劉志國 李海霞 王蕾 邊永君 李光熙 李國勤 榮毅 亢秀紅
[摘要] 目的 研究皮內針調理肝肺法治療慢性難治性咳嗽的臨床效果。 方法 根據(jù)Excel生成隨機數(shù)字表,采用隨機、對照、單盲的方法將2015年6月—2016年3月中國中醫(yī)科學院廣安門醫(yī)院門診診斷為肝火犯肺型慢性難治性咳嗽24例患者分為治療組和對照組,每組各12例。兩組均予以基礎治療,在此基礎上,治療組給予皮內針治療,對照組給予真穴安慰針治療。治療4周及治療結束4周隨訪1次。以咳嗽癥狀積分、萊切斯特咳嗽量表(LCQ)和咳嗽視覺模擬評分(VAS)得分作為主要評估指標。 結果 研究過程中對照組脫落3例,失訪2例,出差1例,剩余9例。咳嗽癥狀積分:日間咳嗽時間點比較差異、交互作用差異均有統(tǒng)計學意義(均P < 0.05),組間比較差異無統(tǒng)計學意義(P > 0.05)。夜間咳嗽評分時間點比較差異有統(tǒng)計學意義(均P < 0.05),組間比較及交互作用差異均無統(tǒng)計學意義(均P > 0.05)。組內比較:治療4周后、療程結束后4周,治療組日間咳嗽積分和夜間咳嗽積分均較治療前降低,對照組夜間咳嗽積分較治療前降低(均P < 0.05)。VAS評分:咳嗽程度、咳嗽頻率評分組間比較、時間點比較差異均有統(tǒng)計學意義(均P < 0.05),交互作用差異無統(tǒng)計學意義(P > 0.05)。夜間咳嗽評分時間點比較差異有統(tǒng)計學意義(均P < 0.05),組間比較及交互作用差異均無統(tǒng)計學意義(均P > 0.05)。組內比較:治療4周后、療程結束后4周,兩組的咳嗽程度、咳嗽頻率和夜間咳嗽評分均較治療前降低(均P < 0.05)。組間比較:治療4周后、療程結束后4周,治療組的咳嗽程度、咳嗽頻率評分均低于對照組(均P < 0.05)。LCQ評分:生理部分、心理部分、社會部分評分時間點比較差異有統(tǒng)計學意義(均P < 0.05),組間比較及交互作用差異均無統(tǒng)計學意義(均P > 0.05)。總分的組間比較、時間點比較、交互作用差異均無統(tǒng)計學意義(均P > 0.05)。組內比較:治療4周后、療程結束后4周,治療組生理部分、心理部分、社會部分評分均高于治療前,差異均有統(tǒng)計學意義(均P < 0.05),療程結束后4周,對照組心理部分、社會部分評分均高于治療前,差異均有統(tǒng)計學意義(均P < 0.05)。 結論 皮內針治療慢性難治性咳嗽安全有效。治療效果主要體現(xiàn)在減輕咳嗽的嚴重程度及減少咳嗽的頻率方面。
[關鍵詞] 皮內針;難治性咳嗽;咳嗽視覺模擬量表;萊切斯特咳嗽量表;咳嗽癥狀積分
[中圖分類號] R265.11? ? ? ? ? [文獻標識碼] A? ? ? ? ? [文章編號] 1673-7210(2020)10(c)-0173-05
Clinical effect of treating chronic refractory cough with intradermal needle regulating liver and lung
LIU Zhiguo1,2? ?LI Haixia3? ?WANG Lei1? ?BIAN Yongjun1? ?LI Guangxi1? ?LI Guoqin1? ?RONG Yi1? ?KANG Xiuhong4
1.Department of Respiratory, Guang′anmen Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing? ?100053, China; 2.Training Center, Guang′anmen Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing? ?100053, China; 3.Department of Dermatology, Chongqing Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital, Chongqing? ?402760, China; 4.Department of Gastroenterology, Beijing Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Capital Medical University, Beijing? ?100010, China
[Abstract] Objective To study the clinical effect of treating chronic refractory cough with intradermal needle regulating liver and lung. Methods According to Excel, a random number table was generated, and the 24 patients diagnosed as liver fire invading lung type chronic refractory cough in the outpatient clinic of Guang′anmen Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences from June 2015 to March 2016 were divided into treatment group and control group by random, controlled and single blind method, with 12 cases in each group. Both groups were given basic treatment, on this basis, the treatment group was given intradermal needle treatment, and the control group was given true acupoint comfort needle treatment. Treatment was performed for four weeks, and one follow-up was performed after four weeks of treatment. Cough symptom score, Leicester cough questionnaire (LCQ) and cough visual analogue scale (VAS) scores were used as the main evaluation indicators. Results