陳玲嬌 吳愛惜 王麗珍
[摘要] 目的 探討早期口腔運(yùn)動(dòng)干預(yù)聯(lián)合腹部按摩治療早產(chǎn)兒喂養(yǎng)不耐受的效果。 方法 選取2015年1月~2018年10月出生的早產(chǎn)兒80例,隨機(jī)分為兩組,各40例。對(duì)照組早產(chǎn)兒予以早期口腔運(yùn)動(dòng)干預(yù),包括口腔刺激及非營(yíng)養(yǎng)吸吮兩部分。觀察組早產(chǎn)兒在對(duì)照組基礎(chǔ)上給予腹部按摩。觀察并比較兩組早產(chǎn)兒治療后喂養(yǎng)不耐受及經(jīng)口喂養(yǎng)情況,并比較治療2周后臨床效果。 結(jié)果 觀察組早產(chǎn)兒喂養(yǎng)不耐受發(fā)生率明顯低于對(duì)照組,開始經(jīng)口喂養(yǎng)時(shí)間及完全經(jīng)口喂養(yǎng)時(shí)間明顯短于對(duì)照組(P<0.05)。治療2周后,觀察組早產(chǎn)兒臨床總有效率明顯高于對(duì)照組(χ2=4.50,P<0.05)。 結(jié)論 早期口腔運(yùn)動(dòng)干預(yù)聯(lián)合腹部按摩用于早產(chǎn)兒的臨床效果確切,可提高喂養(yǎng)效果,減少喂養(yǎng)不耐受的發(fā)生,盡早達(dá)完全經(jīng)口喂養(yǎng)。
[關(guān)鍵詞] 喂養(yǎng)不耐受;早產(chǎn)兒;口腔運(yùn)動(dòng)干預(yù);腹部按摩
[中圖分類號(hào)] R722.6? ? ? ? ? [文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)識(shí)碼] B? ? ? ? ? [文章編號(hào)] 1673-9701(2020)02-0077-03
Effect of early oral exercise intervention combined with abdominal massage on feeding intolerance in premature infants
CHEN Lingjiao? ?WU Aixi? ?WANG Lizhen
Department of Pediatrics, Taizhou Hospital Taizhou, Enze Medical Center (Group) in Zhejiang Province, Linhai? ?317000, China
[Abstract] Objective To investigate the effect of early oral exercise intervention combined with abdominal massage on feeding intolerance in premature infants. Methods 80 premature infants born between January 2015 and October 1818 were randomly divided into two groups, with 40 patients in each group. Premature infants in the control group were given early oral exercise interventions, including oral stimulation and non-nutritive sucking. Premature infants of the observation group were treated with abdominal massage based on the treatment of the control group. The feeding intolerance and oral feeding after treatment in the two groups were observed and compared, and the clinical effects after 2 weeks of treatment were compared. Results The incidence of feeding intolerance in the observation group was significantly lower than that in the control group, and the oral feeding time and complete oral feeding time in the observation group was significantly shorter than that of the control group(P<0.05). After 2 weeks of treatment, the total clinical effective rate of preterm infants in the observation group was significantly higher than that of the control group (χ2=4.50, P<0.05). Conclusion Early oral exercise intervention combined with abdominal massage for premature infants has clear clinical effect, which can improve feeding effect, reduce the occurrence of feeding intolerance, and complete oral feeding as soon as possible.
