。
2021年全國Ⅰ卷語法填空難題主要分布在56、61、62這幾道題中:56 is so breathtaking about the experience is the?out-of-this-world scenes. 這一題主要是考查主語從句的引導(dǎo)詞“what”,學(xué)生對“what”總是難以把握,這要求學(xué)生在備考中大量輸入由“what”引導(dǎo)的各類從句。如果能夠把“what”這個連接詞理解成“something/somebody that+定語從句”這種結(jié)構(gòu)也許有事半功倍的效果。61題出錯率較高的原因是學(xué)生沒有注意到時間副詞“then”,62題出錯的原因是想當(dāng)然地把“still it highlights the whole adventure 62offers a place where you can sit down to rest your aching legs.”看成了定語從句,而沒有深入分析定語從句在語義上是否通順合理。
三、備考啟示
通過上面對2022年與2021年新高考Ⅰ卷中的七選五與語法填空題語篇及難度對比分析,可以給2023屆備考帶來一些啟示:
1. 加強(qiáng)語言綜合能力的培養(yǎng),不能為了背單詞而背單詞,因為高考中出現(xiàn)的較難詞匯看起來都不在考綱詞匯中,而事實卻是考綱詞匯的不同變形。對于長難句的理解要從基本語法、句法開始練習(xí),然后逐步過渡到從句、非謂語等的分析,將長難句的分析作為一項日?;救蝿?wù)。
2. 選題要盡量選真題,歷年高考真題可以當(dāng)作精讀材料反復(fù)讀,甚至早晚讀進(jìn)行朗讀。
3. 注重閱讀教學(xué),閱讀教學(xué)不能局限于閱讀理解題的講解,閱讀材料應(yīng)該廣泛多樣如報紙、雜志、小說等等,在指導(dǎo)學(xué)生按照自己的興趣有選擇性地精讀與泛讀。老師對于學(xué)生閱讀材料要事先篩選并給予專門的指導(dǎo)講解。
4. 注重閱讀語篇的解讀,尤其是語篇結(jié)構(gòu)等方面,培養(yǎng)學(xué)生關(guān)注段落之內(nèi)以及段落之間的邏輯關(guān)系。對于結(jié)構(gòu)比較清晰的語篇,可以多使用思維導(dǎo)圖的模式,讓學(xué)生養(yǎng)成思考行文邏輯的習(xí)慣。
5. 培養(yǎng)跨文化意識,文化背景的差異也是影響文本理解的重要因素。學(xué)生對外國文化的了解也要靠大量的閱讀輸入,優(yōu)秀影視文化的影響,這就要求老師自己有足夠多的涉獵并在日常教學(xué)中能夠找到合適的材料進(jìn)行輸入。
總之,近兩年的全國Ⅰ卷遵循課標(biāo)要求,話題的選擇與語篇的難度稍有差異,但是都很好地考查了考生的語言能力,思維品質(zhì)與文化意識。對邏輯思維能力以及文化意識的考查在這兩套卷中都有很多體現(xiàn),也是試卷的難點所在,這對我們2023屆的備考也許就是最好的啟示。
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