著：（德）邁克·施托克曼（德）伊爾可·馬紹爾 譯：孔洞一

在經(jīng)濟(jì)、社會(huì)和文化發(fā)展過程中，往往有一些并不那么明顯的景觀要素細(xì)節(jié)，使得景觀呈現(xiàn)出它們各自不同的“面孔”。比如，泥灰?guī)r洞穴、冰窖、石鋪街、紀(jì)念石、石砌墻或頭形樹等①（圖1）?！兜聡鴩易匀槐Ｗo(hù)法》②、《德國國家空間規(guī)劃法》③以及各個(gè)州的相關(guān)法規(guī)，都規(guī)定了對“歷史性文化景觀”的保護(hù)[1]。而現(xiàn)實(shí)中的情況往往是隨著道路修建、居住區(qū)拓展、土地整合和土地利用性質(zhì)變更等建造活動(dòng)，越來越多的歷史性文化景觀要素正在消亡。造成這樣情況的原因很多，而對這些文化景觀要素的認(rèn)知缺失和價(jià)值評(píng)判失誤是其重要原因之一。特別是在鄉(xiāng)村地區(qū)，歷史性物質(zhì)要素的消亡可能引起景觀多樣性和特性的喪失，從而使得景觀的可識(shí)別性顯著降低。

2000年的歐盟部長會(huì)議通過了《歐洲景觀公約》，并將其作為成員國的簽字協(xié)議而執(zhí)行?！稓W洲景觀公約》采用整體思考方法，將景觀理解為人類棲息地的一部分，表達(dá)其作為文化和自然遺產(chǎn)二者統(tǒng)一的多樣性，并且以此新景觀概念的定義作為區(qū)域風(fēng)貌的可識(shí)別性的理論基礎(chǔ)。而這一界定，使得景觀的概念，在某些方面與德國普遍實(shí)行的自然保護(hù)實(shí)踐發(fā)生了沖突。后者只專注于實(shí)現(xiàn)生態(tài)目標(biāo)，而往往忽略了景觀的文化歷史維度。而“歷史性文化景觀”的概念，則符合《歐洲景觀公約》所要求的一個(gè)整體的景觀保護(hù)目標(biāo)，即綜合考慮自然、歷史、文化和生態(tài)等因素，來評(píng)價(jià)景觀狀態(tài)和潛力的要求[2]。

1 圖林根特色文化景觀元素舉例An example of a cultural landscape element in Thuringia1-1 魏瑪市Niedergrunstedt區(qū)的地窖Cellar in Niedergrunstedt District, Weimar City1-2 Frienstedt的饅頭柳Pollarded willows in Frienstedt

2 KLEKs編輯器2005版本主界面Main interface of the KLEKs Editor version 2005

1 文化景觀要素收集系統(tǒng)“KLEKs”的創(chuàng)建和發(fā)展過程

對景觀的歷史文化維度方面的分析研究，有很多途徑。歷史性文化景觀要素的概念，為景觀的現(xiàn)狀表述、價(jià)值評(píng)估和規(guī)劃實(shí)踐提供了良好的可操作方式。目前在德國也存在多種與之相對應(yīng)的分類和收集體系。其中，最全面的歷史性文化景觀要素?cái)?shù)據(jù)系統(tǒng)之一是“KLEKs”。它擁有迄今超過30萬的文化景觀要素?cái)?shù)據(jù)庫。

