李文江 廖加樂(lè)
摘 要:高質(zhì)量發(fā)展進(jìn)程中,專(zhuān)利高效轉(zhuǎn)化至關(guān)重要。目前我國(guó)總體上專(zhuān)利轉(zhuǎn)化率偏低,具體而言,專(zhuān)利本身質(zhì)量不高、應(yīng)用性不強(qiáng);專(zhuān)利轉(zhuǎn)化路徑較閉塞、不暢通;專(zhuān)利轉(zhuǎn)化過(guò)程中面臨多重風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。為適應(yīng)高質(zhì)量發(fā)展的需要,本文在立足我國(guó)國(guó)情的基礎(chǔ)上,借鑒美國(guó)、德國(guó)等專(zhuān)利強(qiáng)國(guó)的轉(zhuǎn)化經(jīng)驗(yàn),從提高專(zhuān)利本身應(yīng)用性、暢通專(zhuān)利轉(zhuǎn)化路徑、促進(jìn)專(zhuān)利與應(yīng)用對(duì)接以及政府政策激勵(lì)等四個(gè)方面促進(jìn)我國(guó)專(zhuān)利高效轉(zhuǎn)化。
關(guān)鍵詞:專(zhuān)利;高效轉(zhuǎn)化;高質(zhì)量發(fā)展;產(chǎn)學(xué)研融合
中圖分類(lèi)號(hào):G306 ? ? 文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)識(shí)碼:A ? ? 文章編號(hào):1003-5168(2021)21-0123-04
The Dilemma and Countermeasures of Promoting Patent Transformation
LI Wenjiang? ? LIAO Jiale
(Law School of Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou Henan 450001)
Abstract: In the process of high-quality development, efficient patent conversion is essential. At present, the patent conversion rate in my country is generally low. Specifically, the patent itself is not of high quality and not strong in applicability; the path of patent conversion is relatively blocked and not smooth; and the process of patent conversion faces multiple risks. In order to meet the needs of high quality development, we can learn from the transformation experience of powerful patent countries such as the United States and Germany on basis of my country's national conditions, from improving the applicability of patents, smoothing the path of patent transformation, promoting the docking of patents and applications, and government policy incentives. Promote the efficient transformation of patents in my country in four aspects.
Keywords: patent; efficient conversion; high-quality development; Industry-University-Research -Integration
2017年,中國(guó)共產(chǎn)黨第十九次全國(guó)代表大會(huì)提出:“中國(guó)經(jīng)濟(jì)由高速增長(zhǎng)階段轉(zhuǎn)向高質(zhì)量發(fā)展階段”。中國(guó)經(jīng)濟(jì)開(kāi)始從以傳統(tǒng)產(chǎn)業(yè)、傳統(tǒng)技術(shù)為基礎(chǔ)的經(jīng)濟(jì)粗放型高速發(fā)展轉(zhuǎn)變?yōu)橹饕揽縿?chuàng)新驅(qū)動(dòng)、實(shí)現(xiàn)全面協(xié)調(diào)可持續(xù)的經(jīng)濟(jì)高質(zhì)量發(fā)展。毋庸置疑,作為創(chuàng)新的重要代表之一,高價(jià)值專(zhuān)利在新時(shí)期我國(guó)經(jīng)濟(jì)的高質(zhì)量發(fā)展過(guò)程中發(fā)揮著舉足輕重的作用。
