亚洲免费av电影一区二区三区,日韩爱爱视频,51精品视频一区二区三区,91视频爱爱,日韩欧美在线播放视频,中文字幕少妇AV,亚洲电影中文字幕,久久久久亚洲av成人网址,久久综合视频网站,国产在线不卡免费播放

        ?

        Analysis of Semantic Change from Lexical Perspective

        2020-05-19 15:05:49楊忠妍
        校園英語·月末 2020年2期
        關(guān)鍵詞:北京大學(xué)出版社教程簡(jiǎn)介

        【Abstract】This paper intends to analyze semantic change from a lexical perspective. It introduces the types of semantic change of words and the forces triggering the change. Through analyzing this, people can gain more awareness of the words they mostly take for granted and have a better understanding of the diachronic change of words meanings.

        【Key words】words; semantic change; types; forces

        【作者簡(jiǎn)介】楊忠妍(1994.03.01-),女,漢族,山東德州人,山東協(xié)和學(xué)院,助教,碩士,研究方向:外國(guó)語言學(xué)及應(yīng)用語言學(xué)。

        I. Introduction

        Language is symbolic, so each word serves as a symbol in relation to a specific meaning. (Hu Zhuanglin, 2009) Semantic change refers to the change of meaning of a word. It plays a very important role in increasing the vocabulary of a language. In analyzing the types and causes of semantic change, people can have a general picture about the diachronic change of English words meaning.

        II. Types of Semantic Change

        Three major types of semantic change of words are broadening, borrowing, and shift.

        2.1 Broadening

        Semantic broadening also called generalization or extension. It refers to the process in which the meaning of a word becomes more general or inclusive than its historically earlier denotation.(He Zhaoxiong&Mei Deming, 1999) An example of semantic broadening is the modern use of the word “dog”. In the old days, “dog” had a narrower meaning and was used for a hunting breed only. Then its meaning was broadened to encompass all breeds of canine animals. Its connotative meaning has also been extended in modern casual speech to refer metaphorically to a disliked person.

        2.2 Semantic narrowing

        Semantic narrowing also called specialization. It is a process in which the meaning of a word becomes less general or inclusive than its historically earlier meaning. An example of semantic narrowing that occurred is Old English “hund” (hound), a word which was once used for any breed of dog; whereas in Modern English the meaning has been narrowed to a particular kind of dog. Likewise, the word “deer” was used earlier to refer to any animal, but its modern reference has been narrowed down to only a specific species. Another example of semantic narrowing is the word “mete”(meat), which was once used for any kind of food. Todays “meat” has become restricted to the flesh of some specific types of animals.

        2.3 Semantic shift

        Semantic shift is a process of semantic change in which a word loses its former meaning and acquires a new, sometimes related, meaning. An example of semantic shift is the word “silly”. Quite surprisingly, a “silly” person was a happy person in Old English, and a naive person in Middle English, but has become a foolish person in Modern English. Several hundred years ago, when people claimed to be too “fond”, they did not mean that they like somebody too much, but that they are just too foolish. On the other hand, a “nice” person living a thousand years ago was not necessarily a kind and sweet person, but rather, an ignorant person. When one performed an “immortal” act, it used to be regarded as an uncustomary act, instead of an unethical act.

        Ⅲ. The forces triggering semantic change

        Coseriu pointed out that the main force of semantic change is that the speaker intends to realize his expressive and communication purpose. Traditionally, the forces triggering semantic changes may be grouped into three points: linguistic forces, socio-cultural forces and mental forces.

        3.1 Linguistic forces

        3.1.1 Interdependent synonym

        Semantic change due to the differentiation of synonyms is a gradual change observed in the course of language history, sometimes, but not necessarily, involving the semantic assimilation of loan words. Consider, for example, the words “time” and “tide”. They used to be synonyms. Then “tide” took on its more limited application to the periodically shifting waters, and “time” alone is used in the general sense.

        3.1.2 Fixed context

        Fixed context may be regarded as another linguistic factor in semantic change. A typical example is the word “token”. When brought into competition with the loan word “sign”, it became restricted in use to a number of set expressions such as “l(fā)ove token”, “token of respect” and so became specialized in meaning.

        3.1.3 Reason of economy

        Human tends to omit some redundant words for the reason of economy. Thats so called ellipsis. Due to ellipsis “starve” which originally meant “die” came to substitute the whole phrase “die of hunger”, and also began to mean “suffer from lack of food” and even in colloquial use “to feel hungry”. Moreover as there are many words with transitive and intransitive variants naming cause and result, “starve” came to mean “to cause to perish with hunger”.

