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        苧麻麻骨代料栽培平菇的研究

        2019-07-22 08:11:31李楊紅李相才郭曦隆張?jiān)?/span>彭定祥劉立軍
        湖北農(nóng)業(yè)科學(xué) 2019年11期
        關(guān)鍵詞:苧麻平菇培養(yǎng)料

        李楊紅 李相才 郭曦隆 張?jiān)帧∨矶ㄏ椤⒘④?/p>

        摘要:試驗(yàn)以平菇(Pleurotus ostreatus)黑平380為供試菌株,苧麻(Boehmeria nivea L.)麻骨與棉子殼按比例混合,以常規(guī)配方為對(duì)照,進(jìn)行秋季栽培平菇,層架出菇管理,探索麻骨代料栽培平菇的可行性,分析了各配方平菇產(chǎn)量、農(nóng)藝性狀、營(yíng)養(yǎng)品質(zhì)等。結(jié)果表明,含苧麻麻骨各配方平菇的產(chǎn)量、子實(shí)體大小和產(chǎn)出投入比均優(yōu)于對(duì)照,且以T2配方(苧麻麻骨、棉子殼、麩皮、石膏的含量分別為59%、19%、21%、1%)產(chǎn)量最高;含麻骨配方生產(chǎn)的平菇營(yíng)養(yǎng)品質(zhì)與對(duì)照無(wú)顯著差異;含苧麻麻骨的配方基質(zhì)含碳量和含氮量皆低于對(duì)照;基質(zhì)含氮量與平菇生長(zhǎng)周期指標(biāo)顯著正相關(guān)。該研究為平菇生產(chǎn)提供了新的材料來(lái)源和技術(shù)支持,滿足了高產(chǎn)、經(jīng)濟(jì)、實(shí)用和安全的栽培要求,也為麻骨綜合利用開辟了新領(lǐng)域。

        關(guān)鍵詞:平菇(Pleurotus ostreatus);苧麻(Boehmeria nivea L.)麻骨;培養(yǎng)基配方;代料栽培

        中圖分類號(hào):S646.9;S563.1? ? ? ? ?文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)識(shí)碼:A

        文章編號(hào):0439-8114(2019)11-0078-05

        DOI:10.14088/j.cnki.issn0439-8114.2019.11.018? ? ? ? ? ?開放科學(xué)(資源服務(wù))標(biāo)識(shí)碼(OSID):

        Study on substitute cultivation of Plearotus ostreatus by ramie(Boehmeria nivea L.) sticks

        LI Yang-hong1,2,LI Xiang-cai3,GUO Xi-long1,ZHANG Yuan-lin3,PENG Ding-xiang1,LIU Li-jun1

        (1.MOA Key Laboratory of Crop Ecophysiology and Farming System in the Middle Reaches of the Yangtze River/College of Plant Science and Technology,Huazhong Agricultural University,Wuhan 430070,China;2.Garden Management Bureau(Toutunhe District),Urumqi Economic and Technological Development Zone,Urumqi 830026,China;3.Special Products Bureau of Yangxin County,Yangxin 435200,Hubei,China)

        Abstract: Taking Pleurotus ostreatus black-380 as materials, ramie(Boehmeria nivea L.) sticks and cotton seed hull mixed in proportion, the conventional formulation was as control, P. ostreatus was cultivated in autumn and the mushroom management was by layer, the feasibility on substitute cultivation of P. ostreatus by ramie(Boehmeria nivea L.) sticks was explored, and the yield of P. ostreatus, agronomic traits and nutritional quality of all the formulas were analyzed. The results showed that the yield, fruit-body size and output-input ratio of each formula containing ramie sticks were better than the control, and the highest yield was obtained by formula T2(ramie sticks, cotton seed hull, bran and gypsum content was 59%, 19%, 21% and 1%, respectively). The nutritional quality of P. ostreatus had no significant difference between the formula containing ramie sticks and the contrast. The carbon content and nitrogen content of ramie sticks formula were lower than those of the control. There was a significant positive correlation between the nitrogen content of substrate and the growth cycle index of P. ostreatus. This study can provide new material sources and technical support for P. ostreatus production, and meet the requirements of high yield, economic, practical and safe cultivation, and also open up a new field for the comprehensive utilization of hemp bone.