1 專(zhuān)利轉(zhuǎn)化及其法律依據(jù)
專(zhuān)利接續(xù)涌向產(chǎn)業(yè)發(fā)展的各個(gè)環(huán)節(jié)能夠?yàn)楫a(chǎn)業(yè)的創(chuàng)新發(fā)展提供源源不斷的動(dòng)能,能夠持續(xù)提高產(chǎn)業(yè)的生產(chǎn)效率,推動(dòng)產(chǎn)業(yè)結(jié)構(gòu)、產(chǎn)業(yè)體系的不斷優(yōu)化升級(jí)。缺乏專(zhuān)利,我國(guó)經(jīng)濟(jì)的高質(zhì)量發(fā)展便會(huì)缺乏必要的動(dòng)能,但是有了專(zhuān)利卻無(wú)法實(shí)現(xiàn)轉(zhuǎn)化,那么相關(guān)的專(zhuān)利也會(huì)被束之高閣。所以,專(zhuān)利被創(chuàng)造出來(lái)后能否轉(zhuǎn)化、轉(zhuǎn)化效果如何對(duì)新時(shí)期促進(jìn)我國(guó)經(jīng)濟(jì)的高質(zhì)量發(fā)展至關(guān)重要。
1.1 專(zhuān)利轉(zhuǎn)化含義
當(dāng)前,我國(guó)學(xué)界對(duì)“專(zhuān)利轉(zhuǎn)化”的定義眾說(shuō)紛紜,并未形成一致意見(jiàn)。通過(guò)對(duì)諸多學(xué)者觀點(diǎn)的研究可以發(fā)現(xiàn),專(zhuān)利轉(zhuǎn)化主要具有三個(gè)特征:第一,轉(zhuǎn)化的對(duì)象為專(zhuān)利;第二,轉(zhuǎn)化的目的為應(yīng)用;第三,轉(zhuǎn)化的本質(zhì)是將專(zhuān)利所具有的應(yīng)然狀態(tài)的生產(chǎn)力轉(zhuǎn)變?yōu)閷?shí)然狀態(tài)。據(jù)此,筆者認(rèn)為,專(zhuān)利轉(zhuǎn)化是指有關(guān)主體將專(zhuān)利通過(guò)合法途徑予以推廣應(yīng)用,最終轉(zhuǎn)變?yōu)楝F(xiàn)實(shí)生產(chǎn)力的活動(dòng)。
1.2 專(zhuān)利轉(zhuǎn)化的法律依據(jù)
1.2.1 《促進(jìn)科技成果轉(zhuǎn)化法》為專(zhuān)利轉(zhuǎn)化提供依據(jù)??傮w布局方面,《促進(jìn)科技成果轉(zhuǎn)化法》明確了國(guó)家及地方各級(jí)政府要為專(zhuān)利轉(zhuǎn)化活動(dòng)提供資金支持和相應(yīng)的政策協(xié)同;轉(zhuǎn)化模式方面,該法規(guī)定了國(guó)家鼓勵(lì)產(chǎn)學(xué)研深度融合等模式,通過(guò)加強(qiáng)專(zhuān)利轉(zhuǎn)化中主體要素的聯(lián)系促進(jìn)科技成果的高效轉(zhuǎn)化;主體激勵(lì)方面,該法明確規(guī)定了對(duì)有關(guān)單位與人員的收益與獎(jiǎng)勵(lì)政策;法律責(zé)任方面,國(guó)家采取多種方式規(guī)范科技成果轉(zhuǎn)化活動(dòng),對(duì)科技成果轉(zhuǎn)化過(guò)程中的違法違規(guī)行為苛以嚴(yán)厲的法律責(zé)任。顯然,《促進(jìn)科技成果轉(zhuǎn)化法》在多維度為促進(jìn)專(zhuān)利轉(zhuǎn)化保駕護(hù)航。
1.2.2 《專(zhuān)利法》為專(zhuān)利轉(zhuǎn)化提供了多樣的法律途徑?!秾?zhuān)利法》中規(guī)定的專(zhuān)利轉(zhuǎn)化的途徑主要包括五種,即自主轉(zhuǎn)化、許可他人使用、轉(zhuǎn)讓所有權(quán)、合作共同轉(zhuǎn)化和作價(jià)投資。其中,自主轉(zhuǎn)化主要是專(zhuān)利權(quán)人出于解決現(xiàn)實(shí)問(wèn)題的初衷而進(jìn)行自主研發(fā)并予以應(yīng)用;專(zhuān)利許可與轉(zhuǎn)讓所有權(quán)主要是通過(guò)雙方或多方簽訂許可或轉(zhuǎn)讓合同授予其中一方或多方合法實(shí)施專(zhuān)利的權(quán)利;合作共同開(kāi)發(fā)能夠很好地結(jié)合財(cái)力與智力,實(shí)現(xiàn)資源的高度整合與利用;作價(jià)投資具有調(diào)動(dòng)科技工作者轉(zhuǎn)化積極性的效果,這種效果主要是通過(guò)分配其一定份額的轉(zhuǎn)化收益來(lái)實(shí)現(xiàn)。