頡雅蘋?童志杰?樊慧峰?盧秉泰?陳容珊
【摘要】目的 研究CD4+CD25+叉頭樣轉(zhuǎn)錄因子3陽性(Foxp3+)調(diào)節(jié)性T淋巴細(xì)胞(Treg)及相關(guān)細(xì)胞因子、總IgE(TIgE)、特異性IgE(sIgE)在有或無特應(yīng)征反復(fù)喘息幼兒外周血介導(dǎo)的免疫應(yīng)答差異,為幼兒喘息性疾病的發(fā)展預(yù)測及治療提供新思路。方法 選擇反復(fù)喘息幼兒45例,分為特應(yīng)征組22例和非特應(yīng)征組23例,另選20名健康幼兒作為健康對照組,分別檢測3組幼兒外周靜脈血Treg計(jì)數(shù)和血清IL-10、IL-4、IL-5、IL-13、IFN-γ、TGF-β及TIgE、sIgE水平。結(jié)果 特應(yīng)征組吸入及食入變應(yīng)原sIgE陽性率高于非特應(yīng)征組(P均< 0.05)。特應(yīng)征組外周血Treg計(jì)數(shù)和血清IL-10、IFN-γ水平低于非特應(yīng)征組,而非特應(yīng)征組低于對照組(P均< 0.05);特應(yīng)征組血清IL-4、IL-5、IL-13、TIgE水平高于非特應(yīng)征組,而非特應(yīng)征組高于對照組(P均< 0.05)。特應(yīng)征組及非特應(yīng)征組血清TGF-β水平比較差異無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P > 0.05),均高于對照組(P均< 0.05)。反復(fù)喘息患兒外周血Treg計(jì)數(shù)與血清IL-10水平呈正相關(guān)(r = 0.875,P < 0.001)。結(jié)論 Treg、IL-10、IL-4、IL-5、IL-13、TGF-β及IFN-γ可能參與了幼兒喘息,在過敏性疾病中發(fā)揮免疫調(diào)節(jié)作用。反復(fù)喘息幼兒外周血Treg計(jì)數(shù)與血清IL-10水平呈正相關(guān)。Treg與IL-10未來可能作為幼兒反復(fù)喘息早期預(yù)測及治療的新靶點(diǎn)。
【關(guān)鍵詞】喘息;兒童;T淋巴細(xì)胞;白介素-10;免疫球蛋白E;免疫調(diào)節(jié)
Study of levels of CD4+ CD25+ Foxp3+ regulatory T cells, IL-10 and IgE in peripheral blood of children with repeated wheezing Xie Yaping, Tong Zhijie, Fan Huifeng, Lu Bingtai, Chen Rongshan. Department of Respiratory, Guangzhou Women and Childrens Medical Center, Guangzhou 510623, China
Corresponding author, Tong Zhijie, E-mail: tongzhijie1972@ 163. com
【Abstract】Objective To investigate the differences in the peripheral blood-mediated immune responses of CD4+CD25+Foxp3+ regulatory T cells (Treg) and related cytokines, total IgE (TIgE) and specific IgE (sIgE) in children with or without atopic physique and repeated wheezing, aiming to provide novel ideas for the development prediction and treatment of infantile wheezing diseases. Methods Forty-five infants with repeated wheezing were selected and divided into the atopic (n = 22) and non-atopic groups (n = 23), and 20 healthy children were allocated into the normal control group. The counts of Treg, the levels of IL-10, IL-4, IL-5, IL-13, IFN-γ, TGF-β and TIgE and sIgE in the peripheral blood were quantitatively detected. Results The positive rate of sIgE for inhalation and ingestion allergens in the atopic group was significantly higher than that in the non-atopic group (both P < 0.05). The peripheral blood Treg cell counts, IL-10 and IFN-γ levels in the atopic group were significantly lower compared with those in the non-atopic group, whereas the values in the non-atopic group were remarkably lower than those in the control group (all P < 0.05). The serum levels of IL-4, IL-5, IL-13 and TIgE in the atopic group were significantly higher than those in the non-atopic group, whereas the levels in the non-atopic group were considerably higher than those in the control group (all P < 0.05). The serum level TGF-β did not significantly differ between the atopic and non-atopic groups (P > 0.05), which were significantly higher than that in the control group (both P < 0.05). In children with repeated wheezing, the proportion of peripheral blood Treg cells was positively correlated with serum IL-10 levels (r = 0.875, P < 0.001). Conclusions Peripheral blood Treg cells, IL-10, IL-4, IL-5, IL-13, TGF-β and IFN-γ may be involved with the infantile wheezing, and play an immunomodulatory role in allergic diseases. The counts of peripheral blood Treg cells is positively correlated with the serum IL-10 levels in infants with repeated wheezing. Treg and IL-10 may serve as novel targets for early prediction and treatment of repeated wheezing in the future.