During the study, three cases of abscission, two cases of loss of follow-up, one case of business trip and the remaining nine cases were in the control group. Cough symptom scores: there were statistically significant differences in the time points and the interaction of daytime cough between the two groups (all P < 0.05), but no statistically significant differences between the two groups (P > 0.05). The differences of night cough score at time points were statistically significant (all P < 0.05), while the differences between the two groups and interaction were not statistically significant (all P > 0.05). Intra-group comparison: after four weeks of treatment and four weeks after the end of the treatment course, the scores of daytime cough and night cough in the treatment group were all lower than those before treatment, and the scores of night cough in the control group were lower than those before treatment (all P < 0.05). VAS score: there were statistically significant differences in the scores of cough degree and cough frequency between groups and at time points (all P < 0.05), but no statistically significant difference in the interaction (P > 0.05). The differences of night cough score at time point were statistically significant (all P < 0.05), while the differences between the two groups and interaction were not statistically significant (all P > 0.05). Intra-group comparison: after four weeks of treatment and four weeks after the end of treatment course, cough degree, cough frequency and night cough score of the two groups were all lower than those before treatment (all P < 0.05). Comparison between groups: after four weeks of treatment and four weeks after the end of treatment course, the scores of cough degree and cough frequency in the treatment group were lower than those in the control group (all P < 0.05). LCQ scores: there were statistically significant differences in the time points of the physiological, psychological and social part scores (P < 0.05), while the differences between the two groups and interaction were not statistically significant (all P > 0.05). There were no statistically significant differences between the two groups, time points and interaction in the total score (all P > 0.05). Intra-group comparison: after four weeks of treatment and four weeks after the end of treatment course, the treatment group physical parts, psychological part, social part scores were higher than those before treatment, the differences were statistically significant (all P < 0.05), four weeks after the end of treatment course, the control group psychological part, social part scores were higher than those before treatment, the differences were statistically significant (all P < 0.05). Conclusion Intradermal needle is safe and effective in treating chronic refractory cough. The therapeutic effect is mainly reflected in reducing the severity and frequency of cough.
