安杰拉·董 李宜蕓

Cosplay and convention culture can trace their roots back to at least the 1970s， when in the U.S. fans began to appear at science fiction conventions dressed as Starfleet commanders， Luke Skywalker， and the like， and in Japan， college students attended manga and anime festivals donned in full character regalia.

Such a colorful culture has also given rise to colorful terminology. You can find 10 right here to introduce you to the world of cosplay.

1. Manga

The manga style of comics emerged from post-World War II Japan with Ozama Tezukas1 Astro Boy. The genre is drawn in a “meticulously detailed style，” according to the Oxford English Dictionary （OED）， and is often associated with a science fiction or fantasy theme.

While the term first appeared in English in 1951， manga in Japanese is from 1799 or earlier. Translated as “involuntary pictures，” manga was coined in 1812 by artist Katsushika Hokusai2 to describe a free-flowing， quirky style.

2. Anime

While Japanese animation has existed since as far back as 1917， anime as we know it today arose in the 1970s. This term for whats basically the animated version of manga first appeared in English in 1985 and might be based on the French animé， animated or lively. Before the 1970s， Japanese animation was known as manga eiga3， or “TV manga.”

3. Cosplay

Cosplay， a blend of costume and play， comes from the Japanese kosupure， itself a Japanification of costume play， which originated in 19th-century English to refer to a costume drama.

Kosupure was coined by Nobuyuki Takahashi， who would later become a film editor on such J-horror classics as Ringu and Ju-On： The Grudge. But back in 1983， he was writing about fans who attended conventions dressed as their favorite manga and anime characters. The term kasou， a Japanification of costume， already existed， but didnt capture the right spirit of cosplay， according to Kotaku， while a translation of the English masquerade seemed too old-fashioned to Takahashi. Hence， kosupure was born.

4. Layer

Layer is Japanese slang for cosplayer. Layer Support is a cleaning service specifically for cosplay costumes.

5. Furry

A Furry is a fan of human-like animal characters and people dressed as such characters. While the OEDs earliest citation is from 1989， the Furry phenomenon probably began in the early 1980s， if not sooner.

6. Otaku

A Japanese loan word， otaku refers to someone extremely knowledgeable about a hobby or subculture， and who might be， at least according to the OED， skilled in “computer technology” and unskilled in interpersonal interaction. In other words， a nerd.

Otaku seems to have suffered a sort of reverse-reappropriation， at least in Japan. While in English， geek and nerd are traditionally pejorative terms that have gained a degree of coolness， otaku began in the early 1980s as an “insider” term—a way that anime and manga fans addressed each other， then any member of the subculture. Otaku only became an insult in the hands of the media commenting on such a subculture. Meanwhile， outside Japan， otaku has positive connotations， denoting someone whos an expert or aficionado.

Otaku translates literally from the Japanese as “your house” （in other words， people who are otaku dont leave the house）， and cosplay otaku is thought of as a subset.

7. Chibi4

Chibi， which translates from Japanese as “runt，” is a cute kid version of an anime character. Chibi and super-deformed5 are sometimes used interchangeably. However， while all chibis are super-deformed， not all super-deformed are chibis. Chibis are always child-like， but super-deformed describes a character drawn in any exaggerated or deformed way.

Both are used in anime as parody or slapstick. For instance， a character may suddenly become chibi when behaving immaturely.

8. Post-con depression （PCD）

Returning to the humdrum of everyday life from a place where one might be treated like a rock star can be a huge downer. Hence， post-con depression， or PCD， the blues some cosplayers feel after attending a convention.

9. Con-plague

Post-convention， you might also endure the con-plague， sometimes called the con crud， an illness one catches after several days of being in close quarters with throngs of people， not eating well， and not getting enough sleep.

Theres much advice about how to avoid the con-plague， which are basically the same tactics to avoid catching a cold or the flu.

10. Glomping

If you dont want con-plague， you might also want to eschew glomping. An aggressive tackle-hug， glomp began as an anime term but has extended to convention use. Convention etiquette seems to be against it due to the possibility of costume crushing and bodily harm. Its unclear if glomping is innate behavior among enthusiasts or if its in imitation of anime characters.

According to TV Tropes6， glomp may come from the English translation of the sound effect of the overenthusiastic embrace in some manga. A popular theory says that glomp is a backronym of “Grab， Latch On， Maintain Pressure，” but more likely the word is imitative， and might be influenced by the English glom， to snatch or grab， or glamp， to grope or snatch at. ? ? ? ? ■

角色扮演及漫展文化至少可追溯到1970年代，當(dāng)時美國的粉絲開始裝扮成星際艦隊指揮官、盧克·天行者之類的角色在科幻小說漫展上亮相，與此同時，日本的大學(xué)生們身著全副角色盛裝，出席動漫節(jié)活動。

如此精彩紛呈的文化也催生出豐富有趣的詞匯。下文十個術(shù)語將帶你走進(jìn)角色扮演的世界。

1. 漫畫

第二次世界大戰(zhàn)后，手冢治蟲發(fā)表《鐵臂阿童木》，日式漫畫隨之興起。根據(jù)《牛津英語詞典》（OED）的解釋，這種體裁展現(xiàn)了“精細(xì)入微的風(fēng)格”，且通常與科幻小說或玄幻主題相關(guān)。