三、反復(fù)喘息患兒外周血Treg計(jì)數(shù)與血清IL-10水平的相關(guān)性分析
反復(fù)喘息患兒外周血Treg計(jì)數(shù)與血清IL-10水平呈正相關(guān)(r = 0.875,P < 0.001),見圖2。
討論
幼兒反復(fù)喘息是一種異質(zhì)性疾病,與煙草暴露、母親患哮喘、呼吸道病毒感染、特應(yīng)征體質(zhì)等因素有關(guān)[7-8]。臨床觀察顯示,具有特應(yīng)征的反復(fù)喘息幼兒較不具有特應(yīng)征幼兒更易發(fā)展至哮喘,但其發(fā)病機(jī)制尚不明確,隨著過敏性疾病發(fā)病率的增加,如何早期客觀評價幼兒反復(fù)喘息的性質(zhì)并評估其預(yù)后,已成為當(dāng)前兒科領(lǐng)域的重要挑戰(zhàn)。
現(xiàn)有研究顯示,支氣管哮喘是輔助性T淋巴細(xì)胞2型(Th2)介導(dǎo)的以氣道高反應(yīng)、可逆的氣流受阻、氣道嗜酸性粒細(xì)胞浸潤、氣道黏液高分泌及血清高IgE為特征的氣道慢性炎癥性疾病[9]。一般認(rèn)為,哮喘患者體內(nèi)存在Th1/Th2失衡,Th1細(xì)胞受到抑制,Th2細(xì)胞異?;罨?,Th1細(xì)胞分泌的細(xì)胞因子IFN-γ和Th2細(xì)胞分泌的細(xì)胞因子IL-4、IL-5、IL-13參與了過敏性哮喘[9]。本研究中,喘息患兒血清Th2細(xì)胞因子IL-4、IL-5、IL-13水平較健康對照組升高,特應(yīng)征組高于非特應(yīng)征組,而血清IFN-γ水平降低,表明IL-4、IL-5、IL-13、IFN-γ參與了幼兒喘息性疾病的免疫應(yīng)答,反復(fù)喘息與哮喘同樣具有Th1/Th2失衡,且在特應(yīng)征組更明顯。TGF-β是涉及哮喘肺部持續(xù)性炎癥和氣道重塑方面重要的炎癥介質(zhì)[10]。本研究中,反復(fù)喘息患兒血清TGF-β水平高于健康對照組,提示反復(fù)喘息患兒存在氣道炎癥及氣道重塑,Lezmi等[11]報道學(xué)齡前嚴(yán)重喘息及哮喘兒童存在慢性氣道炎癥及氣道重塑,但本研究中特應(yīng)征組與非特應(yīng)征組血清TGF-β水平接近,可能與患兒病情處于早期有關(guān),還需延長時間繼續(xù)觀察。隨著年齡的增長,反復(fù)喘息可能導(dǎo)致未來持續(xù)性哮喘的風(fēng)險增加,故應(yīng)盡早對喘息患兒進(jìn)行積極干預(yù),避免其進(jìn)展至持續(xù)性哮喘。
T淋巴細(xì)胞參與了機(jī)體的免疫應(yīng)答與耐受[12]。CD4+CD25+Foxp3+Treg是具有免疫調(diào)節(jié)功能的淋巴細(xì)胞亞群,在支氣管哮喘發(fā)病機(jī)制中的作用受到廣泛關(guān)注。Baatjes等[13]報道,哮喘患者外周血中的Treg較非哮喘正常人減少。本研究采用CD4+CD25+Foxp3+作為Treg計(jì)數(shù)檢測標(biāo)志物,與健康對照組相比,2組反復(fù)喘息患兒外周血Treg計(jì)數(shù)減少,特應(yīng)征組明顯低于非特應(yīng)征組,提示反復(fù)喘息的幼兒與哮喘存在相似的免疫反應(yīng)。