張延霞 郭宗君 劉蕾 張增紅
【摘要】 目的:通過分析阿爾茨海默病(AD)合并非酒精性脂肪性肝病(NAFLD)老年患者的臨床特征,探討NAFLD與AD的相關(guān)性及可能的機制。方法:選取2012年6月-2020年8月本院干部病房收治的AD患者66例,根據(jù)肝臟彩超分為AD+NAFLD組(觀察組,n=32)和AD+肝臟正常組(對照組,n=34)。收集兩組一般資料及疾病信息,并采用蒙特利爾認知評估量表(MoCA)和臨床癡呆評定量表(CDR)評估其認知功能及日常行為能力。比較兩組空腹血糖(FPG)、餐后2 h血糖(2 h PG)、糖化血紅蛋白(HbA1c)、總膽固醇(TC)、甘油三酯(TG)、高密度脂蛋白膽固醇(HDL-C)、低密度脂蛋白膽固醇(LDL-C)、尿酸(UA)、丙氨酸氨基轉(zhuǎn)移酶(ALT)、天門冬氨酸氨基轉(zhuǎn)移酶(AST)、膽紅素(TB)、C反應蛋白(CRP)、血清補體C3、C4水平及MoCA、CDR評分,篩選AD的可能影響因素,分析各影響因素與MoCA評分和CDR評分的相關(guān)性。結(jié)果:兩組血清ALT、AST、TB、2 h PG、UA、HbA1c、TG、HDL-C、LDL-C水平比較,差異均無統(tǒng)計學意義(P>0.05);觀察組MoCA評分低于對照組,C3、C4、CRP、FPG、TC水平均高于對照組,差異均有統(tǒng)計學意義(P<0.05)。且觀察組C3、C4、CRP、FPG、TC水平與MoCA評分均呈負相關(guān)(P<0.05),但與CDR評分均無相關(guān)性(P>0.05)。結(jié)論:NAFLD與AD患者認知障礙密切相關(guān),可能是AD的危險因素,考慮NAFLD患者可通過升高TC水平損害腦細胞而導致神經(jīng)細胞退行性疾病AD、升高FPG水平加重胰島素抵抗導致AD發(fā)生發(fā)展、通過加重機體免疫炎癥反應升高CRP、C3、C4水平而發(fā)生AD。
【關(guān)鍵詞】 非酒精性脂肪性肝病 阿爾茨海默病 認知障礙
Analysis of Correlation between Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease and Alzheimer’s Disease/ZHANG Yanxia, GUO Zongjun, LIU Lei, ZHANG Zenghong. //Medical Innovation of China, 2021, 18(28): 00-013
[Abstract] Objective: By analyzing the clinical features of Alzheimer’s disease (AD) patients with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), to explore the correlation between NAFLD and AD. Method: From June 2012 to January 2019, 66 patients with AD admitted to cadre ward of our hospital were selected and divided into AD+NAFLD group (the observation group, n=32) and AD+liver normal group (the control group, n=34). The general data and disease information of two groups were collected, and the cognitive function and daily behavioral ability of two groups were evaluated by Montreal Cognitive Assessment scale (MoCA) and clinical dementia rating scale (CDR). Fasting blood glucose (FPG), 2 h PG, glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c), total cholesterol (TC), glycerol (TG), high density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), low density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), uric acid, alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), bilirubin (TB), C-reactive protein (CRP), complement C3 and C4 levels, and MoCA, CDR scores were compared between two groups. The possible influencing factors of AD were screened. The correlation between the influencing factors and MoCA score and CDR score was analyzed. Result: There were no significant differences in serum ALT, AST, TB, 2 h PG, UA, HbA1c, TG, HDL-C, LDL-C levels between two groups (P>0.05). The MoCA score of the observation group was lower than that of the control group (P<0.05), the levels of serum C3, C4, CRP, FPG, TC in the observation group were significantly higher than those in the control group (P<0.05). The levels of serum C3, C4, CRP, FPG, TC in the observation group were negatively correlated with the MoCA scores (P<0.05), but there were no correlation with CDR score (P>0.05). Conclusion: NAFLD is closely related to cognitive impairment in patients with AD and may be a risk factor for AD, considering that NAFLD patients can cause the neure cell degenerative disease AD by damaging brain cells with elevated TC levels, elevated FPG levels exacerbate insulin resistance leading to the development of AD, AD occurs by exacerbating elevated the levels of CRP, C3, C4 in the body’s immune inflammatory response.
