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        肌瘤粉碎機(jī)降低隱匿性子宮平滑肌肉瘤的無病生存期

        2020-12-14 04:20:24丁超張英麗朱筧青
        中國現(xiàn)代醫(yī)生 2020年29期

        丁超 張英麗 朱筧青

        [摘要] 目的 評估腹腔鏡手術(shù)中肌瘤粉碎機(jī)應(yīng)用對隱匿性子宮平滑肌肉瘤患者的治療結(jié)局所造成的影響。 方法 2008年1~12月共有33例隱匿性的、連續(xù)的子宮平滑肌肉瘤患者入組、隨訪(粉碎機(jī)組15例,非粉碎機(jī)組18例),觀察指標(biāo)為年齡、絕經(jīng)狀態(tài)、FIGO分期、核分裂象、補(bǔ)救性手術(shù)時(shí)間、是否行術(shù)后輔助化療、隨訪情況(包括復(fù)發(fā)時(shí)間、復(fù)發(fā)部位)。結(jié)局指標(biāo)為復(fù)發(fā)率、1年無病生存率與復(fù)發(fā)風(fēng)險(xiǎn)的比值比。 結(jié)果 肌瘤粉碎機(jī)的應(yīng)用顯著降低子宮平滑肌肉瘤患者無病生存期(P=0.045)。不做補(bǔ)救性手術(shù)(P=0.005)或者大于30 d后再做補(bǔ)救性手術(shù)(P=0.042)的無病生存期均顯著地短于30 d以內(nèi)做補(bǔ)救性手術(shù)。患者年齡、FIGO分期、核分裂象、術(shù)后輔助化療等因素均與無病生存期無關(guān)。結(jié)論 腔鏡中應(yīng)用肌瘤粉碎機(jī)會(huì)顯著減少隱匿性子宮平滑肌肉瘤患者無病生存期。對于這些患者,初次手術(shù)后及早做補(bǔ)救性手術(shù),可以顯著改善預(yù)后。

        [關(guān)鍵詞] 平滑肌肉瘤;子宮惡性腫瘤;粉碎機(jī);子宮肌瘤剔除

        [中圖分類號(hào)] R737.33? ? ? ? ? [文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)識(shí)碼] B? ? ? ? ? [文章編號(hào)] 1673-9701(2020)29-0093-05

        [Abstract] Objective To evaluate the effect of the application of myoma pulverizer in laparoscopic surgery on the treatment outcome of patients with occulted leiomyosarcoma of uterus. Methods Thirty-three cases of occulted and continuous leiomyosarcoma from January to December 2018 were enrolled and followed up (15 cases in pulverizer group and 18 cases in non-pulverizer group). The observation indicators were age, menopausal status, FIGO stage, nuclear fission, time of remedial surgery, whether adjuvant chemotherapy was performed after surgery, and follow-up (including recurrence time and recurrence site). Outcome measures were the recurrence rate, 1-year disease-free survival rate, and the odds ratio of recurrence risk. Results The application of myoma pulverizer can significantly reduce the disease-free survival of patients with uterine leiomyosarcoma(P=0.045). The disease-free survival of patients without remedial surgery(P=0.005) or with remedial surgery after more than 30 days(P=0.042) was shorter than that of patients with remedial surgery in 30 days. Age, FIGO stage, nuclear fission, and postoperative adjuvant chemotherapy were not associated with disease-free survival. Conclusion Endoscopic use of myoma pulverizer can significantly reduce disease-free survival in patients with occulted leiomyosarcoma of the uterus. For these patients, early remedial surgery after the initial operation can significantly improve the prognosis.

        [Key words] Leiomyosarcoma; Uterine malignant tumor; Pulverizer; Myomectomy

        子宮肉瘤是一種較為少見的子宮實(shí)體惡性腫瘤,約占女性生殖系統(tǒng)惡性腫瘤的3%[1]。子宮平滑肌瘤的肉瘤惡變率為0.13%~0.81%[2]。子宮平滑肌肉瘤(Uterine leiomyosarcoma,LMS)為子宮肉瘤的最常見病理類型,占30%~40%[3]。完整的全子宮切除是目前惟一有效的治療方法。而其他療法,如化療、放療、內(nèi)分泌治療、靶向治療等,療效均有限[4]。早期LMS沒有特異性癥狀,術(shù)前檢查很難與子宮平滑肌瘤鑒別[5]。臨床上,LMS往往通過術(shù)中快速冰凍病理或術(shù)后常規(guī)病理檢查意外發(fā)現(xiàn)。

