文/五花肉

（支持單位：上海市質(zhì)量和標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化研究院）

不論是單兵突襲的致命一擊，還是軍團(tuán)作戰(zhàn)的飽和打擊，箭都是冷兵器時(shí)代最令人膽寒的遠(yuǎn)攻武器。

Whether it was the fatal blow or the concentrated attack of army combat, arrows were the most chilling long-range weapons in the cold steel war era.

箭桿定準(zhǔn)度Accuracy Depending on Arrow Rod

要確保箭的遠(yuǎn)程打擊威懾力，命中率是關(guān)鍵。這不僅取決于射手的技術(shù)，更取決于箭桿的質(zhì)量，尤其是代表箭桿抗彎強(qiáng)度的重要指標(biāo)——撓度。被弓弦彈射的瞬間，箭桿受力呈弧狀，在飛行中逐漸恢復(fù)筆直，撓度不均會(huì)直接導(dǎo)致箭桿偏離預(yù)設(shè)飛行軌道，大幅降低射擊準(zhǔn)度。

Accuracy was the key of ensuring the deadly force of long-range strike of arrows. Accuracy was not only depends on the archer's technique, but also on the quality of the archer's rod, especially the deflection,which was an important index of arrow rod strength.At the moment of being shot by bowstring, the force on the arrow rod assumed an arc shape, and gradually recovered in fl ight. Uneven def l ection would cause the arrow rod to deviate from the normal fl ight orbit, thus greatly reducing the accuracy.

箭羽助穩(wěn)定Arrow Feathers for Stability

在撓度符合要求的基礎(chǔ)上，古代匠人還通過(guò)安裝箭羽的方式，進(jìn)一步確保箭桿的飛行穩(wěn)定性?！拔宸制溟L(zhǎng)，而羽其一”，箭羽應(yīng)在距箭桿尾部五分之一處，安裝相互對(duì)稱的三簇箭羽。箭羽的多寡需要兼顧射擊速度和射擊準(zhǔn)度的要求，太多會(huì)降低飛行速度，過(guò)少則影響飛行穩(wěn)定。

On the basis of deflection requirement, ancient craftsmen also installed arrow feathers to further ensure the flight stability of the arrow rod. Arrow Feathers should be installed on the position of one fifth length of arrow rod with three symmetrical clusters of arrow feathers. The amount of arrow feathers should achieve the balance of speed and accurancy. Too much would reduce flying speed,while too little would affect flight stability.

箭鏃（一組）·戰(zhàn)國(guó)湖北省博物館藏

無(wú)鋒刃箭鏃（一組）·戰(zhàn)國(guó)湖北省博物館藏

銅箭鏃浙江省博物館藏

銅鏃湖北省博物館藏

箭頭增殺傷Arrowhead for Lethality

箭的最終殺傷力來(lái)自于箭頭。為了減少空氣阻力，箭頭自誕生之初就始終保持尖銳的幾何形態(tài)，從早期的棒形、葉形逐漸進(jìn)化為三角形、三棱錐形。到了戰(zhàn)國(guó)時(shí)期，秦國(guó)工匠發(fā)明了曲面三棱錐箭頭，三個(gè)弧面幾乎完全相同，完美的流線形態(tài)與現(xiàn)代空氣動(dòng)力學(xué)理論不謀而合，導(dǎo)向性和穿透力大幅提升。不僅如此，秦國(guó)還依靠統(tǒng)一工藝標(biāo)準(zhǔn)，成功實(shí)現(xiàn)了這種箭頭的模塊化批量生產(chǎn)，為秦國(guó)軍隊(duì)獨(dú)步天下的遠(yuǎn)攻能力奠定了牢固的基礎(chǔ)。

The lethality of an arrow came from the arrowhead.In order to reduce the air resistance, the arrowhead always maintained a sharp geometric shape since its birth, gradually evolving from rod shape and leaf shape to triangular pyramid shape. In the Warring States period in the acient China, Qin artisans invented curved triangular pyramid arrows. The three curved surfaces were almost identical. The perfect streamline form coincides with modern aerodynamic theory, and its guidance and penetrating power were greatly improved.Furthermore, Qin State also successfully realized the modular mass production of the arrowheads by means of unified process standards, which laid a solid foundation for the Qin army's ability to attack far and wide.

結(jié) 語(yǔ)Conclusion

箭桿、箭羽、箭頭共同構(gòu)成了一支完整的箭，在各自精益求精的同時(shí)，互相協(xié)調(diào)、彼此成就，只為了獲得最佳效益、貢獻(xiàn)完美一擊。

The arrow rod, arrow feather and arrowhead form a complete arrow. While keeping improving, they coordinate with each other and accomplish each other, in order to strike a deadly attack.