        2.6? 不同配方平菇投入產(chǎn)出比

        由表8可知,5個(gè)配方的產(chǎn)出投入比依次為2.08、1.98、1.42、1.11、1.03。含苧麻麻骨成分的配方其產(chǎn)出投入比均高于對(duì)照,其中T1配方的產(chǎn)出投入比最高,T2配方次之。

        2.7? 不同配方栽培平菇的綜合評(píng)價(jià)

        對(duì)平菇不同配方間各指標(biāo)進(jìn)行綜合評(píng)價(jià)可知,T1和T3配方在產(chǎn)量、生物學(xué)效率、子實(shí)體農(nóng)藝性狀和營(yíng)養(yǎng)性方面與對(duì)照均無(wú)顯著差異,但T1和T3配方的栽培周期顯著短于對(duì)照,且產(chǎn)出投入比高于對(duì)照。T2配方在產(chǎn)量、子實(shí)體農(nóng)藝性狀、營(yíng)養(yǎng)性和安全性方面與對(duì)照均無(wú)顯著差異,但T2配方栽培周期顯著短于對(duì)照,生物學(xué)效率和產(chǎn)出投入比也高于對(duì)照,T4配方各指標(biāo)與對(duì)照均無(wú)顯著差異(表9)。

        3? 小結(jié)與討論

        平菇具有分解有機(jī)物、修復(fù)自然環(huán)境的作用,能將栽培料中的纖維素、半纖維素和木質(zhì)素等降解成小分子營(yíng)養(yǎng)物質(zhì)供自身生長(zhǎng)[13,14]。隨著人類社會(huì)發(fā)展以及對(duì)自然環(huán)境的保護(hù)意識(shí)增強(qiáng),需要更多的綠色、經(jīng)濟(jì)、實(shí)用的替代培養(yǎng)料,實(shí)現(xiàn)平菇的代料栽培,而使用麻骨作為替代培養(yǎng)料是實(shí)現(xiàn)該途徑的有效方法之一。

        使用含苧麻麻骨的培養(yǎng)料與常規(guī)培養(yǎng)料(對(duì)照)在產(chǎn)量上沒(méi)有顯著差異;同時(shí)從菌絲生長(zhǎng)情況來(lái)看,含麻骨配方皆優(yōu)于對(duì)照,菌絲長(zhǎng)速快,滿袋時(shí)間短,采收早。比較各個(gè)配方可知,T2配方產(chǎn)量指標(biāo)最好。在形態(tài)學(xué)方面,含麻骨配方的菌蓋指標(biāo)大于對(duì)照。說(shuō)明使用麻骨作為替代培養(yǎng)料,不僅能達(dá)到產(chǎn)量的要求,而且明顯縮短了平菇栽培周期,節(jié)約上市時(shí)間。96%的苧麻副產(chǎn)物被廢棄[10],以這些儲(chǔ)量豐富、價(jià)格低廉的原材料栽培平菇,經(jīng)濟(jì)效益顯著。

        由其營(yíng)養(yǎng)品質(zhì)來(lái)看,含麻骨配方與對(duì)照沒(méi)有顯著差異。氨基酸總量22.15%~24.31%,低于Chen等[15]用水葫蘆栽培秀珍菇的試驗(yàn)結(jié)果,這可能和培養(yǎng)料基質(zhì)營(yíng)養(yǎng)成分及品種的基因型有一定關(guān)系,總體上含麻骨配方的氨基酸含量普遍高于對(duì)照,尤其是T1配方。在該試驗(yàn)中粗蛋白質(zhì)含量36.07%~38.53%,普遍高于以前的栽培研究[16-18]。試驗(yàn)所得粗脂肪含量為3.50%~4.69%,低于用混有糞肥的小麥秸稈進(jìn)行平菇栽培的研究結(jié)果(7.97%~13.94%)[19]。平菇多糖具有抗腫瘤、抗氧化、抗突變、免疫促進(jìn)及降低膽固醇的作用[20],苗永美等[21]用最佳工藝所生產(chǎn)的平菇,其多糖得率僅為6.48%,而本試驗(yàn)所得平菇多糖含量為7.34%~9.75%,高于其研究結(jié)果。

        從基質(zhì)碳和氮含量來(lái)看,含苧麻麻骨的配方皆低于對(duì)照,而低碳和低氮培養(yǎng)體系有利于平菇酶系統(tǒng)進(jìn)行生物降解而吸收營(yíng)養(yǎng)[22];氮含量與平菇生長(zhǎng)周期存在顯著正相關(guān),該結(jié)果與前人研究相似[23,24],故含麻骨配方較對(duì)照配方更有利于平菇的生長(zhǎng)。

        參考文獻(xiàn):

        [1] SNCHEZ,CARMEN. Cultivation of Pleurotus ostreatus and other edible mushrooms[J].Applied microbiology and biotechnology,2010,85(5):1321-1337.