KLEKs系統(tǒng)最初是1999年在新勃蘭登堡應(yīng)用科學(xué)大學(xué)的景觀保護(hù)專業(yè)的教學(xué)項(xiàng)目中開始建立的（表1）。當(dāng)時(shí)的背景是：1997年開始的德國梅克倫堡—前波莫瑞州的國家支持的鄉(xiāng)村聯(lián)盟“就業(yè)創(chuàng)新項(xiàng)目”中，需要對眾多的縣鄉(xiāng)范圍的歷史性文化景觀要素進(jìn)行收集和歸檔的工作。其專業(yè)方面的技術(shù)支持，是由新勃蘭登堡應(yīng)用科學(xué)大學(xué)的師生們承擔(dān)的。在此之前的幾年中，遺產(chǎn)協(xié)會(huì)“Landesheimatverband”以紙質(zhì)文件記錄了各種歷史元素，遵循W?bse提供的方法。當(dāng)時(shí)的數(shù)據(jù)還都是采用軟盤或者CD-Rom來儲(chǔ)存的。其中KLEKs系統(tǒng)編輯器作為Windows 98/XP桌面應(yīng)用程序的第一次編程，是由Maik St?ckmann先生完成。而第一批KLEKs數(shù)據(jù)集，最終也作為學(xué)生學(xué)期項(xiàng)目成果來展現(xiàn)。同時(shí)，KLEKs編輯器也被提供給對此感興趣的鄉(xiāng)村研究者。他們使用手頭收集的數(shù)據(jù)，如眾多里程碑或老磨坊的位置、信息和圖片等，來利用編輯器自助登記（圖2）。他們當(dāng)中的一些鄉(xiāng)土歷史專家，往往對當(dāng)?shù)氐臍v史性文化景觀要素有廣泛而深刻的認(rèn)知。對這些鄉(xiāng)土專家所提供知識(shí)的登記也是非常重要的。到了2000年的時(shí)候，梅克倫堡—前波莫瑞州境內(nèi)已經(jīng)有大概6 000個(gè)文化景觀要素在數(shù)據(jù)庫里被登入。接著，KLEKs系統(tǒng)也逐漸地向著德國其他的州和地區(qū)推廣擴(kuò)展。2004年，KLEKs系統(tǒng)收錄了超過2萬個(gè)要素信息。2009年，系統(tǒng)的數(shù)據(jù)庫存量已突破了19萬個(gè)文化景觀要素信息，其中包含大約1.5萬個(gè)簡述性文稿和3萬張照片（圖3）。

2 研究方法

KLEKs概念的出發(fā)點(diǎn)，最初是根據(jù)W?bse在1997年所倡議的“建立景觀要素登記表”的想法而發(fā)展起來的。W?bse希望對于一些特別的景觀要素的收集進(jìn)行規(guī)范化界定[3]。這些要素既不嚴(yán)格屬于自然保護(hù)的范疇，也不完全屬于文化遺產(chǎn)保護(hù)的范疇。而事實(shí)證明，這個(gè)想法在實(shí)踐中難以實(shí)現(xiàn)，原因有2個(gè)。1）自然保護(hù)與文化遺產(chǎn)保護(hù)自身并沒有明確地界定哪些種類的要素與之相關(guān)。例如，散生石，在梅克倫堡—前波莫瑞州的自然保護(hù)法規(guī)里規(guī)定，只有當(dāng)其表面覆蓋了自然原生植被的情況下，才算作保護(hù)要素，而無視其可能存在的古老的歷史文化價(jià)值。在梅克倫堡—前波莫瑞州，工業(yè)時(shí)代以前的“木炭窯址”也沒有系統(tǒng)性的收集，只有當(dāng)它十分特別或者和古老的考古發(fā)現(xiàn)相關(guān)的時(shí)候才會(huì)被注意到。2）許多項(xiàng)目參與者也將他們的觀察與對整個(gè)文化景觀的歷史增長結(jié)構(gòu)的探索聯(lián)系起來，以探求對文化景觀的整體有更好的理解。所以，局限的“抽屜里的想法”（德語諺語，不開放的思維）是沒有效果的。為了能夠描繪和研究歷史性文化景觀要素的關(guān)系結(jié)構(gòu)，有必要拓展方法論，不僅包括W?bse所列出的景觀元素類型，還應(yīng)包括建筑和自然遺跡、地質(zhì)元素以及今天不再存在的景觀特征和景觀元素（圖4）。

表1 KLEKs系統(tǒng)發(fā)展的時(shí)間過程Tab.1 Chronology of the development of KLEKs system

在KLEKs框架下，基于功能領(lǐng)域劃分的景觀要素類型發(fā)展起來。下面是一個(gè)歷史性文化景觀要素“Galgenberg”的數(shù)據(jù)登記表，它被上面所說的功能類型劃分為“權(quán)力政治”類（圖5）。

