A Critical Exploration of Marx’s Concept of Communism: An Examination Based on Variants of Marx’s Three-Stage Theory in MEGA with Reference to Manuscripts

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In view of lack of variants in previous studies, the paper, based on MEGAwith Reference to Manuscripts,conducts a textual study of Marx’s Three-stage Theory, and further explore Marx’s concept of communism from aspects such as conditions of free individuality, communal attribute and comparison with arguments of future society in,,, holding that its essentials include: placing the developed individuals first; communal production being subordinated to individuals; being a commune.Free individuality, including dimensions both fully developed individuals and subordination of communal production to individuals, and being concise, should be an ideal pronoun of Marx’s concept of communism and thus a great goal of Socialism with Chinese Characters.

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There are two approaches to modality, namely, the operator and the predicate.The predicate approach always faces the trouble from paradoxes.Although the operator approach can do it better, that is, it successfully avoided the Montague-style paradoxes, it faces unavoidably a new one from Koons.So the operator approach cannot be regarded as a solution for modal predicate paradoxes.This paper tries to argue that the fundamental factor leading to modal predicate paradoxes is the inconsistent truth, since the applications of the principles of truth in predicate settings are inappropriate.The reason of success of modal operator logic is that the operator approach defuses the threat from inconsistent truth.If the predicate approach overlooks this key point and follows the manner of operator directly, then the arising of paradoxes is necessarily.A consistent truth predicate must be introduced into the solutions of modal predicate paradoxes and the constructions of modal predicate theories.Specifically, we should let the syntax and the semantics of modal logic based on axiomatic truths and semantical truths, respectively.

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Environmental refinement governance has the advantages of seamless governance of “combination of horizontal and vertical systems”, agile governance of “dynamic perception and instant response”, and simple governance of “l(fā)ess resource occupation and low governance cost”.However, restricted by multiple factors such as institutional inertia, game of interests and technical obstacles, the inherent functions and effects of environmental refinement governance in China have not been fully brought into play.Although the external and internal conditions of China’s environmental refinement governance are different from those of Singapore,there are still great commonalities and similarities between them at the basic level.By investigating Singapore’s environmental refinement governance, it can be found that Singapore, through the inter-embedding of institutions and actor-network, has resolved the problems of disconnected supply and demand, cumbersome processes, and different standards in the process of environmental governance, and has achieved an environmental refinement governance pattern of standardization, normalization and long-term effectiveness.In the context of “dual carbon”, the two-wheel driving logic of “institution and actor-network” of Singapore’s environmental refinement governance provides useful inspiration for China's urban environmental governance.

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Since the new century, the large establishment and continuous improvement of China’s rural social security system have played an important role in poverty alleviation and rural revitalization in China.However, the improvement of the social security level also brings some challenges to rural governance, which has not been paid much attention by the academic world.By studying the irrigation mode adoption of rural households, this paper examines how rural social security affects farmer collective action and reveals its mechanism.Based on the survey data of rural households by the China Rural Research Institute of Tsinghua University, this paper uses the ordered Probit regression model to empirically test the impact of social security on farmers' collective action.It is found that health insurance, agricultural insurance, minimum living security, and pension all have negative effects on farmer collective irrigation.Both health insurance and minimum living security significantly reducefarmer collective action, while the negative impact of agricultural insurance on collective action only occurs in northern rural areas.The channels of rural social security influencing collective action are the interdependence of farmers and rural social capital, and financial services could alleviate the negative effect to some extent.Therefore, by developing financial services, and strengthening market regulation, rural social security and rural governance could be improved in a coordinated manner.

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The system of zoning salt sales is not only the basis of salt in the past, but also the intersection of the interests of all parties.In the early Ming Dynasty, the sales area of Jieyan decreased first and then increased,and the imperial court adjusted it rapidly and frequently according to the suggestions of the ministers.During the Jiajing and Longqing periods, the salt officials of Hedong and Huaihe argued about the markets of the two places and finally divided them equally.In the fourth year of Longqing, Jiechi was hit by flood, salt production dropped sharply, and the salt market of Henan Province was destroyed.Many parties argued about the market ownership of Kaifeng and Guide, and the process was twists and turns.Officials of Henan Province and officials from Henan Province worked together to achieve the final victory.The two prefectures were able to change to Shandong Salt and Changlu Salt, and the officials in Hedong obtained a large number of tax breaks through the relationship of the Cabinet.The reason why the adjustment of the salt-removing marketing area has become more and more difficult is that on the surface it is constantly adjusted due to the output, but in fact, it is the external manifestation of the bureaucratic system becoming more and more complicated in the game process under the pressure of finance and taxation after the change of the salt tax system in the Ming Dynasty.The Qing Dynasty inherited the Ming Dynasty’s system of pros and cons, so there were frequent competitions for salt sales areas.

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The study of trauma has been a hotspot in war literature studies.This article sorts out the changes of the representation of trauma in British war narratives and explores the reasons behind such changes in the light of the development of researches on the subjectivity of man in philosophy.In the British war narratives before WWI, both the subjectivity of man and the representation of trauma in literary works were absent.After WWI,with increased attention on and confirmation of the subjectivity of man, trauma in the modern sense has found its representation in literature, and trauma narratives have gradually become a core issue in British war narratives.Since the late 20century, with the deconstruction of the subjectivity of man, trauma narratives in British war literature have started to adopt thing narrative to represent trauma.

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Chinese characters are not only the writing symbols of Chinese, but also participate in the development and evolution of Chinese components.The development of Chinese words has two main forms: the derivation of words and the formation and development of the combination of words.In the early stage, the development of words is mainly based on words, and in the later stage, the development of the combination of words is mainly based on words.The development of single characters is mostly phased.According to the changing relationship of meaning monogram and pronunciation, the development of a single character can be summarized into five main modes: the first is that the meaning has developed, but the shape and sound remain unchanged; the second is that the shape and meaning have developed, but the sound remains unchanged; the third is the sound and meaning have developed, but the shape remains unchanged; the fourth is that the shape, sound, and meaning have all developed; the fifth is that the shape has changed, but the sound and meaning remain unchanged.The development of single characters can also be observed from the perspective of horizontal group relations,and can be summarized into three modes: new addition, merger and deployment.The word group is an alternative form of expressing the semantic unit of a single word, and it can be studied from the aspects of formation method,word meaning relationship, word sound relationship, word shape relationship and word order.The development of form, sound and meaning of a single word can also be observed from the perspective of horizontal group relations.From a horizontal perspective, its development can be summarized as three modes of addition, merger and deployment.The semantic relationship of combination of words can be roughly divided into six categories:joint type, limited type, gain type, result type, dominant type and statement type.In the development process of the gradually fixed shape of the combination of words, the order of the word tones has played a certain role,most of them are carried out in accordance with the principle of Ping（平），Shang（上），Qu（去），Ru（入）.In the initial period, the glyphs of the character group were unified with the glyphs of the single character, but during the use of the character group, some glyphs would be influenced by other glyphs of the same character group and generalized.