Abstract Objective:To systematically review the predictability of dedicated stress injury risk assessment scales for adult ICU patients.Methods:The research of ICU dedicated stress injury risk assessment scales were searched from PubMed,EMbase,the Cochrane Library,CINAHL,CNKI,WanFang Database,and VIP.The retrieval time was from inception to May 31,2022.The diagnostic research quality evaluation tool launched by the Evidence-based Health Care Center of Joanna Briggs Institute (JBI) in Australia was used to evaluate the quality of the included literature,and a Meta-analysis was conducted using STATA 16.0 software.Results:A total of 18 articles were included,including 5 642 patients,with 824 cases of stress injury.5 articles evaluated the COMHON scale,with a combined sensitivity of 0.82,95%CI[0.46,0.96] and a specificity of 0.83,95%CI[0.79,0.86].The area under the comprehensive subject operating characteristic curve(SROC) was 0.85.Ten articles evaluated the Cubbin amp; Jackson Scale,with a combined sensitivity of 0.75,95%CI[0.66,0.83],a specificity of 0.81,95%CI[0.73,0.87],and the area under the SROC curve was 0.85.Conclusion:Current evidence show that the predictive ability of the stress injury risk assessment scales for ICU patients is acceptable,but there are still some problems.It is necessary to develop a stress injury risk assessment scales for ICU patients that is suitable for national conditions based on the existing assessment scales.
Keywords adult;ICU patients;pressure injury;risk assessment;system evaluation;evidence-based nursing
基金項(xiàng)目 深圳市南山區(qū)技術(shù)研發(fā)和創(chuàng)意設(shè)計(jì)項(xiàng)目分項(xiàng)資金教育(衛(wèi)生)科技項(xiàng)目,編號:2020053
作者簡介 劉家紅,主管護(hù)師,碩士研究生
*通訊作者 秦玉菊,E-mail:94375164@qq.com
引用信息 劉家紅,王文娟,張靜,等.成人ICU病人專用壓力性損傷風(fēng)險評估工具的系統(tǒng)評價[J].循證護(hù)理,2023,9(8):1337-1344.