[Key words] Intradermal needle; Refractory cough; Cough visual analogue scale; Leicester cough questionnaire; Cough symptom score
咳嗽是呼吸科門診最常見的臨床癥狀之一。難治性咳嗽是指病因診斷不明和/或療效欠佳的慢性咳嗽。現(xiàn)有咳嗽指南推薦的診治流程要求在仔細詢問病史和體檢基礎上,選擇必要的輔助檢查以查明慢性咳嗽的可能病因,結合針對病因的治療反應來證實或排除診斷[1-2]。文獻報道8%~10%的成年人口患有慢性咳嗽[3],尤其是女性(80%)[4]?;颊叻磸褪褂每股鼗蜴?zhèn)咳藥物治療,效果不佳,給患者生理、心理造成嚴重影響[5]。目前尚不清楚慢性咳嗽的發(fā)生機制,其發(fā)病機制可能包括咳嗽反射超敏反應、外周敏感化和中樞敏感化等[6-7],常見的危險因素是病毒感染、空氣污染、環(huán)境暴露、寒冷的氣候和吸煙。ACCP指南確定了四類治療方法-非藥物療法、吸入糖皮質激素、神經調節(jié)療法和其他療法[8-9]。而常規(guī)治療的副作用卻不能令人滿意。許多醫(yī)生推薦使用非藥物療法,例如健康的生活方式教育[10]、言語干預[11]和呼吸訓練[12]等。針灸療法(AT)作為中藥的非藥物療法已被廣泛用于治療多種疾病,例如哮喘[13],慢性阻塞性肺疾病(COPD)[14]、抑郁癥[15]等。研究顯示針灸治療咳嗽效果顯著[16],但操作不方便。皮內針療法是以特制的小型針具固定于腧穴的皮內或皮下,進行較長時間埋藏的一種針灸方法,操作簡便易行[17]。本研究旨在系統(tǒng)評估皮內針治療慢性難治性咳嗽的效果。
1 資料與方法
1.1 診斷標準
1.1.1 西醫(yī)診斷標準? 根據(jù)中華醫(yī)學會呼吸病學分會哮喘學組制定的2009年版《咳嗽的診斷與治療指南》[18]慢性咳嗽的診斷標準:①X線胸片或胸部CT無明顯異常;②以咳嗽為主要甚至惟一的癥狀;③咳嗽持續(xù)時間>8周;④無明顯的咳嗽原因;⑤經過常規(guī)治療但效果不佳且病因未查明者。
1.1.2 中醫(yī)診斷分型標準? 中醫(yī)診斷標準參照《咳嗽中醫(yī)診療專家共識意見(2011版)[19]中屬于肝火犯肺證者。肝火犯肺型咳嗽癥見:上氣咳逆陣作,咳時面紅目赤,咳引胸痛,可隨情緒波動增減,煩熱咽干,口干口苦,常感痰滯嘔喉,咯之難出,量少質黏,胸脅脹痛,舌質紅,苔薄黃少津,脈弦數(shù)。
1.2 納入標準
①符合上述慢性難治性咳嗽的西醫(yī)診斷標準;②符合上述肝火犯肺證的中醫(yī)診斷標準;③中西醫(yī)常規(guī)治療時間>1個月,咳嗽癥狀積分下降<2分;④年齡18~75歲;⑤患者同意并簽署知情同意書。
1.3 排除標準
①有其他慢性呼吸系統(tǒng)疾病者,如肺間質纖維化、慢性支氣管炎、肺部腫瘤、肺氣腫、肺心病、COPD、呼吸衰竭等;②已明確診斷慢性咳嗽的病因:包括上氣道咳嗽綜合征、嗜酸性粒細胞性支氣管炎、變應性咳嗽、咳嗽變異性哮喘、胃食管返流綜合征、藥物反應、肺部感染、肺及氣管內膜結核、成人百日咳等;③妊娠期和哺乳期婦女;④診斷合并有心、肝、腎及造血系統(tǒng)等嚴重原發(fā)病的患者。
1.4 一般資料