[Key words] Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease Alzheimer’s disease Cognitive impairment
First-author’s address: Cadre Ward of PLA 960th Hospital, Tai’an 271000, China
doi:10.3969/j.issn.1674-4985.2021.28.003
阿爾茨海默?。ˋlzheimer’s disease,AD)是以進行性認知障礙和記憶力損害為主的中樞神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)退行性病變,近年來其發(fā)病率有上升趨勢,對老年人群和其家人的生活質(zhì)量造成嚴重威脅[1]。AD的特點是起病隱匿,自然病程長,往往不能做到早期確診,多數(shù)患者直到發(fā)展到中重度具有明顯臨床癥狀時才被家人發(fā)現(xiàn)得以就診、確診[2]。AD的臨床表現(xiàn)多樣,主要是認知功能和日常行為能力降低及精神行為的異常[3-4]。AD相關(guān)的發(fā)病機制有30多種假說,而有關(guān)非酒精性脂肪性肝?。∟AFLD)與AD的關(guān)系報道很少[5-6]。本研究擬通過分析AD合并NAFLD患者的臨床特征,探討NAFLD與AD的相關(guān)性,并進一步探討其可能的機制?,F(xiàn)報道如下。
1 資料與方法
1.1 一般資料 選取2012年6月-2020年8月本院干部病房收治的具有完整臨床資料的AD患者66例。NAFLD診斷采用《2010年中華醫(yī)學會非酒精性肝病診療指南》[7]中的診斷標準。AD診斷采用美國精神病學、語言障礙和卒中-老年性癡呆和相關(guān)疾病學會標準。納入標準:符合AD診斷標準;臨床資料完整。排除標準:血管性癡呆,自身免疫疾病,嚴重心、肺、肝、腎功能疾病,近期有感染史,可能影響認知功能的疾病,如嚴重的帕金森病、腫瘤。根據(jù)肝臟彩超將其分為AD合并NAFLD組(觀察組,n=32)和AD+肝臟正常組(對照組,n=34)。本研究已經(jīng)醫(yī)院倫理學委員會批準,患者及家屬均知情同意并簽署知情同意書。
1.2 方法 收集兩組一般資料及疾病信息,并采用蒙特利爾認知評估量表(MoCA)和臨床癡呆評定量表(CDR)評估其認知功能及日常行為能力。
1.3 觀察指標與評定標準 比較兩組空腹血糖(FPG)、餐后2 h血糖(2 h PG)、糖化血紅蛋白(HbA1c)、總膽固醇(TC)、甘油三酯(TG)、高密度脂蛋白膽固醇(HDL-C)、低密度脂蛋白膽固醇(LDL-C)、尿酸(UA)、丙氨酸氨基轉(zhuǎn)移酶(ALT)、天門冬氨酸氨基轉(zhuǎn)移酶(AST)、膽紅素(TB)、C反應蛋白(CRP)、血清補體C3、C4水平及MoCA、CDR評分,篩選AD的可能影響因素,各影響因素與MoCA評分和CDR評分的相關(guān)性采用Pearson相關(guān)性分析。MoCA評分標準:總分30分,<18分為重度認知功能障礙,18~23分為中度認知功能障礙,24~27分為輕度認知功能障礙,>27分提示無認知功能障礙;CDR評分標準:0分為日常行為能力正常,0.5分為可疑受損,1分為輕度受損,2分為中度受損,3分為重度受損。
1.4 統(tǒng)計學處理 采用SPSS 20.0軟件對所得數(shù)據(jù)進行統(tǒng)計分析,計量資料用(x±s)表示,組間比較采用獨立樣本t檢驗;計數(shù)資料以率(%)表示,比較采用字2檢驗;各生化指標與MoCA、CDR的相關(guān)性采用Pearson相關(guān)性分析。以P<0.05為差異有統(tǒng)計學意義。
2 結(jié)果