        肌瘤粉碎機(jī)是一種在腹腔內(nèi)將肌瘤等較大病灶粉碎成條索狀或碎片狀,方便從腹腔鏡置管孔取出的手術(shù)器械,也稱為“旋切器”。一些研究顯示,肌瘤粉碎機(jī)的應(yīng)用會(huì)促進(jìn)隱匿性LMS的腹腔內(nèi)播散,并導(dǎo)致較差的預(yù)后[6-8]。2014年美國食品藥品監(jiān)督局(FDA)發(fā)布聲明,認(rèn)為腹腔鏡肌瘤剔除術(shù)或者子宮切除術(shù)中應(yīng)用肌瘤粉碎機(jī),會(huì)增加癌癥醫(yī)源性擴(kuò)散的風(fēng)險(xiǎn),因此需要嚴(yán)格限定肌瘤粉碎機(jī)的應(yīng)用范圍[9]。FDA要求肌瘤粉碎機(jī)標(biāo)簽新增三條禁忌證:禁止用于子宮肌瘤懷疑惡變的婦科手術(shù),禁止用于圍絕經(jīng)期或者絕經(jīng)后女性,禁止用于切除組織能從陰道或者微創(chuàng)切口完整取出的手術(shù)[10]。但是有研究發(fā)現(xiàn),肌瘤粉碎機(jī)所導(dǎo)致的較差預(yù)后并差異無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義[11]。兩項(xiàng)系統(tǒng)性綜述均顯示術(shù)中意外發(fā)現(xiàn)的子宮平滑肌肉瘤患病率很低,分別為1/8300[12]或1/10 000~13/10 000[13],遠(yuǎn)低于FDA所估計(jì)的患病率(1/498)[9]。因此FDA基于過高患病率估計(jì)而做出的決定是否科學(xué)客觀,值得討論。目前國內(nèi)仍有很多醫(yī)療機(jī)構(gòu)在使用肌瘤粉碎機(jī),比如2017年一項(xiàng)國內(nèi)研究提到[14],45例腹腔鏡肌瘤剔除手術(shù)全部采用了肌瘤粉碎機(jī),但未討論這種器械使用所可能帶來的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。因?yàn)殡[匿性子宮平滑肌肉瘤的患病率很低,而意外使用肌瘤粉碎機(jī)的病例更少,所以國際上對這方面的臨床病例研究較少。對這種意外,應(yīng)該采用哪種補(bǔ)救措施,能對患者的治療帶來獲益,這方面的研究更是少之又少。

        在國內(nèi),這種小概率事件沒有引起足夠的重視。國內(nèi)使用肌瘤粉碎機(jī)的情況仍較普遍。誠然,肌瘤粉碎機(jī)在方便手術(shù)醫(yī)生操作、減少手術(shù)時(shí)間等方面有積極的作用,“一刀切”完全禁用也不合理。未來可以改進(jìn)肌瘤的取出方式,例如采用封閉式的粉碎旋切技術(shù),或用取物袋套牢腫瘤并提拉至腹壁小切口,用手術(shù)刀切碎取出,或者從陰道穹窿做小切口取出等。1項(xiàng)系統(tǒng)性綜述顯示,子宮平滑肌肉瘤用肌瘤粉碎機(jī)取出瘤體,5年生存率為30%,而改用手術(shù)刀切碎取出后,5年生存期與開腹手術(shù)將瘤體完整取出的接近,分別為59%與60%[13]。一項(xiàng)隨機(jī)對照的臨床試驗(yàn)顯示,對腹腔鏡子宮肌瘤剔除術(shù)進(jìn)行改進(jìn),將肌瘤標(biāo)本放在自制標(biāo)本袋中,再進(jìn)行粉碎取出,此增加的保護(hù)措施理論上可降低意外肉瘤播散風(fēng)險(xiǎn),但與傳統(tǒng)手術(shù)相比,手術(shù)時(shí)間與住院時(shí)間并未顯著延長[19]。此外,對于絕經(jīng)前后的婦女,肌瘤短期內(nèi)增大明顯,以及影像學(xué)提示惡性可疑的患者,應(yīng)禁用肌瘤粉碎機(jī)。對術(shù)中應(yīng)用肌瘤粉碎機(jī)的情況,手術(shù)醫(yī)師需要在術(shù)前將相關(guān)風(fēng)險(xiǎn)詳盡告知患方,得到患方知情同意。

        針對于已經(jīng)發(fā)生的肌瘤粉碎機(jī)錯(cuò)誤應(yīng)用,或初次手術(shù)未行完整的子宮雙附件切除的情況,均應(yīng)該及時(shí)行補(bǔ)救性手術(shù)。補(bǔ)救性手術(shù)方式采用子宮雙附件切除,并行徹底的腹腔探查、腹水脫落細(xì)胞檢查,必要時(shí)行腹膜后淋巴結(jié)活檢或者大網(wǎng)膜切除。Cao等[20]研究顯示,初次手術(shù)與二次分期手術(shù)之間的時(shí)間間隔長短對預(yù)后并無影響,但本研究發(fā)現(xiàn)初次手術(shù)后30 d以上再行補(bǔ)救性手術(shù),復(fù)發(fā)風(fēng)險(xiǎn)是30 d以內(nèi)補(bǔ)救手術(shù)的7.41倍(1.07~51.19倍),而不行補(bǔ)救性手術(shù)的復(fù)發(fā)風(fēng)險(xiǎn)則更高,高達(dá)28.90倍(2.82~296.42倍)。既往的文獻(xiàn)顯示,化療對肉瘤并不敏感,本次研究也發(fā)現(xiàn)術(shù)后輔助化療并未對患者的無病生存期帶來獲益(P=0.706)。因此,及早、并徹底完整的手術(shù)切除,是子宮平滑肌肉瘤治療的關(guān)鍵所在。

        [參考文獻(xiàn)]

        [1] Olah KS,Gree H,Blunt S,et al. Retrospective analysis of 318 cases of uterine sarcoma[J]. Eur J Cancer,1991,27(9):1095-1099.