摘要 目的:系統(tǒng)評價成人ICU病人專用壓力性損傷風(fēng)險評估工具的預(yù)測性。方法:計(jì)算機(jī)檢索PubMed、EMbase、the Cochrane Library、CINAHL、中國知網(wǎng)、萬方數(shù)據(jù)庫、維普數(shù)據(jù)庫關(guān)于ICU專用壓力性損傷風(fēng)險評估工具的研究,檢索時限從建庫至2022年5月31日。采用澳大利亞Joanna Briggs Institute(JBI)循證衛(wèi)生保健中心推出的診斷性研究質(zhì)量評價工具對納入文獻(xiàn)進(jìn)行質(zhì)量評價,使用STATA 16.0軟件進(jìn)行Meta分析。結(jié)果:共納入18篇文獻(xiàn),涉及5 642例病人,壓力性損傷發(fā)生例數(shù)824例。5篇文獻(xiàn)評估了COMHON量表,合并靈敏度為0.82,95%CI[0.46,0.96],特異度為0.83,95%CI[0.79,0.86],綜合受試者工作特征曲線(SROC)下面積為0.85。10篇文獻(xiàn)評估了Cubbin amp; Jackson量表,合并靈敏度為0.75,95%CI[0.66,0.83],特異度為0.81,95%CI[0.73,0.87],SROC下面積為0.85。結(jié)論:現(xiàn)有證據(jù)表明,ICU病人壓力性損傷風(fēng)險評估工具預(yù)測性尚可,但仍存在一些問題,有必要在借鑒現(xiàn)有評估工具的基礎(chǔ)上,開發(fā)適合國情的ICU病人壓力性損傷風(fēng)險評估工具。
關(guān)鍵詞 成人;ICU病人;壓力性損傷;風(fēng)險評估;系統(tǒng)評價;循證護(hù)理
doi:10.12102/j.issn.2095-8668.2023.08.002
住院病人發(fā)生壓力性損傷(pressure injury,PI)是醫(yī)院面臨的挑戰(zhàn)之一。有研究表明,住院病人PI發(fā)生率為0.94%~66.6%[1-2]。PI的發(fā)生不僅會延長病人住院時間、增加住院費(fèi)用,而且還會導(dǎo)致病人疼痛、降低生活質(zhì)量,甚者增加病人死亡風(fēng)險。重癥監(jiān)護(hù)室(intensive care unit,ICU)病人由于病情危重,存在血流動力學(xué)不穩(wěn)定、組織壓力增加、使用鎮(zhèn)靜、鎮(zhèn)痛藥以及肌松劑等情況,PI的發(fā)生較普通住院病人更高[3-4]。并非所有PI的發(fā)生都是可以預(yù)防的[5],但積極地識別PI發(fā)生風(fēng)險,采取針對性預(yù)防措施對減少PI發(fā)生至關(guān)重要。如何選擇ICU病人PI發(fā)生風(fēng)險評估靈敏度、特異度、預(yù)測性高的工具,為壓力性損傷預(yù)防提供指導(dǎo),是臨床迫切需要解決的問題。國內(nèi)有學(xué)者對Braden量表預(yù)測ICU病人PI發(fā)生風(fēng)險有效性進(jìn)行系統(tǒng)評價,發(fā)現(xiàn)Braden量表在ICU病人PI發(fā)生風(fēng)險預(yù)測中特異度較低,具有中等預(yù)測性[6-7]。Zhang等[8]對目前在ICU使用的PI風(fēng)險評估工具進(jìn)行系統(tǒng)評價,發(fā)現(xiàn)Braden量表并不適合ICU病人使用,而Cubbin amp; Jackson量表具有更好的預(yù)測性。盡管Braden量表、Norton量表、Waterlow量表等在ICU病人中廣泛使用,但對ICU病人PI發(fā)生風(fēng)險的預(yù)測中存在局限。一些專門根據(jù)ICU病人病情特點(diǎn)設(shè)計(jì)的PI風(fēng)險評估工具逐漸在臨床應(yīng)用,這些工具有Cubbin amp; Jackson量表[9]、Conscious Level-Mobility-Hemodynamics-Oxygenation-Nutrition Index (COMHON)量表[10]、Evaluacin Actual del Riesgo de desarrollo de úlcera por Presión en Cuidados Intensivos (EVARUCI)量表[11]以及自行設(shè)計(jì)的PI風(fēng)險評估工具[12-19]。目前,這些量表對PI發(fā)生風(fēng)險的預(yù)測性結(jié)論尚不統(tǒng)一。因此,本研究擬通過系統(tǒng)評價的方法,對ICU專用PI風(fēng)險評估工具的預(yù)測性進(jìn)行研究,以期為ICU病人PI風(fēng)險評估工具的選擇提供指導(dǎo)。
1 資料與方法
1.1 文獻(xiàn)納入與排除標(biāo)準(zhǔn)
納入標(biāo)準(zhǔn):①病人年齡≥18歲,入住ICU時無PI發(fā)生;②使用ICU專用PI風(fēng)險評估工具評估ICU病人PI發(fā)生風(fēng)險的研究;③結(jié)局指標(biāo)提供各評估工具在各病例組的真陽性、假陽性、假陰性、真陰性例數(shù)或可通過靈敏度、特異度、陽性預(yù)測值、陰性預(yù)測值等計(jì)算;④中英文文獻(xiàn)。