長期以來，KLEKs的幾個(gè)合作伙伴一直在尋求對系統(tǒng)的優(yōu)化。其中最重要的是“致力于開發(fā)適用于整個(gè)德國的統(tǒng)一標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的分類規(guī)則和具有移動(dòng)終端功能的登錄系統(tǒng)”[4]。雖然，目前該計(jì)劃因缺乏必要的資金而進(jìn)展緩慢，但KLEKs一直在探索使用更加優(yōu)化的系統(tǒng)和分類標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。

3 KLEKs編輯器和KLEKs數(shù)據(jù)庫

除了Windows應(yīng)用程序的KLEKs編輯器之外，KLEKs還特別支持一個(gè)可網(wǎng)絡(luò)編輯的中央地理數(shù)據(jù)庫，并同時(shí)擁有這個(gè)網(wǎng)絡(luò)編輯器的本地?cái)?shù)據(jù)庫副本。人們可以利用這個(gè)網(wǎng)絡(luò)編輯器執(zhí)行離線數(shù)據(jù)錄入，即使在田野調(diào)查中使用GPS終端輸入也是可以的。新的信息記錄會(huì)自動(dòng)與服務(wù)器數(shù)據(jù)庫同步更新。KLEKs編輯器將專業(yè)地理信息系統(tǒng)的優(yōu)勢與普通桌面應(yīng)用程序的簡單性相結(jié)合，而無須用戶熟悉復(fù)雜的專業(yè)程序。任何人都可以在很短的時(shí)間內(nèi)輕松找到應(yīng)用程序并使用它。交互式地圖可以搭建起用戶與信息系統(tǒng)之間的圖形界面。文化景觀要素可以通過點(diǎn)、線和面的空間形態(tài)被表現(xiàn)出來。這樣的幾何圖形（點(diǎn)線面）信息會(huì)被鏈接到專題信息庫?；诨ヂ?lián)網(wǎng)，地圖中的要素顯示為一種超鏈接形態(tài)，并可附加描述性文本和其他的信息?？筛鶕?jù)內(nèi)容、空間、時(shí)間等維度來排列（所錄入的）元素信息。

信息庫清單包含3個(gè)相關(guān)的信息級(jí)別：

1）具有地理形態(tài)和基本數(shù)據(jù)的核心數(shù)據(jù)庫。例如（景觀）類型和（歷史）年代。

2）具體的不同專業(yè)視角的信息數(shù)據(jù)、評(píng)價(jià)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)、登記表格等。

3）包含文本和照片的HTML文件。該項(xiàng)目主要用于環(huán)境教育和旅游規(guī)劃[5]。

基于軟件開發(fā)框架VisualBasic 6而發(fā)展出來的KLEKs 2014編輯器，不再完全兼容目前的Windows 8/10操作系統(tǒng)，因而必須被淘汰。于是，目前只有KLEKs-Online網(wǎng)絡(luò)編輯器可用（圖6）。而對于Android系統(tǒng)的KLEKs應(yīng)用程序計(jì)劃的新研發(fā)成果，能夠保障KLEKs在田野調(diào)查中現(xiàn)場離線使用。但遺憾的是目前這項(xiàng)研發(fā)項(xiàng)目沒有找到足夠的資金支持。

3 利用專業(yè)GPS儀器在田野里收集文化景觀數(shù)據(jù)Collect cultural landscape data in the fields with a professional GPS device

4 KLEKs在規(guī)劃上的應(yīng)用

將歷史性文化景觀在城市和區(qū)域規(guī)劃實(shí)踐應(yīng)用中的困難，主要存在于：歷史性文化景觀要素的收集、評(píng)估及其規(guī)劃應(yīng)用過程是一個(gè)花費(fèi)巨大且非常耗時(shí)間的過程。此外，對規(guī)劃區(qū)域、信息來源和文獻(xiàn)研究的反復(fù)檢查，也超出了常規(guī)緊張的規(guī)劃時(shí)間。對文化景觀要素的評(píng)估需要對規(guī)劃區(qū)域的自然和歷史特征有新的認(rèn)識(shí)。同時(shí)，通?？捎玫墓俜綌?shù)據(jù)中存在不充分和缺失的信息。而KLEKs則可以幫助建立一個(gè)把自然和文化古跡的官方數(shù)據(jù)與社會(huì)和公民科學(xué)家的集合結(jié)合起來的數(shù)據(jù)系統(tǒng)，從而最大限度地降低景觀規(guī)劃的數(shù)據(jù)采集成本。從這個(gè)意義上，KLEKs從一開始就被設(shè)計(jì)為數(shù)據(jù)庫和操作工具。不幸的是，到目前為止，KLEKs還沒有持續(xù)的融資。由于迄今為止很少得到國家支持，并且也缺乏必要的財(cái)政支持，使得數(shù)據(jù)庫目前尚未健全。