2.1 兩組一般資料比較 觀察組,男25例,女7例;年齡75~94歲,平均(86.01±1.77)歲;平均吸煙時間(29.47±1.03)年;平均上學時間(6.25±0.78)年;平均體質(zhì)指數(shù)(29.31±0.67)kg/m2;平均飲酒時間(46.09±1.68)年。對照組,男26例,女8例;年齡76~93歲,平均(85.81±1.72)歲;平均吸煙時間(28.95±1.01)年;平均上學時間(6.14±0.69)年;平均體質(zhì)指數(shù)(29.07±0.65)kg/m2;平均飲酒時間(45.83±1.61)年。兩組年齡、吸煙時間、文化程度、體質(zhì)指數(shù)、飲酒時間比較,差異均無統(tǒng)計學意義(P>0.05),具有可比性。
2.2 兩組各指標比較 兩組血清AST、ALT、TB、2 h PG、UA、HbA1c、TG、HDL-C、LDL-C、CDR評分比較,差異均無統(tǒng)計學意義(P>0.05);觀察組MoCA評分低于對照組,C3、C4、CRP、FPG、TC均高于對照組,差異均有統(tǒng)計學意義(P<0.05)。見表1。
2.3 血清TC、FPG、CRP、C3、C4與MoCA、CDR評分的相關(guān)性分析 Pearson相關(guān)性分析顯示,血清TC、FPG、CRP、C3、C4水平與MoCA評分均呈負相關(guān)(P<0.05),與CDR評分均無相關(guān)性(P>0.05),見表2、3。
3 討論
阿爾茨海默?。ˋlzhemer’s disease,AD)是老年人最常見的癡呆類型,占老年人癡呆性疾病的50%~70%[8]。腦組織中老年斑(senile plaques,SP)形成、神經(jīng)纖維纏結(jié)(neurofibrillary tangles,NFT)和神經(jīng)元缺失為其主要病理表現(xiàn)[9]。非酒精性脂肪性肝?。╪onalcoholic fatty liver disease,NAFLD)普通人群發(fā)病率為(28.01~52.34)/1 000人年[10-11],已成為全球最常見的肝病。NAFLD相關(guān)危險因素主要有肥胖、2型糖尿病、高血壓、血脂異常等[12],發(fā)病機制與胰島素抵抗、代謝綜合征、糖尿病、氧化應激和脂毒性等多方面因素有關(guān)[13]。
已有研究發(fā)現(xiàn),正常的TC水平對大腦結(jié)構(gòu)具有重要的作用,大多數(shù)學者認為高TC水平能夠增加AD的發(fā)病風險,機制為TC與神經(jīng)突觸的形成和其可塑性密切相關(guān)[14]。文獻[15-16]研究發(fā)現(xiàn)癡呆患者在認知能力下降的早期,其機體內(nèi)的TC水平高于無AD者,機體TC的代謝障礙能夠促進AD的病理改變。本研究結(jié)果表明AD合并NAFLD患者MoCA評分顯著低于無肝臟疾病AD患者,其TC水平與MoCA評分呈負相關(guān)(P<0.05),與上述結(jié)果一致。其機制為當TC水平升高時,大腦及血清中對神經(jīng)細胞有明顯毒性作用的24S-羥基TC水平也會隨之升高,其可以造成神經(jīng)元的退行性損害[17];也可能與其激活氧化應激途徑,導致自由基生成過多有關(guān)[18];同時變性壞死的神經(jīng)細胞可加速腦內(nèi)TC的轉(zhuǎn)化使24S-羥基TC含量明顯升高[19],兩者相互影響加劇了腦細胞的損害。NAFLD近年來被認為是一種代謝綜合征在肝臟的表現(xiàn)形式,胰島素抵抗是代謝綜合征與NAFLD共同的病理基礎(chǔ)[20],NAFLD可導致機體血脂代謝障礙使TC升高,本研究與上述報道相符,AD合并NAFLD患者TC水平顯著高于無肝病患者(P<0.05)。因此,NAFLD可通過升高TC水平而導致神經(jīng)細胞退行性疾病AD。