排除標(biāo)準(zhǔn):①綜述、系統(tǒng)評價、學(xué)位論文、會議論文、個案報道等文獻(xiàn);②重復(fù)發(fā)表的文獻(xiàn);③無法獲得全文的文獻(xiàn);④數(shù)據(jù)資料不全,無法計(jì)算真陽性、假陽性、假陰性、真陰性例數(shù)的文獻(xiàn);⑤數(shù)據(jù)計(jì)算有誤的文獻(xiàn)。
1.2 文獻(xiàn)檢索策略
計(jì)算機(jī)檢索PubMed、EMbase、the Cochrane Library、CINAHL、中國知網(wǎng)、萬方數(shù)據(jù)庫、維普數(shù)據(jù)庫中關(guān)于ICU專用PI風(fēng)險評估工具的研究,檢索時限均從建庫至2022年5月31日。檢索策略采取主題詞和自由詞相結(jié)合的方式。中文檢索策略為:(“重癥監(jiān)護(hù)室”O(jiān)R“重癥監(jiān)護(hù)病房”O(jiān)R“危重患者”)AND(“壓瘡”O(jiān)R“壓力性損傷”O(jiān)R“褥瘡”)AND(“危險因素”O(jiān)R“風(fēng)險評估”O(jiān)R“量表”);英文檢索策略為:(\"ICU\"OR \"intensive care*\" OR\"critical illness\"OR\"critical care*\")AND (\"pressure sore*\" OR \"decubiti* ulcers\" OR \"decubiti* sores\" OR \"pressure ulcer*\" OR \"pressure injury\" OR \"crush injury*\" OR \"bedsore*\" OR \"skin ulcer*\" OR \"pressure wound*\" OR \"pressure damage*\") AND (\"risk assessment\" OR \"nursing assessment\" OR \"tool*\" OR \"score* \"OR \"scale*\" OR \"instrument*\" OR \"equipment*\" OR\" device\")。以PubMed為例,具體檢索策略如下。
#1 \"intensive care[MeSH Terms]\" OR \"intensive care unit*[MeSH Terms]\" OR \"critical care[MeSH Terms]\" OR \"critical illness[MeSH Terms]\" OR \"critical care nursing[MeSH Terms]\"
#2 \"ICU[Title/Abstract]\"OR \"critical care unit[Title/Abstract]\" OR \"intensive care ward[Title/Abstract]\" OR \"critical care ward[Title/Abstract]\"
#3 #1 OR #2
#4 \"pressure ulcer*[MeSH Terms]\" OR \"skin ulcer*[MeSH Terms]\"
#5 \"pressure sore*[Title/Abstract] OR \"bedsore*[Title/Abstract]\" OR \"decubitus ulcer*[Title/Abstract])\"OR \"bed sore*[Title/Abstract]\"
#6 #4 OR #5
#7 \"risk assessment*[MeSH Terms]\" OR \"nursing assessment*[MeSH Terms]\"
#8 \"tool*[Title/Abstract]\" OR \"scale*[Title/Abstract]\" OR \"score*[Title/Abstract]\"
#9 #7 OR #8
#10 #3 AND #6 AND #9
1.3 文獻(xiàn)篩選和資料提取
檢索的文獻(xiàn)導(dǎo)入EndNote X9自動去重后,由2名研究者根據(jù)文獻(xiàn)納入和排除標(biāo)準(zhǔn)獨(dú)立篩選文獻(xiàn)以確定是否納入本次系統(tǒng)評價,如遇分歧,則雙方討論或邀請第3方協(xié)商解決。納入研究提取的內(nèi)容包括第一作者、發(fā)表年份、國家、研究類型、評估工具、年齡、樣本量、PI發(fā)生例數(shù)、PI診斷標(biāo)準(zhǔn)、臨界值、靈敏度、特異度、陽性預(yù)測值、陰性預(yù)測值、四格表資料(真陽性、假陽性、假陰性、真陰性例數(shù))等。
1.4 質(zhì)量評價