而“文化遺產(chǎn)”與新的歐盟環(huán)境影響評(píng)估指標(biāo)，都在《歐盟遺產(chǎn)保護(hù)法》里有所體現(xiàn)。根據(jù)該法令第三款第1條d項(xiàng)，“特征實(shí)體，文化遺產(chǎn)和景觀是必須作為影響特定保護(hù)項(xiàng)目的直接和間接因素而被徹底評(píng)估”。這里的“文化遺產(chǎn)”評(píng)估，也是指針對環(huán)境的影響評(píng)估衍生的工具和程序[6]。

5 KLEKs在圖林根州的應(yīng)用和現(xiàn)狀

然而，歷史性文化景觀要素的數(shù)據(jù)庫目前仍然主要是基于“志愿參與”的項(xiàng)目來收集的。在KLEKs框架內(nèi)的高校教學(xué)項(xiàng)目也是“志愿參與”的一種形式。目前包括圖林根州在內(nèi)的德國各個(gè)州的KLEKs項(xiàng)目也都是如此。在高校教學(xué)項(xiàng)目下，可以根據(jù)學(xué)生和研究者的興趣，在一定的主題下，來對一些小范圍的文化景觀要素集群和類型進(jìn)行研究（圖7）。

KLEKs系統(tǒng)的應(yīng)用的一個(gè)重要項(xiàng)目是：在埃爾夫特應(yīng)用科學(xué)大學(xué)景觀專業(yè)的教學(xué)課程計(jì)劃支持下建設(shè)的“圖林根文化景觀網(wǎng)站”④。在本科階段的課程里，就已經(jīng)設(shè)置了KLEKs系統(tǒng)的介紹。在碩士階段，學(xué)生定期對某個(gè)主題下的研究區(qū)域內(nèi)的要素，進(jìn)行采集和繪圖工作。最終的期末成果，學(xué)生會(huì)在KLEKs數(shù)據(jù)庫的管理員的輔導(dǎo)下，以標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化的格式將信息錄入到系統(tǒng)中。碩士課程階段，又有更加深入的關(guān)于文化景觀要素的價(jià)值評(píng)估和其規(guī)劃應(yīng)用方面的內(nèi)容。例如，文化景觀游憩道路規(guī)劃或者文化景觀標(biāo)識(shí)牌設(shè)計(jì)。因此，KLEKs系統(tǒng)的應(yīng)用，目前已經(jīng)是埃爾夫特應(yīng)用科學(xué)大學(xué)的景觀規(guī)劃學(xué)科必不可少的教學(xué)內(nèi)容之一。

6 總結(jié)