選擇2015年6月—2016年3月中國中醫(yī)科學院廣安門醫(yī)院(以下簡稱“我院”)門診診斷為肝火犯肺型慢性難治性咳嗽的患者24例作為研究對象,樣本篩選自此期間的2800例慢性咳嗽患者。按隨機數(shù)字表法,采用隨機、對照、單盲的方法將24例患者分為治療組和對照組,每組各12例。治療組男3例,女9例,平均年齡(47.53±12.50)歲,平均病程(13.33±9.14)年;對照組男0例,女12例,平均年齡(49.15±14.94)歲,平均病程(13.28±9.56)年。兩組性別、年齡、病程比較,差異無統(tǒng)計學意義(P > 0.05),具有可比性。本研究經我院醫(yī)學倫理委員會審核通過,患者知情同意并簽署知情同意書。
1.5 治療方法
基礎治療:使用白三烯受體拮抗劑、鎮(zhèn)咳藥等西藥及中藥治療。
治療組在基礎治療的基礎上,增加皮內針治療,針具為蘇州華佗醫(yī)療器械有限公司生產的圖釘型皮內針,規(guī)格為0.2 mm×1.5 mm,針灸穴位為印堂、雙側尺澤、雙側列缺、雙側合谷、雙側太沖。將皮內針貼于穴位表面,按壓1 min。治療共8次,每周2次,20 min/次。共治療4周。對照組在基礎治療的基礎上,增加真穴安慰針(圖釘型皮內針去掉針尖、只余膠布和環(huán)形針柄制成)治療,穴位同治療組。不進行按壓刺激。共治療10次,前2周每周3次,后2周每周2次,共治療4周。每次針具需在患者身上持續(xù)24 h,患者回家到時間后自行取下。
1.6 觀察指標
療程結束后4周通過醫(yī)院就診的方式進行隨訪。治療前、治療4周后、療程結束后4周記錄患者咳嗽癥狀積分、視覺模擬評分(VAS)、萊切斯特咳嗽量表(LCQ)評分。
1.6.1 咳嗽癥狀積分? 咳嗽癥狀積分是一種分欄式評分法,于1994年由Hsu等[20]首先提出,該評分表根據(jù)咳嗽發(fā)生時間分為日間和夜間兩部分,再按咳嗽頻率、強度和對睡眠及日常活動影響程度劃分為0~5分,6個等級,0分為無咳嗽,5分為最劇烈的咳嗽。我國2009年版咳嗽指南[18]中推薦使用的咳嗽積分表是從咳嗽癥狀積分表演變而來的,它將原來按咳嗽嚴重程度劃分為0~5分的6個等級縮減為0~3分的4個等級。0分為無咳嗽;1分偶有短暫性咳嗽或入睡時短暫咳嗽或偶有夜間咳嗽;2分頻繁咳嗽,影響日常生活或因咳嗽輕度影響夜間睡眠;3分頻繁咳嗽,嚴重影響日常生活或因咳嗽嚴重影響夜間睡眠。
1.6.2 VAS? VAS[21]由一條10 cm長的線組成,刻度從0~10 cm。0分為無痛;≤3分為有輕微的咳嗽,能忍受;4~6分為咳嗽嚴重并影響睡眠,尚能忍受;7~10分:咳嗽難忍,影響食欲,影響睡眠。
1.6.3 LCQ? LCQ[22]由Birring于2003年創(chuàng)立,涉及生理、心理和社會3個方面。共有19個項目,每個項目分為7個級別。19項各項均按1~7分進行評分,生存質量越低得分越低。判讀標準:LCQ的最小重要性差異(MID)為1.3分,即患者覺得有意義的最小健康變化,分值升高1.3分說明治療有臨床意義。
1.7 統(tǒng)計學方法
數(shù)據(jù)使用epidata3.0建庫,使用SPSS 20.0統(tǒng)計學軟件對所得數(shù)據(jù)進行分析。計量資料采用均數(shù)±標準差(x±s)表示,兩組組間比較采用獨立樣本t檢驗;重復測量的計量資料采用重復測量方差分析。計數(shù)資料采用例數(shù)表示,組間比較采用χ2檢驗。以P < 0.05為差異有統(tǒng)計學意義。
2 結果
試驗結束后,對照組脫落3例,失訪2例,出差1例,完成有效病例21例。
2.1 兩組治療前后咳嗽癥狀積分比較