采用澳大利亞Joanna Briggs Institute(JBI)循證衛(wèi)生保健中心推出的診斷性研究質(zhì)量評價工具對納入文獻(xiàn)進(jìn)行質(zhì)量評價[20]。該工具包含10個條目,以是、否、不清楚及不適用對每個條目進(jìn)行判定。2名研究者獨(dú)立完成評價并交叉核對結(jié)果,如遇分歧,則雙方討論或邀請第3方協(xié)商解決。
1.5 統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)方法
采用STATA 16.0軟件進(jìn)行數(shù)據(jù)分析。匯總各個研究的真陽性、假陽性、假陰性、真陰性例數(shù)以計(jì)算合并靈敏度、特異度、陽性似然比、陰性似然比、診斷比值比
。根據(jù)I2判斷異質(zhì)性大小,I2≤50%提示研究間異質(zhì)性較小,采用固定效應(yīng)模型分析;反之采用隨機(jī)效應(yīng)模型。繪制綜合受試者工作特征曲線(summary receiver operating characteristic curve,SROC)并計(jì)算曲線下面積(area under the cure,AUC),AUC的值越接近1,說明診斷預(yù)測性能越高。采用Meta回歸分析探究異質(zhì)性來源。繪制Deek′s漏斗圖評估是否存在發(fā)表偏倚,若P<0.1,則提示存在發(fā)表偏倚。
2 結(jié)果
2.1 文獻(xiàn)檢索結(jié)果及納入文獻(xiàn)研究的基本特征
共檢索出文獻(xiàn)3 142篇,利用EndNote X9軟件去重后獲得1 093篇,根據(jù)納入及排除標(biāo)準(zhǔn),最終納入研究18篇[16-18,21-35],其中中文文獻(xiàn)7篇,英文文獻(xiàn)11篇,合計(jì)納入病例5 642例,PI發(fā)生例數(shù)824例,PI發(fā)生率為14.6%。文獻(xiàn)篩選流程及結(jié)果見圖1;文獻(xiàn)[27,29]為回顧性研究,其余文獻(xiàn)均為前瞻性研究,納入文獻(xiàn)的基本特征見表1;納入合并研究的診斷的一致性資料見表2。
2.2 納入文獻(xiàn)的方法學(xué)質(zhì)量評價
所有納入的研究均描述了病例的納入標(biāo)準(zhǔn),避免了不恰當(dāng)?shù)呐懦龢?biāo)準(zhǔn),對所有研究對象均進(jìn)行了數(shù)據(jù)分析。有11篇文獻(xiàn)報道了PI診斷標(biāo)準(zhǔn)并對所有研究對象使用相同的PI診斷標(biāo)準(zhǔn)進(jìn)行測量,15篇文獻(xiàn)使用了界值,只有3篇文獻(xiàn)描述了PI發(fā)生結(jié)果是由不知道PI風(fēng)險預(yù)測結(jié)果的研究者判讀。質(zhì)量評價結(jié)果見表3。
2.3 PI風(fēng)險評估工具預(yù)測性的Meta分析
2.3.1 COMHON量表
5篇文獻(xiàn)[21-23,26,35]評估了COMHON 量表對ICU病人PI發(fā)生風(fēng)險預(yù)測的有效性,各研究合并靈敏度為0.82,95%CI[0.46,0.96],特異度為0.83,95%CI[0.79,0.86],陽性似然比為4.79,95%CI[3.27,6.99],陰性似然比為0.21,95%CI[0.05,0.88],診斷比值比為22.62,95%CI[3.90,131.19],診斷分為3.12,95%CI[1.36,4.88],SROC的AUC為0.85。見圖2、圖3。
2.3.2 Cubbin amp; Jackson量表
10篇文獻(xiàn)[21,24-25,27-33]評估了Cubbin amp; Jackson 量表對ICU病人PI發(fā)生風(fēng)險預(yù)測的有效性,各研究合并靈敏度為0.75,95%CI[0.66,0.83],特異度為0.81,95%CI[0.73,0.87],陽性似然比為3.89,95%CI[2.75,5.50],陰性似然比為0.31,95%CI[0.22,0.42],診斷比值比為12.74,95%CI[7.47,21.75],診斷分為2.54,95%CI[2.01,3.08],SROC的AUC為0.850。見圖4、圖5。Deek′s漏斗圖提示不存在發(fā)表偏倚。亞組分析顯示PI診斷標(biāo)準(zhǔn)、作者所屬國家是異質(zhì)性的主要來源。
2.3.3 其余的PI風(fēng)險評估工具
其余的8個PI風(fēng)險評估工具分別只納入了1篇文獻(xiàn)[16-18,26,30-32,34],這些工具的診斷性能如表1中所描述。
3 討論
3.1 PI風(fēng)險評估工具的預(yù)測性及臨床指導(dǎo)意義