就像維基百科一樣，KLEKs是一個(gè)基于GIS平臺(tái)的地理信息收集的查詢工具和數(shù)據(jù)庫。所有的人，包括每個(gè)公民、研究人員和規(guī)劃師都可以同樣地享有它的使用權(quán)利。與德國其他州的同類數(shù)據(jù)庫（例如北萊茵—威斯特法倫州的KuLaDig或下薩克森州的ADABweb）相比，它并非專門為政府和官方設(shè)計(jì)的數(shù)據(jù)庫。它的信息來源也非常多樣化，例如有來自文化遺產(chǎn)名錄的清單，有來自當(dāng)?shù)貧v史學(xué)家、鄉(xiāng)村協(xié)會(huì)的資料檔案，也有來自規(guī)劃設(shè)計(jì)事務(wù)所的信息。各種歷史性文化景觀要素的信息、文字和圖片等相關(guān)數(shù)據(jù)都可以作為收集和錄入對象。實(shí)時(shí)的數(shù)據(jù)庫也可以被修改和補(bǔ)充。因此，一個(gè)完成的歷史性文化景觀要素信息的建立可能是一種社會(huì)協(xié)助過程：當(dāng)?shù)氐囊晃粴v史學(xué)家在數(shù)字地圖上標(biāo)注了一個(gè)新的文化景觀要素，而一位博物館工作人員來補(bǔ)充這個(gè)要素的背景文本描述，然后景觀規(guī)劃事務(wù)所的人員來添加實(shí)地調(diào)研中拍攝的照片，并根據(jù)設(shè)計(jì)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)來評(píng)估要素。通過KLEKs，可以實(shí)現(xiàn)全面而完整的歷史性文化景觀要素?cái)?shù)據(jù)庫的建立。它通過廣泛的潛在社會(huì)協(xié)同來節(jié)約成本，并允許通過網(wǎng)絡(luò)公共訪問來不斷增長和改進(jìn)數(shù)據(jù)信息⑤。同時(shí)，KLEKs數(shù)據(jù)庫支持每個(gè)數(shù)據(jù)字段的多語言分隔條目，并且所有使用的術(shù)語以英語并行存儲(chǔ)。然而，應(yīng)該強(qiáng)調(diào)的是，造成KLEKs如此規(guī)模的決定性因素是網(wǎng)絡(luò)普及和迄今為止的大量志愿者的參與。而目前在德國的政府資助下的歷史性文化景觀收集數(shù)據(jù)庫項(xiàng)目，以及相關(guān)有公共資助的數(shù)據(jù)維護(hù)，也只有在大學(xué)這樣的機(jī)構(gòu)里可以生存。

注釋：

① 泥灰?guī)r洞穴、冰窖、石鋪街、紀(jì)念石、石砌墻或頭形樹是幾種德國中部典型的文化景觀要素（譯者注）。

② 《德國國家自然保護(hù)法》，德文：Das deutsche Bundesnaturschutzgesetz。

③ 《德國國家空間規(guī)劃法》，德文：Das Bundesraumordnungsgesetz。

④ 引自 http://www.kulturlandschaft.fh-erfurt。

⑤ 引自 https://www.kleks.app/。

⑥ 圖1來自伊爾可 馬紹爾，圖2來自KLEKs網(wǎng)站，圖3來自Roland Weber，圖4、6來自邁克 施托克曼，圖5來自KLEKs編輯器2010版，圖7來自圖林根州報(bào)的Frank Karmeyer；表1來自邁克 施托克曼。

（編輯/劉玉霞）

4 所收集數(shù)據(jù)的科學(xué)化重組Scientific reorganization of collected data

5 KLEKs編輯器要素表，2010年登入Element form of the KLEKs Editor, accessed in 2010

The inconspicuous evidence of economic,social and cultural development—such as marl pits,ice cellars, cobblestone streets, memorial stones,rock walls or head trees①—often give landscapes their true identity (Fig.1).The German Federal Nature Conservation Act②, the Federal Spatial Planning Act③and the laws of the federal states provide for the protection of historically evolved cultural landscapes[1].In practice, this often fails.Most of the historic cultural landscape elements are disappearing due to urban sprawl in the form of traffic infrastructure, settlement expansion, land consolidation and change of land use patterns.There are many reasons that play a major role in the lack of the appreciation of such elements.Particularly in rural regions, the loss of historical substance can significantly reduce the diversity and peculiarity of the landscape.

The Committee of Ministers of the Council of Europe adopted the European Landscape Convention (ELC) in 2000 and opened it for signature by the member states.The ELC takes a holistic approach and understands landscapes as part of the human habitat, as an expression of a diversity of their common cultural and natural heritage and as the basis of their identity.This is partly contrary to nature protection practice in Germany that is focusing on the implementation of ecological goals and often neglecting the cultural-historic dimension of the landscape.The protection of historic, cultural landscapes responds to the goals of an integrated landscape protection strategy.Therefore, the protection measures as required by ELC consider and evaluate the potentials of a landscape on the basis of its natural,historical, cultural and ecological characteristics[2].