        [2] Berchuch A,Rubin SC,Hoskins WJ,et al. Treatment of uterine leiomyosarcoma[J]. Obstet Gynecol,1988,71(6 Pt 1):845-850.

        [3] Tavassoéli FA,Devilee P. World health organization classification of tumours in:Pathology and genetics of tumors of the breast and female genital organs[M].4th ed. IARC Press:Lyon,2003:62.

        [4] Nam JH,Park JY.Update on treatment of uterine sarcoma[J].Curr Opin Obstet Gynecol,2010,22(1):36-42.

        [5] Amant F,Coosemans A,Debiec-Rychter M,et al. Clinical management of uterine sarcomas[J]. Lancet Oncol,2009, 10(12):1188-1198.

        [6] Anupama R,Ahmad SZ,Kuriakose S,et al. Disseminated peritoneal leiomyosarcomas after laparoscopic myomectomy and morcellation[J]. J Minim Invasive Gynecol,2011, 18(3):386-389.

        [7] Park JY,Park SK,Kim DY,et al. The impact of tumor morcellation during surgery on the prognosis of patients with apparently early uterine leiomyosarcoma[J]. Gynecol Oncol,2011,122(2):255-259.

        [8] Rekha W,Amita M,Sudeep G,et al. Unexpected complication of uterine myoma morcellation[J]. Aust NZJ Obstet. Gynaecol,2005,45(3):248-249.

        [9] USFood and Drug Administration. Quantitative assessment of the prevalence of unsuspected uterine sarcoma in women undergoing treatment of uterine fibroids:summary and key findings[EB/OL]. Maryland:FDA Safety Communication,2014[2020-03-10]. https://www.fda.gov/media/88703/download.

        [10] US Food and Drug Administration. Laparoscopic Power Morcellators[EB/OL]. Maryland:FDA Safety Communication,2020-2-25[2020-03-10]. https://www.fda.gov/medical-devices/surgery-devices/laparoscopic-power-morcellators.

        [11] Morice P,Rodriguez A,Rey A,et al. Prognostic value of initial surgical procedure for patients with uterine sarcoma:analysis of 123 patients[J]. Eur J Gynaecol Oncol,2003, 24(3-4):237-240.

        [12] Pritts EA,Vanness DJ,Berek JS,et al. The prevalence of occult leiomyosarcoma at surgery for presumed uterine fibroids:A meta-analysis[J]. Gynecol Surg,2015,12(3):165-177.

        [13] Hartmann KE,F(xiàn)onnesbeck C,Surawicz T,et al. Management of Uterine Fibroids[M/OL]. Rockville:Agency for Healthcare Research and Qualityj,2017[2020-3-10]. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK537742/

        [14] 何麗娜,李慧,張澤慧. 腹腔鏡子宮肌瘤剜除術(shù)與開腹子宮肌瘤剜除術(shù)的臨床效果比較[J]. 中國性科學(xué),2017, 26(12):37-40.

        [15] Della BC,Karini H. Endometrial stromal sarcoma diagnosed after uterine morcellation in laparoscopic supracervical hysterectomy[J]. J Minim Invasive Gynecol,2010, 17(6):791-793.

        [16] Park JY,Kim DY,Kim JH,et al. The impact of tumor morcellation during surgery on the outcomes of patients with apparently early low-grade endometrial stromal sarcoma of the uterus[J]. Ann Surg Oncol,2011,18(12):3453-3461.

        [17] Pritts EA,Parker WH,Brown J,et al. Outcome of occult uterine leiomyosarcoma after surgery for presumed uterine fibroids:a systematic review[J]. J Minim Invasive Gynecol,2015,22(1):26-33.

        [18] Lieng M,Berner E,Busund B. Risk of morcellation of uterine leiomyosarcomas in laparoscopic supracervical hysterectomy and laparoscopic myomectomy,a retrospective trial including 4791 women[J]. J Minim Invasive Gynecol,2015,22(3):410e4.

        [19] Shi X,Shi L,Zhang S. A comparative study on the short-term clinical efficacy of the modified laparoscopic uterine comminution technique and traditional methods[J]. Mol Clin Oncol,2020,12(3):237-243.

        [20] Cao H,Li L,Yang B,et al. Unexpected uterine sarcomas after hysterectomy and myomectomy for presumed leiomyoma:A retrospective study of 26,643 patients[J].Cancer Manag Res,2019,25(11):7007-7014.

        (收稿日期:2020-02-09)

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