[Key words] Feeding intolerance; Premature infant; Oral exercise intervention; Abdominal massage
早產(chǎn)兒因消化道尚未完全發(fā)育成熟和神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)調(diào)節(jié)障礙等因素,喂養(yǎng)后極易發(fā)生喂養(yǎng)不耐受現(xiàn)象,表現(xiàn)為腹脹、頻繁嘔吐、吃奶困難和胃儲(chǔ)留等,從而不能盡早實(shí)現(xiàn)全量經(jīng)口喂養(yǎng),使得早產(chǎn)兒營(yíng)養(yǎng)攝入不足,影響其生長(zhǎng)發(fā)育。因此,對(duì)早產(chǎn)兒予以積極有效干預(yù),預(yù)防喂養(yǎng)不耐受及改善其營(yíng)養(yǎng)狀況是臨床治療的關(guān)鍵[1-3]。早期口腔運(yùn)動(dòng)干預(yù)和腹部按摩均為目前治療早產(chǎn)兒喂養(yǎng)不耐受較常用方法,但兩者聯(lián)合使用國(guó)內(nèi)報(bào)道較少[4-5]。本研究分析早期口腔運(yùn)動(dòng)干預(yù)聯(lián)合腹部按摩治療早產(chǎn)兒喂養(yǎng)不耐受的效果,現(xiàn)報(bào)道如下。
1 資料與方法
1.1 一般資料
選取2015年1月~2018年10月在我院產(chǎn)科出生的早產(chǎn)兒80例。納入標(biāo)準(zhǔn)[6]:(1)胎齡28~37周,生命體征平穩(wěn);(2)5 min Apgar評(píng)分≥8分。排除標(biāo)準(zhǔn)[7]:口腔或消化道畸形、嚴(yán)重心肺疾病、顱內(nèi)感染、遺傳代謝疾病及敗血癥等。按照隨機(jī)數(shù)字表法將分為兩組,各40例。兩組早產(chǎn)兒性別、胎齡、體質(zhì)量和5 min Apgar評(píng)分等比較,差異無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>0.05),具有可比性。見表1。
1.2 治療方法
對(duì)照組早產(chǎn)兒予以早期口腔運(yùn)動(dòng)干預(yù),包括口腔刺激及非營(yíng)養(yǎng)吸吮兩部分,其中口腔刺激即喂養(yǎng)前0.5 h予以嘴唇、臉頰、牙齦和舌頭等部位進(jìn)行刺激;非營(yíng)養(yǎng)吸吮即讓早產(chǎn)兒吸吮無孔安撫奶嘴10 min/次,5次/d。觀察組早產(chǎn)兒在對(duì)照組基礎(chǔ)上再加腹部按摩即早產(chǎn)兒喂養(yǎng)后1 h取平臥位,按環(huán)形或U形按摩腹部,按摩以臍為中心,手法輕緩柔和,不可用力過重,15 min/次,2次/d。觀察并比較兩組早產(chǎn)兒治療后喂養(yǎng)不耐受及經(jīng)口喂養(yǎng)情況,并比較治療2周后臨床效果。
1.3 觀察指標(biāo)
1.3.1 喂養(yǎng)不耐受及經(jīng)口喂養(yǎng)情況? 包括喂養(yǎng)不耐受發(fā)生率,開始經(jīng)口喂養(yǎng)時(shí)間及完全經(jīng)口喂養(yǎng)時(shí)間,其中喂養(yǎng)不耐受是指早產(chǎn)兒出現(xiàn)嘔吐、腹脹及奶汁潴留等情況;開始經(jīng)口喂養(yǎng)時(shí)間是指首次經(jīng)口奶瓶喂養(yǎng)≥5 mL/次;完全經(jīng)口喂養(yǎng)時(shí)間是指經(jīng)口喂養(yǎng)奶量120 mL/(kg·d)。
