得閱讀者得英語。高考英語閱讀理解主要考查考生理解文章主旨要義、理解文中具體信息、根據(jù)上下文推斷詞義、根據(jù)短文判斷和推理、理解文章的基本結(jié)構(gòu)以及理解作者的意圖與態(tài)度等方面的能力。其設(shè)題主要包括細(xì)節(jié)理解題、推理判斷題、詞義猜測(cè)題和主旨大意題。

1.細(xì)節(jié)理解題：這類試題考查考生對(duì)文中某一細(xì)節(jié)或重要事實(shí)的辨認(rèn)、理解。因此，考生應(yīng)該首先閱讀短文 （特別是廣告、說明文等） 后面的問題，找出“key words”，確定所需查找的細(xì)節(jié)及事實(shí)的范圍，然后利用略讀法快速確定文中的相應(yīng)出處，并對(duì)其進(jìn)行轉(zhuǎn)換、加工，直至確定最佳答案。

2.推理判斷題屬于主觀性極強(qiáng)的高層次閱讀理解題。做這類題目時(shí)，要嚴(yán)格依據(jù)作者所陳述的細(xì)節(jié)、事實(shí)以及作者的措詞，找出能夠表露作者思想傾向和感情色彩的詞語，然后利用自己已獲得的相關(guān)知識(shí)進(jìn)行推理判斷，從而得出符合邏輯的結(jié)論。應(yīng)注意：當(dāng)問及作者的看法、意圖與態(tài)度時(shí)，不是在問你作為中國(guó)學(xué)生的想法，而是作者本人在字里行間所表述的觀點(diǎn)。推理判斷題又可細(xì)分成四大類：推斷隱含意義，題干中通常含有infer， suggest， imply， conclude， indicate等標(biāo)志性詞語;推斷作者觀點(diǎn)或態(tài)度，題干中含有attitude towards...;according to the author;think...等;推斷寫作目的，關(guān)鍵詞有purpose， intention， aim， goal等;推斷文章出處，題干含有be taken from， appear， a part of等。

3.詞義猜測(cè)題主要是找準(zhǔn)關(guān)鍵詞，如：定義或解釋說明be， be called， means， as... as...， that is to say， refer to， in other words; 對(duì)比關(guān)系but， however， yet， otherwise， while， though， instead of 等;因果關(guān)系because， since， as， for， due to， so， therefore， so... that， such... that， thus等;平行結(jié)構(gòu)、同義詞、近義詞or， and， like， as... as， the same as等;舉例法such， such as， like， for example， for instance等;根據(jù)生活經(jīng)驗(yàn)， 生活常識(shí)，邏輯推理;根據(jù)生詞所在的上下文猜測(cè)詞義;根據(jù)常見的前綴，詞根和后綴進(jìn)行猜詞。

4.主旨判斷題的范圍一般包括：短文標(biāo)題、主題、大意或段落大意等。做這類題目時(shí)，要迅速地剔除文中的細(xì)節(jié)事實(shí)、作者所使用的論據(jù)，找到各段的主題句，然后進(jìn)行歸納、總結(jié)和概括。但要注意：概括出來的中心意思一定要能夠覆蓋全文或整個(gè)段落，絕對(duì)不可離題太遠(yuǎn)、太籠統(tǒng)，或者只概括一段或幾句話的意思。

總之，解題時(shí)一定要力求情緒平穩(wěn)，不要一味追求速度而影響理解的準(zhǔn)確性;不要拘泥于一詞一句的理解;不要遇到不懂的地方就反復(fù)讀，影響閱讀速度。遇到生詞或看不懂的地方先做個(gè)記號(hào)，繼續(xù)看下去，因?yàn)橐恍┮呻y點(diǎn)往往會(huì)在下文中得到解決。

請(qǐng)看下面的一篇文章：

Suppose you become a leader in an organization. Its very likely that youll want to have volunteers to help with the organizations activities. To do so， it should help to understand why people undertake volunteer work and what keeps their interest in the work.

Lets begin with the question of why people volunteer. Researchers have identified several factors that motivate people to get involved. For example， people volunteer to express personal values related to unselfishness， to expand their range of experiences， and to strengthen social relationships. If volunteer positions do not meet these needs， people may not wish to participate. To select volunteers， you may need to understand the motivations of the people you wish to attract.

People also volunteer because they are required to do so. To increase levels of community service， some schools have launched compulsory volunteer programs. Unfortunately， these programs can shift peoples wish of participation from an internal factor （e.g.， “I volunteer because its important to me”） to an external factor （e.g.， “I volunteer because Im required to do so”）. When that happens， people become less likely to volunteer in the future. People must be sensitive to this possibility when they make volunteer activities a must.

Once people begin to volunteer， what leads them to remain in their positions over time？ To answer this question， researchers have conducted followup studies in which they track volunteers over time. For instance， one study followed 238 volunteers in Florida over a year. One of the most important factors that influenced their satisfaction as volunteers was the amount of suffering they experienced in their volunteer positions. Although this result may not surprise you， it leads to important practical advice. The researchers note that attention should be given to “training methods that would prepare volunteers for troublesome situations or provide them with strategies for coping with the problem they do experience”.