1 Beginnings and chronological development of the cultural landscape element cadastre KLEKs

There are various approaches to the historicalcultural dimension of the landscape that represents a more or less operable way for stocktaking, evaluation,and planning process.However, there are only a handful of approaches to digital data collection.The most comprehensive of all the inventory is “KLEKs” which has over 300,000 recorded information about the cultural landscape elements that are present in the country.Subsequently, the database was introduced with the foundation stone laid in 1999, coincidently in a student project at the University of Applied Sciences Neubrandenburg(the acronym KLEKs stands for “Kulturlandschaft selementekataster”—in English “Cultural landscape element cadastre”).In the years before, various historical elements were documented by the heritage society “Landesheimatverband” in paper-based files following the methodology provided by W?bse[3].The University was asked for support and guidance.As a result, the first “KLEKs Editor” was developed and introduced by student Maik St?ckmann as a desktop application for Windows 98/XP.The data collation was done by floppy disk and CD-Rom.

Consequently, the first KLEKs datasets were created as part of a student project assignment (Tab.1).Simultaneously, the database was also made available to interested local researchers and associations to integrate their knowledge by entering more records, for example,mill sites, milestones etc (Fig.2).The citizen scientists often have knowledge about specific historic landscape elements.As local experts, they are of great importance for the collation of cadastre data.

Almost 6,000 cultural landscape elements were entered in the database by the year 2000,primarily for the federal state of Mecklenburg/Western Pomerania.In the following period, the KLEKs application was extended to other federal states and regions in Germany.Finally, by the year 2004, the KLEKs database contained more than 20,000 elements and by early 2009 had over 190,000 landscape features, about 15,000 further descriptive texts and 30,000 photos (Fig.3).

6 組件和數(shù)據(jù)流Components and data flow

7 埃爾夫特應(yīng)用科技大學(xué)開放日上的KLEKs應(yīng)用演示，2018KLEKs application presentation in the Open Day of University of Applied Sciences in Erfurt, 2018

2 Collection methodology

The inception of the KLEKs was initially the methodical proposal of a paper-based element mapping form propagated by W?bse[3].W?bse wanted to limit the collection to objects, which were previously neither protected by natural means of conservation nor by the preservation of monuments.This methodology proved to be a difficult task to implement in practice for a couple of reasons.Likewise, nature conservationist and monument preservationists had no clarity about the objects relevant to them.Thus, for example,according to the nature conservation law in Mecklenburg/Western Pomerania, stone cairns and bars are only protected if they belong to the natural field hedges, regardless of their possibly age-related cultural-historical value.Pre- and early industrial charcoal kiln sites are not systematically recorded by the archaeological authority unless they are related to older archaeological finds.

Simultaneously, there are many actors involved to explore the historically grown structure of the cultural landscape in a more holistic dimension.In order to characterize and investigate the interactions between cultural-historical landscape elements, it became necessary to expand the methodology.Further, it includes the landscape elements as listed by W?bse and also incorporates the existing architectural and natural monuments.The list also features past elements that no longer exist today.The possible fields of application have been extended, compared to W?bse’s list so that scientific and planning questions can be timely answered (Fig.4).

As part of the KLEKs, a typology of landscape elements was developed, structured according to function-based topics.Thus, a historical“Gallow place” as in the example below is assigned to the function type (“Place of execution”, Fig.5).

The collaboration of associate partners of KLEKs made it necessary to constantly extend the typology.The pragmatic addition of terms over the years resulted in a cluttered grown system that has to be optimized.Therefore, a project was planned, to standardize the overall system of historic landscape element data collection and typology throughout Germany[4].Unfortunately, it was not possible to acquire the necessary funding.Therefore, a very pragmatic and certainly further optimizing typology will continue to be used.

3 KLEKs database and KLEKs Editor

KLEKs consists of a central server-based geodatabase with an Internet-based communication interface called “KLEKs API”.It is built upon LINUX, Apache, PHP and PostgreSQL/PostGIS,where JSON datatypes are extensively used as a supplement to classic relational database structures.The KLEKs Editor uses the KLEKs API to download the object-oriented records from the server and set up a local copy of the central geodatabase.New or modified records are later uploaded to the server database.This allows of fline usages such as field surveys by pairing the KLEKs Editor with a GNSS receiver (Fig.3).The captured data is later automatically synchronized with the server database.Older versions of existing records are archived and can be restored if necessary.Possible conflicts are reported to the administrators.The KLEKs Editor, on the other hand, combines a professional geographic information system with an intuitive user interface.So the user can conveniently understand the application in a short period of time without a special course[5].