1.3.2 效果評(píng)估標(biāo)準(zhǔn)[8]? 顯效:早產(chǎn)兒吸吮力顯著好轉(zhuǎn),胃殘留量明顯減少,嘔吐及腹脹癥狀基本消失,腸鳴音基本恢復(fù);有效:早產(chǎn)兒吸吮力有所好轉(zhuǎn),胃殘留量有所減少,嘔吐及腹脹有所減輕,腸鳴音有所增強(qiáng);無效:未達(dá)上述標(biāo)準(zhǔn)??傆行О@效+有效。
1.4 統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)處理
應(yīng)用SPSS18.0軟件,計(jì)量資料以均數(shù)±標(biāo)準(zhǔn)差(x±s)表示,采用t檢驗(yàn),計(jì)數(shù)資料以[n(%)]表示,采用χ2檢驗(yàn),以P<0.05為差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。
2 結(jié)果
2.1 兩組早產(chǎn)兒治療后喂養(yǎng)不耐受及經(jīng)口喂養(yǎng)情況比較
觀察組早產(chǎn)兒喂養(yǎng)不耐受發(fā)生率明顯低于對(duì)照組,開始經(jīng)口喂養(yǎng)時(shí)間及完全經(jīng)口喂養(yǎng)時(shí)間明顯短于對(duì)照組(P<0.05)。見表2。
表2? ?兩組早產(chǎn)兒治療后喂養(yǎng)不耐受及經(jīng)口喂養(yǎng)情況比較
2.2 兩組早產(chǎn)兒療效比較
治療2周后,觀察組早產(chǎn)兒臨床總有效率明顯高于對(duì)照組(χ2=4.50,P<0.05)。見表3。
表3? ?兩組早產(chǎn)兒療效比較[n(%)]
3 討論
喂養(yǎng)不耐受是指新生兒開奶后出現(xiàn)的胃潴留、嘔吐、返流、腹脹等現(xiàn)象,是早產(chǎn)兒最常見的并發(fā)癥之一,主要是由于早產(chǎn)兒胎齡小、體質(zhì)量低、胃腸道功能發(fā)育尚不健全,尤其是胃腸道的動(dòng)力發(fā)育相對(duì)較滯后,加上吸吮和口腔吞咽功能較差,引起消化吸收功能障礙,導(dǎo)致胃腸道功能失調(diào),引起腸道喂養(yǎng)不耐受,主要表現(xiàn)為頻繁嘔吐、腹部飽脹和胃內(nèi)容物殘留等,影響腸道熱量攝取不足,導(dǎo)致營(yíng)養(yǎng)物質(zhì)的攝入不足,影響其生長(zhǎng)發(fā)育,嚴(yán)重時(shí)危及早產(chǎn)兒生存,因此,如何減少早產(chǎn)兒喂養(yǎng)不耐受和保證營(yíng)養(yǎng)物質(zhì)的供應(yīng)是兒科醫(yī)護(hù)人員關(guān)心的重要問題[9-10]。以往臨床上常采用早期的管飼喂養(yǎng)或胃腸外營(yíng)養(yǎng)來滿足早產(chǎn)兒的日常營(yíng)養(yǎng)需求,雖有一定的效果,但早期的管飼喂養(yǎng)對(duì)消化道正常刺激減少,不僅可致多種胃腸道并發(fā)癥發(fā)生,而且可引起胃腸道黏膜萎縮;胃腸外營(yíng)養(yǎng)不僅可影響早產(chǎn)兒的正常的味覺和知覺的發(fā)育,而且胃腸道黏膜因刺激減少發(fā)生廢用性萎縮,削弱了早產(chǎn)兒的胃腸功能結(jié)構(gòu)完整性,對(duì)胃腸道激素的合成分泌、活性都有不利的影響,影響胃腸道的正常發(fā)育[11,12]。