目前,國內(nèi)外有50多種PI風(fēng)險評估工具[36],專門針對ICU病人設(shè)計(jì)的工具只有少數(shù),Cubbin amp; Jackson量表和COMHON量表在臨床應(yīng)用較多。本研究將COMHON 量表、Cubbin amp; Jackson量表納入了系統(tǒng)評價,Meta分析結(jié)果顯示COMHON量表與Cubbin amp; Jackson量表SROC的AUC均為0.85,兩者PI發(fā)生風(fēng)險預(yù)測性較好。分析結(jié)果顯示COMHON量表敏感度、特異度均較Cubbin amp; Jackson量表高,更有利于識別病人PI風(fēng)險,這與以往研究的結(jié)論[21,37]不一致,這種差異存在的原因可能與兩個量表納入分析的研究數(shù)量、樣本量不同有關(guān),且本次系統(tǒng)評價納入的研究較多都是單一使用Cubbin amp; Jackson量表、COMHON量表,共同探討二者預(yù)測性的文獻(xiàn)較少。
Cubbin amp; Jackson量表在Norton量表的基礎(chǔ)上結(jié)合ICU病人特點(diǎn)設(shè)計(jì),包含12個項(xiàng)目和3個附加項(xiàng),總分是 9~48 分,得分越低,PI發(fā)生風(fēng)險越高。有研究表明,該量表對ICU病人PI發(fā)生風(fēng)險有良好的預(yù)測性[21,24-25,27,30-32],適合ICU病人使用。但由于該量表評估項(xiàng)目較多,且部分條目評估結(jié)果存在模糊性,也有部分研究者指出,該量表的預(yù)測能力有待進(jìn)一步提升[26,38-39],需要開發(fā)新的評估工具。
COMHON量表共5個評估條目,總分為 5~20 分,得分越高,PI發(fā)生風(fēng)險越高,有研究表明該量表較Braden量表更適合于ICU病人使用[21-23,40]。COMHON量表?xiàng)l目少,評估內(nèi)容簡潔,能有效減少護(hù)士評估時間,但該量表對ICU病人PI發(fā)生危險因素的涵蓋不全,且由于該量表于2011年設(shè)計(jì),國內(nèi)外應(yīng)用較少,未來還需要更多大樣本及多中心的研究以明確對PI發(fā)生風(fēng)險的預(yù)測性。
近年來,隨著對ICU病人PI發(fā)生危險因素的認(rèn)識加深,一些新的針對ICU病人使用的PI風(fēng)險評估工具逐漸在臨床應(yīng)用并具有良好的預(yù)測性。這些量表都是各國學(xué)者針對本國ICU病人特點(diǎn)設(shè)計(jì),較少在國外應(yīng)用,本次系統(tǒng)評價中,這些量表僅涉及一項(xiàng)研究,后續(xù)可以將這些量表漢化,開展更多的研究驗(yàn)證其信效度與預(yù)測性,為ICU病人PI風(fēng)險評估工具的選擇提供依據(jù)。
3.2 本研究的局限性
本研究存在以下局限:①本研究只納入中英文文獻(xiàn),其他語種文獻(xiàn)未納入;灰色文獻(xiàn)未納入,可能導(dǎo)致研究結(jié)果的偏倚;②納入研究的PI診斷標(biāo)準(zhǔn)不統(tǒng)一,且有7個研究未描述標(biāo)準(zhǔn),可能會導(dǎo)致PI結(jié)果判讀的不一致性,影響研究結(jié)果真實(shí)性;③納入的大部分研究PI結(jié)果判讀與評估工具的使用均為同一人且都為護(hù)士,無法做到結(jié)果的判讀是在不知道診斷標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的情況下進(jìn)行,評估結(jié)果可能存在傾向性;④本次系統(tǒng)評價檢索到的評估工具有10個,但納入分析的評估工具只有2個,大部分評估工具未納入系統(tǒng)評價,影響評價結(jié)果的推廣。
4 小結(jié)
現(xiàn)有的ICU病人PI風(fēng)險評估工具預(yù)測性尚可,但在臨床使用中存在諸如評估繁雜、評估項(xiàng)目不全以及開展相關(guān)研究較少等問題。未來有必要在借鑒國外成熟且具有良好信效度及預(yù)測能力的評估工具的基礎(chǔ)上,通過循證或?qū)<液兊确椒ㄌ接懳覈鳬CU病人PI發(fā)生的危險因素及所占權(quán)重,開發(fā)適合國情的ICU病人PI風(fēng)險評估工具。通過開展大樣本、多中心的研究來驗(yàn)證其信效度與預(yù)測性,逐步完善評估工具,以幫助護(hù)理人員識別PI風(fēng)險病人,提供針對性的干預(yù)措施。
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(收稿日期:2022-12-09;修回日期:2023-03-30)
(本文編輯 孫玉梅)