Since the KLEKs Editor was developed using“Visual Basic 6” hence the software development framework is no longer compatible with current Windows operating systems, the KLEKs Editor therefore had been shut down in 2014.Instead, the web-based KLEKs Online Editor was introduced.Unfortunately, the planned redevelopment of a KLEKs App could not be realized due to lack of funds, so of fline applications are currently not possible (Fig.6).

4 Use of KLEKs in planning process

There are difficulties to consider historical cultural landscape elements as an important aspect in the regional and municipal planning practice,especially because the collection and assessment of the data is a very expensive process.Moreover, the repeated inspections of the planning areas, sources and literature studies exceed the time available for urgent planning.The assessment of cultural landscape elements requires fresh knowledge about the natural and the historical character of the planning region.At the same time, there is inadequate and missing information in the usually available data.That’s why KLEKs can help to combine the official data of natural and cultural monuments with the collections of societies and citizen scientists and in this way minimize the data acquisition costs for landscape planning.

Unfortunately, until now there is no continuous financing for KLEKs.Above all “cultural heritage”is an important protective measure for EU law.The present EU Environmental Impact Assessment Directive in Article 3 (1) (d) elucidates “physical assets,cultural heritage, and landscape” as factors which have a direct and indirect significant impact on the project and hence must be thoroughly evaluated.This is an impact assessment derivative and procedure done for the environment[6].

5 Status and application of the KLEKs in Thuringia

It is important to note that many of these historical cultural landscape element data sets are currently compiled on a voluntary basis and are confined to student projects.Although, the framework of the KLEK is absolutely comprehensive for Thuringia region.Consequently, the volunteers and researchers of cultural landscape focus on specific topics and elements that are recognizable based on the knowledge and interests (Fig.7).

The KLEKs application is as well part of the cultural landscape education of the Bachelor and Master Degree program in Landscape Architecture at the University of Applied Sciences Erfurt④.In the Bachelor's course, the students are already introduced to cultural landscape analysis.During the Master program, students regularly map a certain section of an area,which is usually placed in a thematic context of mapping.The results are entered by the students in a qualified form with the help of supervisors in the KLEKs database.Furthermore, the projects done at Master level, serve to the valorization of selected elements and areas in the context of the development of “cultural landscape experience trails”, “information boards” etc.

However, the active use of the KLEKs has become an indispensable part of the education system of landscape architects in Erfurt.

6 Summary

Like Wikipedia, KLEKs is a database with GIS-based information and query tools.The system is equally usable by citizens, researchers,and planners.In contrast to other solutions in Germany (e.g.KuLaDig in North Rhine-Westphalia or ADABweb in Lower Saxony), it is not designed as an official database.It contains information from various sources, such as monument lists, local historians, associations and landscape planning of fices.The information is based on texts and photos of diverse historic cultural landscape elements.The records are stored object-oriented, existing data records can be modified, while older record versions are archived.That opens the possibility for a local historian to draw a new landscape element on the digital map, a museum employee to complete a description of the story, and a landscape planning office to add a photo taken in the field while doing surveys and also to evaluate the element according to the design criteria.With KLEKs a comprehensive and complete inventory of historical cultural landscape elements can be achieved.By taking advantage of the potential synergies and by saving costs, it allows access to an extensive, constantly growing and improved database⑤.It should be emphasized that the KLEKs database supports multi-language separated entries as per data field and all terms used are already stored simultaneously in English.

However, the critical factor of the network relies on the number of volunteers.Unfortunately,the funding for the mapping of historical cultural landscape elements, as well as publicly funded data maintenance by universities is not done yet.

Notes:

① Mergelgruben(marl pits), Eiskeller(ice cellars)und Kopfsteinpflasterstra?en(cobblestone streets),Gedenksteine(memorial stones), Lesesteinw?lle oder Kopfb?ume(rock walls or head trees).

② German: Das deutsche Bundesnaturschutzgesetz.

③ German: Das Bundesraumordnungsgesetz.

④ ?http://www.kulturlands·chaft.fh-erfurt.

⑤ ?https://www.kleks.app/.

⑥ Fig.1?Marschall, Fig.2?KLEKs website, Fig.3?Roland Weber, Fig.4, 6?Maik St?ckmann, Fig.5?KLEKs Editor 2010, Fig.7?Frank Karmeyer, TLZ; Tab.1?Maik St?ckmann.