特應(yīng)征組血清TIgE高于非特應(yīng)征組,提示存在Treg減少及高水平TIgE的特應(yīng)征反復(fù)喘息幼兒可能將來發(fā)展至持續(xù)哮喘的可能性更大,需要對這類患兒提早干預(yù)?,F(xiàn)有研究顯示,IL-10具有免疫抑制和免疫刺激作用,可由Treg產(chǎn)生,在減輕過敏反應(yīng)炎癥方面發(fā)揮作用[14]。本研究中,與健康對照組相比,反復(fù)喘息幼兒IL-10水平降低,其中特應(yīng)征組低于非特應(yīng)征組,與Treg計(jì)數(shù)呈正相關(guān),提示在過敏性疾病中,存在免疫不耐受,IL-10的降低可能促進(jìn)了過敏性氣道疾病,這與國外相關(guān)報道一致[15]。研究結(jié)果提示,Treg計(jì)數(shù)與IL-10水平的監(jiān)測,有可能作為評估幼兒喘息未來是否進(jìn)展至過敏性哮喘的客觀指標(biāo)。
兒童反復(fù)喘息的發(fā)生與變應(yīng)原暴露有關(guān)[16]。在我國南方地區(qū),塵螨是主要的吸入變應(yīng)原[17]。我們發(fā)現(xiàn),特應(yīng)征組吸入變應(yīng)原sIgE陽性率高于非特應(yīng)征組,以屋塵螨/粉塵螨陽性占首位,塵螨水平為3級,高于非特應(yīng)征組的2級水平,同時該組患兒的Treg計(jì)數(shù)減少及IL-10水平降低,提示可能存在吸入變應(yīng)原不耐受,由于塵螨為常年性變應(yīng)原,隨著患兒年齡的增長,氣道過敏性炎癥可能進(jìn)一步加重,從而導(dǎo)致肺功能受損,發(fā)展至哮喘,因此對這部分患兒應(yīng)早期干預(yù),注意環(huán)境控制,減少或避免吸入變應(yīng)原。特應(yīng)征組食入變應(yīng)原sIgE陽性率高于非特應(yīng)征組,但2組檢測水平均不高(1 ~ 2級),否認(rèn)食物過敏史,提示在臨床工作中應(yīng)結(jié)合病史評估檢測結(jié)果,避免不必要的食物回避。本研究中,特應(yīng)征組1例2歲患兒TIgE達(dá)3440 IU/ml,塵螨、蟑螂、真菌sIgE均陽性,其家居一樓,環(huán)境潮濕、發(fā)霉。真菌是強(qiáng)烈的致敏原,真菌致敏與持續(xù)性哮喘明顯相關(guān)[18]。我們在臨床工作中,對TIgE異常增高的喘息患兒應(yīng)注意真菌檢測。
綜上所述,反復(fù)喘息的幼兒存在與哮喘相似的氣道炎癥,Treg計(jì)數(shù)減少與IL-10水平降低,TIgE及氣道炎癥因子水平增高,這在特應(yīng)征患兒中尤其顯著。Treg與IL-10在免疫耐受、降低過敏性炎癥方面發(fā)揮重要作用,有可能作為預(yù)測幼兒喘息未來是否進(jìn)展至過敏性哮喘的客觀指標(biāo)。有特應(yīng)征體質(zhì)的反復(fù)喘息幼兒吸入變應(yīng)原陽性以屋塵螨/粉塵螨占首位,應(yīng)提早干預(yù),未來塵螨sIgE水平持續(xù)增高的該類患兒發(fā)展至持續(xù)性哮喘的風(fēng)險更大。由于本研究為回顧性研究,且入組病例有限,今后將進(jìn)一步設(shè)計(jì)前瞻性研究,以更進(jìn)一步明確Treg與IL-10在兒童呼吸道過敏性疾病的起病、發(fā)展和轉(zhuǎn)歸中的免疫調(diào)節(jié)作用。
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(收稿日期:2020-08-01)
(本文編輯:林燕薇)