        3.2 Socio-cultural factors

        3.2.1 Society change

        Human languages have survived for thousands years. During this long period of time, human languages have undergone many changes because of political, economic, cultural reasons. And the change of word meanings is in accordance with it. For example, the Chinese expression“小姐” was used to refer to the daughter of rich and important families. During the Cultural Revolution, it referred to the young women who do not belong to the revolutionary rank and not to be trusted. When Chinese opened up to the outside world, it gradually became popular again. Its popularity did not live very long however, before it began to mean the lover of rich businessmen and corrupt officials. Now it its out of favor again. (Liu Runqing&Wen Xu, 2006)

        3.2.2 New notions appear

        As the development of the science and technology, new items are created. And these things also need to be named, so we need to create new words to name them, such as “aspirin”, “nylon” and “zipper”. And the development of the Internet also contribute to the meaning change of words. For example, the expression“土豪” in land revolution period meant that a person that owned a lot of lands, however, it means that a person is rich and spends his prodigally nowadays.

        3.3 Mental factors

        A euphemism is a mild, indirect or less offensive word or expression substituted when the speaker or writer fears more direct wording might be harsh, unpleasantly direct, or offensive. For example, in many cultures, people avoid using direct words that pertain to death or dying, instead, they say “pass away”, “be no more”, “rest in peace”, “go to his final resting place”, “kick the bucket”etc.

        IV. Conclusion

        As the society is keeping proceeding constantly, the evolution of English words is still undergoing continuous alteration inevitably. The complexity of such a semantic change in light of lexicon leads to an inescapable fact that it becomes of increasingly great important to have a holistic idea about the causes and processes of the change. For a language learner, it is never too crucial to bear in mind that those changes happening in English word meaning do have huge impacts upon the language learning. Nowadays, with the development and popularity of internet, English has taken in large number of fresh blood to its new vocabulary, which either describes new inventions or newly formed abbreviations, etc. Under such circumstances, it is instrumental and significant to be sensitive to their change, only by doing so, can we polish our English.

        References:

        [1]何兆熊,梅德明.現(xiàn)代語言學(xué)[M].外語教學(xué)與研究出版社,1999.

        [2]胡壯麟.語言學(xué)教程[M].北京大學(xué)出版社,2006.

        [3]劉潤(rùn)清,文旭.新編語言學(xué)教程[M].外語教學(xué)與研究出版社,2006.

        猜你喜歡
        北京大學(xué)出版社教程簡(jiǎn)介
        Integration of Communicative Language Teaching and Speech Acts
        速讀·上旬(2021年4期)2021-07-23 08:38:31
        A Cognitive Study of English Body Idioms in Textbooks from the Perspective of Conceptual Metaphors
        西部論叢(2018年11期)2018-10-19 09:11:24
        挽碧制作教程
        意林(2018年15期)2018-08-31 04:33:20
        Research on Guidance Mechanism of Public Opinion in Colleges and Universities in Micro Era
        Book review on “Educating Elites”
        Hometown
        A Pragmatic Study of Gender Differences in Verbal Communication
        高效渲染教程
        Overseas and Domestic Research Status of Analysis of Humor from the Perspective of Cooperative Principle
        《閱讀教程》三、四冊(cè)修辭格分析
        久久久久亚洲av无码专区首jn| 亚洲熟女少妇精品久久| 精品久久综合日本久久综合网| 97se狠狠狠狠狼鲁亚洲综合色| 精品无码国产自产野外拍在线| 亚洲国产欧美另类va在线观看 | 中文无码人妻有码人妻中文字幕| 人妻av乱片av出轨| AV成人午夜无码一区二区| 黄片亚洲精品在线观看| 久久久久久夜精品精品免费啦| 久久久久久久岛国免费观看| 国产一级黄色录像| 亚洲综合精品一区二区| 麻豆md0077饥渴少妇| 天天躁日日躁狠狠躁人妻| 亚洲欧美国产精品久久久| 亚洲女同免费在线观看| 亚洲av无码专区在线观看成人| 老太脱裤让老头玩ⅹxxxx| 亚洲av色香蕉一区二区蜜桃| 国产精品国产三级国产av18| 成人午夜性a级毛片免费| 久久精品国产99久久丝袜| 国产激情免费观看视频| 欲香欲色天天天综合和网| 色伦专区97中文字幕| 在线亚洲AV不卡一区二区| 国产精品女主播在线播放| 妺妺窝人体色www聚色窝仙踪| 中国年轻丰满女人毛茸茸| 亚洲香蕉av一区二区蜜桃| 日韩av一区二区网址| 国产亚洲精品资源在线26u| 神马不卡一区二区三级| 亚洲捆绑女优一区二区三区 | 久久久国产精品免费无卡顿| 久久影院最新国产精品| 东京热久久综合久久88| 波多野结衣亚洲一区二区三区 | 中文字幕亚洲一区二区三区|