既往研究表明,糖尿病患者的認知功能障礙發(fā)生率較高,也更容易發(fā)展成為AD。國內(nèi)外近些年研究認為AD和T2DM發(fā)病的共同病理生理聯(lián)系,可能與胰島素細胞信號轉(zhuǎn)導異常即胰島素抵抗、炎癥反應、氧化應激、線粒體功能障礙和遺傳等因素有關(guān),PFG升高亦可產(chǎn)生胰島素細胞信號轉(zhuǎn)導異?,F(xiàn)象,從而與AD認知障礙的發(fā)生發(fā)展相關(guān)聯(lián)[21]??赡艿臋C制有以下幾種:首先胰島素可通過選擇性地分布胰島素受體蛋白進入中樞神經(jīng)系統(tǒng),在AD患者腦組織中大腦胰島素受體的敏感性改變而產(chǎn)生胰島素抵抗,影響腦組織的代謝降解以及β淀粉樣蛋白和tau蛋白的表達[22]。其次,研究表明Aβ寡聚體能使樹突胰島素受體(IRs)從胞膜上移除下來使受體數(shù)目減少而導致AD。另外,AD患者胰島素細胞信號轉(zhuǎn)導異常,使胰島素或IGF-1受體陽性神經(jīng)元的聯(lián)合定位減少,乙酰膽堿的生成也相應減少促進AD的發(fā)生發(fā)展[23]。再者,胰島素降解酶(IDE)可有效降解聚集的Aβ[24],當處于胰島素抵抗的環(huán)境時,胰島素可能競爭性抑制胰島素降解酶,從而阻礙Aβ蛋白的降解,增加其神經(jīng)毒性[25]。此外,胰島素抵抗也能通過活化糖原合成酶激酶-3β而增加tau蛋白的磷酸化[26]。本研究結(jié)果顯示,AD合并NAFLD患者FPG水平與MoCA評分呈負相關(guān),與上述研究結(jié)論相符。近年來研究提示,胰島素抵抗包括空腹血糖受損在內(nèi)的代謝綜合征與NAFLD共同的病理基礎(chǔ)[20],NAFLD與高水平的FPG兩者間相互影響,NAFLD促使胰島素抵抗進一步加重而導致FPG水平升高,F(xiàn)PG升高也通過胰島素抵抗進一步加重,使NAFLD繼續(xù)進展。因此,NAFLD可能通過升高FPG水平加重胰島素抵抗導致AD發(fā)生發(fā)展。
Serpente等[27]研究發(fā)現(xiàn),在AD發(fā)病機制中炎癥免疫反應具有重要作用。超強的免疫反應可引起誤導攻擊神經(jīng)組織,造成神經(jīng)元細胞的損傷和凋亡、死亡[28]。因為有血腦屏障的存在,既往認為中樞神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)是不受免疫反應攻擊的免疫豁免器官,但是,最近多個研究揭示,通過血腦屏障進入腦內(nèi)的炎癥因子和淋巴細胞,兩者可引起AD的病理炎癥反應[29-31]。本研究結(jié)果顯示,AD合并NAFLD患者CRP、C3、C4與MoCA評分均呈負相關(guān)(P<0.05),與以上研究結(jié)果一致。肝臟是生成炎癥因子的重要器官,研究發(fā)現(xiàn),NAFLD患者CRP、C3、C4水平升高,是因為肝細胞對游離脂肪酸的輸入和運出失去平衡,導致肝細胞出現(xiàn)脂質(zhì)沉積過多,當游離脂肪酸增加超過肝細胞的氧化能力時,細胞內(nèi)有毒代謝產(chǎn)物清除障礙發(fā)生堆積,即可激活炎性反應通路[32]。其次,紅細胞補體受體1(CR1)可抑制補體激活,而NAFLD肝損傷患者存在著CR1活性及數(shù)量表達缺陷,補體激活水平明顯提高,使機體免疫功能紊亂程度加重[33]。另外,何濤君等[34]發(fā)現(xiàn),血清補體C3、C4水平和肝損傷的病變程度關(guān)系密切。本研究結(jié)果顯示,AD合并NAFLD患者CRP、C3、C4水平較對照組均顯著升高(P<0.05),與以上結(jié)果相符。因此,NAFLD可能通過加重機體免疫炎癥反應導致AD發(fā)生發(fā)展。
綜上所述,在AD合并NAFLD患者中,血清TC、FPG、CRP、C3、C4水平較高,NAFLD可能通過升高上述因子水平導致AD,并促進認知功能障礙的發(fā)生發(fā)展,在臨床工作中通過上述指標的檢測有助于早期發(fā)現(xiàn)AD,以進行早期臨床干預,提高患者的生活能力和生活質(zhì)量。本研究尚存在一定局限性,在以后的工作中通過擴大樣本量和增加試驗方法給予進一步驗證。
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(收稿日期:2020-11-24) (本文編輯:程旭然)