Another study of 302 volunteers at hospitals in Chicago focused on individual differences in the degree to which people view “volunteer” as an important social role. It was assumed that those people for whom the role of volunteer was most part of their personal identity would also be most likely to continue volunteer work. Participants indicated the degree to which the social role mattered by responding to statements such as “Volunteering in Hospital is an important part of who I am.” Consistent with the researchers expectations， they found a positive correlation（正相關(guān)） between the strength of role identity and the length of time people continued to volunteer. These results， once again， lead to concrete advice， “Once an individual begins volunteering， continued efforts might focus on developing a volunteer role identity... Items like Tshirts that allow volunteers to be recognized publicly for their contributions can help strengthen role identity”.

1. People volunteer mainly out of ? ?.

A. academic requirements

B. social expectations

C. financial rewards

D. internal needs

【解析】 D?？疾榧?xì)節(jié)理解。根據(jù)文章的第二段和第三段可知，人們做志愿者主要是由于志愿者崗位要求能夠滿足他們自身的需求，故選D。

2. What is the best title of the passage？

A. How to Get People to Volunteer

B. How to Study Volunteer Behaviors

C. How to Keep Volunteers Interest

D. How to Organize Volunteer Activities

【解析】 A?？疾闃?biāo)題判斷。本文主要探討了如何使人們?cè)敢馊プ鲋驹刚?。根?jù)全文內(nèi)容尤其是第一段中“To do so， it should help to understand why people undertake volunteer work and what keeps their interest in the work”可知，本文講述如何鼓勵(lì)人們?nèi)プ鲋驹刚摺?/p>

小試牛刀

If humans were truly at home under the light of the moon and stars， we would go in darkness happily， the midnight world as visible to us as it is to the vast number of nocturnal （夜間活動(dòng)的） species on this planet. Instead， we are diurnal creatures， with eyes adapted to living in the suns light. This is a basic evolutionary fact， even though most of us dont think of ourselves as diurnal beings. Yet its the only way to explain what weve done to the night： Weve engineered it to receive us by filling it with light.

The benefits of this kind of engineering come with consequences—called light pollution—whose effects scientists are only now beginning to study. Light pollution is largely the result of bad lighting design， which allows artificial light to shine outward and upward into the sky. Illdesigned lighting washes out the darkness of night and completely changes the light levels—and light rhythms—to which many forms of life， including ourselves， have adapted. Wherever human light spills into the natural world， some aspect of life is affected.

In most cities the sky looks as though it has been emptied of stars， leaving behind a vacant haze （霾） that mirrors our fear of the dark. Weve grown so used to this orange haze that the original glory of an unlit night—dark enough for the planet Venus to throw shadows on Earth—is wholly beyond our experience， beyond memory almost.

Weve lit up the night as if it were an unoccupied country， when nothing could be further from the truth. Among mammals alone， the number of nocturnal species is astonishing. Light is a powerful biological force， and on many species it acts as a magnet （磁鐵）. The effect is so powerful that scientists speak of songbirds and seabirds being “captured” by searchlights on land or by the light from gas flares on marine oil platforms. Migrating at night， birds tend to collide with brightly lit tall buildings.

Frogs living near brightly lit highways suffer nocturnal light levels that are as much as a million times brighter than normal， throwing nearly every aspect of their behavior out of joint， including their nighttime breeding choruses. Humans are no less trapped by light pollution than the frogs. Like most other creatures， we do need darkness. Darkness is as essential to our biological welfare， to our internal clockwork， as light itself.

Living in a glare of our own making， we have cut ourselves off from our evolutionary and cultural heritage—the light of the stars and the rhythms of day and night. In a very real sense， light pollution causes us to lose sight of our true place in the universe， to forget the scale of our being， which is best measured against the dimensions of a deep night with the Milky Way—the edge of our galaxy—arching overhead.

【文章大意】 隨著現(xiàn)代社會(huì)的發(fā)展，城市光污染已經(jīng)成為越來越嚴(yán)重的一個(gè)問題，它給人類和其他生物的生存帶來了負(fù)面影響，此現(xiàn)象正在被科學(xué)家們關(guān)注。

1. The writer mentions birds and frogs to ? .

A. provide examples of animal protection

B. show how light pollution affects animals

C. compare the living habits of both species

D. explain why the number of certain species has declined

【解析】 B?？疾橥评砼袛?。聯(lián)系第四、五段的內(nèi)容可知，作者列舉鳥類和青蛙的例子是為了說明光污染給動(dòng)物帶來的危害，因此選B。

2. What might be the best title for the passage？

A. The Magic Light.

B. The Orange Haze.

C. The Disappearing Night.

D. The Rhythms of Nature.

【解析】 C?？疾闃?biāo)題判斷。結(jié)合全文可知，本文主要圍繞光污染這個(gè)話題展開，本該沒有光的黑夜卻被人造光充斥著，這對(duì)動(dòng)物和人類都造成了危害。所以選C項(xiàng)為文章標(biāo)題比較貼切。

（作者：毛春霞，江蘇省泰州市第三高級(jí)中學(xué)）