雖然該詞于1951年首次出現(xiàn)在英語中，但其日語詞則始于1799年或更早。該詞于1812年由畫家葛飾北齋創(chuàng)造，其英譯意為“筆法隨意的畫作”，用以描述一種自由奔放、古怪離奇的風(fēng)格。

2. 動漫

盡管日本動畫早在1917年就已存在，但我們今天所了解的“動漫”出現(xiàn)在1970年代。該詞主要指日式漫畫的動畫版本，在英語中首次出現(xiàn)于1985年，可能來自法語animé一詞，表示“生動的”“活潑的”。1970年代之前，日本動畫被稱為漫畫電影，或“電視漫畫”。

3. 角色扮演

cosplay由costume（服裝）和play（扮演）組合而成，來自日語コスプレ。cosplay是costume play一詞的日本化，該詞源于19世紀(jì)英語，表示古裝戲劇。

コスプレ一詞由高橋伸之創(chuàng)造，他后來成為一名電影剪輯師，剪輯過日本經(jīng)典恐怖影片《午夜兇鈴》和《咒怨》。但1983年，他在寫粉絲們打扮成自己最喜歡的漫畫人物和動漫角色參加漫展。據(jù)Kotaku網(wǎng)站解釋，kasou（日語寫作“仮裝”，意為“化裝”）一詞作為costume的對應(yīng)日語詞匯已經(jīng)存在，但并沒有體現(xiàn)角色扮演的精髓之處;在高橋伸之看來，根據(jù)英文masquerade（化裝舞會）翻譯太老氣。因此，コスプレ一詞應(yīng)時而生。

4. 角色扮演者

layer是日語俚語，表示角色扮演者?！敖巧缪菡吆笤笔侵笇ｉT為角色扮演服裝提供清潔服務(wù)的組織。

5. 獸迷

獸迷喜歡擬人化動物角色，也喜歡那些扮演成這種角色的人。雖然OED在1989年首次援引該詞，但“獸迷”現(xiàn)象可能始于1980年代初，甚至更早。

6. 御宅族

otaku（御宅族）借自日語，指非常了解某項嗜好或某種亞文化的人，起碼在OED中是這樣描述的：御宅族可能精通“計算機技術(shù)”，不擅長人際交往。換句話說，就是“書呆子”。

至少在日本，御宅族的語義似乎經(jīng)歷了某種逆向挪用。英語中的geek（怪人）和nerd（書呆子）通常帶有貶義，在一定程度上有了“酷”的味道，而御宅族是1980年代初“圈內(nèi)人士”開始使用的詞語——動漫和漫畫迷以此相互稱呼對方，而后指稱每個喜歡這一亞文化的人。由于媒體對這種亞文化品頭論足，御宅族才開始帶有貶損意味。但與此同時，在日本以外的地區(qū)，御宅族含有褒義，指某行業(yè)的高手或發(fā)燒友。

御宅族的日語按字面譯后的意思是“您的房子”（換句話說，御宅族是指不出門的人），而喜歡角色扮演的御宅族屬于其中一類。

7. 小小版

“小小版”從日語翻譯過來意為“小不點兒”，指一個可愛的幼童化動漫人物。小小版和超變形有時互換使用。然而，雖然所有的小小版都是超變形的，但并不是所有超變形的都是小小版。小小版通常指像孩子的人物，而超變形是指用夸張或變形的方式描繪出的人物。

兩者在動漫中都用來表現(xiàn)夸張或滑稽場景。例如，當(dāng)角色的行為表現(xiàn)很幼稚時，可能會突然變成小小版形象。

8. 漫展后抑郁癥

在漫展上可能被追捧為搖滾明星，再回到單調(diào)乏味的日常生活會讓人異常失落。于是出現(xiàn)“漫展后抑郁癥”，即PCD，指一些角色扮演者參加漫展后的失落情緒。

9. 漫展后遺癥

漫展結(jié)束后，你也可能患上漫展后遺癥，有時被稱為“漫展怪病”。參與者在多日與成群結(jié)隊的人近距離接觸、飲食欠佳和睡眠不足之后會患上這種疾病。

有很多關(guān)于如何避免患上漫展后遺癥的建議，基本上與避免感冒或流感的建議相同。

10. 大力擁抱

你如果不想得漫展后遺癥，可能也不想接受大力擁抱。這是一種富含激烈情感的擒抱，最初是一個動漫術(shù)語，如今詞義出現(xiàn)擴大化，可用于漫展。漫展禮儀似乎不認(rèn)可這種舉動，因為可能會損壞服飾，造成人身傷害?，F(xiàn)在還不清楚這是狂熱者的固有行為，還是在模仿動漫人物。

根據(jù)TV Tropes網(wǎng)站的解釋，glomp可能來自某些漫畫中過度熱情擁抱的音效的英譯。一種流行的觀點認(rèn)為，glomp是Grab（抓住）、Latch On（糾纏）、Maintain Pressure（不斷擠壓）的反向縮略語，但該詞更可能是個模仿詞，受英語單詞glom（意為“抓”“奪”）或glamp（意為“摸索”“奪取”）影響。? ? ? ? ? ? ? □

（譯者單位：天津大學(xué)）