本研究通過早期口腔運(yùn)動(dòng)干預(yù)聯(lián)合腹部按摩用于早產(chǎn)兒取得了較好的效果,其中早期口腔運(yùn)動(dòng)干預(yù)通過對(duì)早產(chǎn)兒嘴唇、臉頰、牙齦和舌頭等部位的適當(dāng)刺激,這不僅可刺激口腔黏膜及肌肉中的感覺神經(jīng)的末稍,提高肌肉的興奮性緩解其痙攣,有利于口腔肌肉的協(xié)調(diào)發(fā)育,使口咽部肌肉的收縮性、運(yùn)動(dòng)強(qiáng)度及定向反射等得以增加,刺激早產(chǎn)兒口腔運(yùn)動(dòng)反射的建立和成熟[13,14];還可促進(jìn)胃泌素、胃動(dòng)素等內(nèi)源性胃腸激素的分泌釋放,提高胃腸蠕動(dòng)的動(dòng)力;并能誘發(fā)正常的吞咽反射建立,提高吞咽與吸吮反射的協(xié)調(diào)性,有助于早產(chǎn)兒吮吸模式的建立和成熟,使得吸吮動(dòng)作更有力,有利于每日攝入奶量均衡,從而縮短經(jīng)口喂養(yǎng)的時(shí)間,盡快達(dá)完全經(jīng)口喂養(yǎng)[15-17];同時(shí)還可促進(jìn)早產(chǎn)兒對(duì)類乳頭建立條件反射,逐漸建立起吸吮-吞咽-呼吸間的協(xié)調(diào)式運(yùn)動(dòng),降低經(jīng)口喂養(yǎng)對(duì)早產(chǎn)兒呼吸的影響,有效推動(dòng)早產(chǎn)兒胃腸功能的發(fā)育及成熟,提高喂養(yǎng)的耐受程度,降低喂養(yǎng)不耐受的發(fā)生[18,19]。腹部按摩是一種胃腸道機(jī)械性刺激方式,通過神經(jīng)反饋機(jī)制刺激胃腸道的迷走神經(jīng)反射,不僅可增加胃腸道平滑肌的血流量,而且可刺激膈肌發(fā)育,增加胃腸壁肌肉張力,促進(jìn)胃腸壁細(xì)胞發(fā)育,增強(qiáng)胃腸道的蠕動(dòng)及促進(jìn)胃腸道的消化吸收,提高早產(chǎn)兒的食欲,使奶量攝入增加,縮短胃腸道內(nèi)容物的停留,加快胃腸道的排泄[20,21]。早產(chǎn)兒予以早期口腔運(yùn)動(dòng)干預(yù)聯(lián)合腹部按摩干預(yù)可使早產(chǎn)兒盡快具有主動(dòng)攝入足夠生長(zhǎng)發(fā)育所需營(yíng)養(yǎng)的能力,降低喂養(yǎng)期間并發(fā)癥的發(fā)生,能減少或防止壞死性小腸結(jié)腸炎的發(fā)生,從而使早產(chǎn)兒早日康復(fù)。本研究結(jié)果顯示,觀察組早產(chǎn)兒喂養(yǎng)不耐受發(fā)生率明顯低于對(duì)照組,開始經(jīng)口喂養(yǎng)時(shí)間及完全經(jīng)口喂養(yǎng)時(shí)間明顯短于對(duì)照組,且治療2周后,觀察組早產(chǎn)兒臨床總有效率明顯高于對(duì)照組。提示早期口腔運(yùn)動(dòng)干預(yù)聯(lián)合腹部按摩用于早產(chǎn)兒的效果明顯優(yōu)于單純的早期口腔運(yùn)動(dòng)干預(yù),可提高喂養(yǎng)效果,減少喂養(yǎng)不耐受的發(fā)生,盡早達(dá)完全經(jīng)口喂養(yǎng)。
總之,早期口腔運(yùn)動(dòng)干預(yù)聯(lián)合腹部按摩用于早產(chǎn)兒的臨床效果確切,可提高喂養(yǎng)效果,減少喂養(yǎng)不耐受的發(fā)生,盡早達(dá)完全經(jīng)口喂養(yǎng)。早期口腔運(yùn)動(dòng)干預(yù)與腹部按摩的聯(lián)合使用,有利于發(fā)揮兩種干預(yù)措施在早產(chǎn)兒經(jīng)口喂養(yǎng)治療中的積極效應(yīng),獲得疊加式提升效果,提高經(jīng)口喂養(yǎng)治療的安全性和有效性。
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(收稿日期:2019-01-22)