整體分析發(fā)現(xiàn):日間咳嗽時間點比較差異、交互作用差異均有統(tǒng)計學意義(P < 0.05),組間比較差異無統(tǒng)計學意義(P > 0.05)。夜間咳嗽評分時間點比較差異有統(tǒng)計學意義(P < 0.05),組間比較及交互作用差異均無統(tǒng)計學意義(均P > 0.05)。組內比較:治療4周后、療程結束后4周,治療組日間咳嗽積分和夜間咳嗽積分均較治療前降低,對照組夜間咳嗽積分較治療前降低(均P < 0.05)。見表1。
2.2 兩組治療前后咳嗽VAS評分比較
整體分析發(fā)現(xiàn):咳嗽程度、咳嗽頻率評分組間比較、時間點比較差異均有統(tǒng)計學意義(均P < 0.05),交互作用差異無統(tǒng)計學意義(P > 0.05)。夜間咳嗽評分時間點比較差異有統(tǒng)計學意義(P < 0.05),組間比較及交互作用差異均無統(tǒng)計學意義(均P > 0.05)。組內比較:治療4周后、療程結束后4周,兩組的咳嗽程度、咳嗽頻率和夜間咳嗽評分均較治療前降低(均P < 0.05)。組間比較:治療4周后、療程結束后4周,治療組的咳嗽程度、咳嗽頻率評分均低于對照組(均P < 0.05)。見表2。
2.4 兩組治療前后LCQ問卷評分比較
整體分析發(fā)現(xiàn):生理部分、心理部分、社會部分評分時間點比較差異有統(tǒng)計學意義(均P < 0.05)。組間比較及交互作用差異均無統(tǒng)計學意義(均P > 0.05)??偡纸M間比較、時間點比較、交互作用差異均無統(tǒng)計學意義(均P > 0.05)。組內比較:治療4周后、療程結束后4周,治療組生理部分、心理部分、社會部分評分均高于治療前,差異均有統(tǒng)計學意義(均P < 0.05),療程結束后4周,對照組心理部分、社會部分評分均高于治療前,差異均有統(tǒng)計學意義(均P < 0.05)。見表3。
3 討論
本研究結果顯示,皮內針治療能顯著改善慢性難治咳嗽患者的癥狀,也可以一定程度上改善慢性難治咳嗽患者的生活質量,停藥后針刺治療仍起作用。在慢性難治咳嗽的治療中,普通針刺療法較常采用,皮內針的治療使用較少。傳統(tǒng)的針刺療法雖然有效,但其治療頻率通常是每周2~3次,缺乏持續(xù)緩解咳嗽的作用,且刺激相對較大,容易出現(xiàn)暈針、出血等不良反應。而皮內針能對皮膚產生微弱而持久的刺激,調節(jié)經絡和臟腑的功能,適用于慢性頑固性疾病或留針時間較長的疼痛性疾病。在本研究中,治療組的針頭為0.2 mm×1.5 mm的推針式皮內針,刺激較小,不影響其日常活動。與普通針刺療法比較,皮內針操作簡便,無特殊場地要求,刺激量小、對患者傷害小,即使是害怕針灸的患者也能接受并很容易實施。因此,對于慢性難治咳嗽患者,皮內針治療是一種值得推廣的中醫(yī)技術。
此外,實驗中還發(fā)現(xiàn),罹患慢性難治咳嗽的女性患者比例遠高于男性患者,這與咳嗽的流行病學研究一致[23]。本研究患者中中年女性多見,這個年齡段的女性處于更年期,情緒焦慮,精神緊張,容易引起精神障礙,導致習慣性咳嗽或心理性咳嗽的發(fā)生[24-26]。今后,如何對慢性難治咳嗽開展規(guī)范治療、在基層或社區(qū)醫(yī)院推廣皮內針療法、進一步研究女性患者更多罹患慢性難治咳嗽的病因病機,將是我們研究的重點方向。
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(收稿日期:2020-07-16)
[基金項目] 中國中醫(yī)科學院廣安門醫(yī)院國家中醫(yī)臨床研究示范基地科研專項暨所級科研基金課題(2014S282)。
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