        [2] CHANG S T. World production of cultivated edible and medicinal mushrooms in 1997 with emphasis on Lentinus edodes (Berk.) Sing, in China[J].International journal of medicinal mushrooms,1999,1(4):291-300.

        [3] ROYSE D J. Influence of spawn rate and commercial delayed release nutrient levels on Pleurotus cornucopiae(oyster mushroom) yield,size,and time to production[J].Applied microbiology and biotechnology,2002,58(4):527-531.

        [4] RAHMAN M,ODHANO E A,HAQ M Z,GUL S. Conversion of lignocellulosic wastes into oyster mushrooms(Pleurotus ostreatus)[J].Journal of the chemical society of Pakistan,2007,29(3):251-255.

        [5] DAHMARDEH M,DAHMARDEH M,HOSSIENABADI R,et al. Comparative study on cultivation and yield performance of Pleurotus ostreatus(oyster mushroom) grown on different substrates(wheat straw and barley straw) and supplemented at various levels of spawn[J].Journal of food agriculture and environment,2010,8(3&4):996-998.

        [6] RUIZRODR?魱GUEZ,ALEJANDRO,SOLERRIVAS C,et al. Effect of olive mill waste(OMW) supplementation to Oyster mushrooms substrates on the cultivation parameters and fruiting bodies quality[J].International biodeterioration and biodegradation,2010,64(7):638-645.

        [7] SEN S,YALCIN M. Utilizing the wastes of valonia oak (Quercus ithaburensis Decne subsp macrolepis) in Pleurotus ostreatus production[J].Ekoloji,2011,20(78):60-65.

        [8] QIU D L,LIU B H,TANG Y,et al. Camptotheca acuminata Decne residue after camptothecin extract as a substrate to produce mushroom spawn[J].Journal of mountain science,2012,9(6):835-841.

        [9] LIU F H,LIANG X N,ZHANG N G,et al. Effect of growth regulators on yield and fiber quality in ramie (Boemheria nivea (L.) Gaud.),China grass[J].Field crops research,2001,69(1):41-46

        [10] 熊和平.苧麻多功能開發(fā)潛力及利用途徑[J].中國(guó)麻業(yè)科學(xué),2001,23(1):22-25.

        [11] 歐陽(yáng)西榮,唐守偉.苧麻高產(chǎn)高效栽培與綜合利用技術(shù)綜述[J].中國(guó)麻業(yè)科學(xué),2008,30(2):84-88.

        [12] BREENE W. Nutritional and medicinal value of speciality mushrooms[J].Journal of food protection,1990,53(10):883-894,899.

        [13] WANG D,SAKODA A,SUZUKI M. Biological efficiency and nutritional value of Pleurotus ostreatus cultivated on spent beer grain[J].Bioresource technology,2001,78(3):293-300.

        [14] KULSHRESHTHA S,MATHUR N,BHATNAGAR P,et al. Cultivation of Pleurotus citrinopileatus on handmade paper and cardboard industrial wastes[J].Industrial crops and products,2013,41:340-346.

        [15] CHEN X X,JIANG Z H,CHEN X,et al. Use of biogas fluid-soaked water hyacinth for cultivating Pleurotus geesteranus[J].Bioresource technology,2010,101(7):2397-2400.

        [16] CHANG S T,MILES P G. Edible mushrooms and their cultivation[M].Boca Raton,F(xiàn)lorida,USA:CRC press,1989.

        [17] MILES P G,CHANG S T. Mushroom biology:Concise basics and current developments[M].Singapore:World Scientific Publishing Co.Pte.Ltd.,1997.

        [18] STURION G L,OETTERER M. Composio química de cogumelos comestíveis(Pleurotus spp.) originados de cultivo em diferentes substratos[J].Ciencia e tecnología de alimentos,1995, 15(2):189-193.

        [19] BANIK S,NANDI R. Effect of supplementation of rice straw with biogas residual slurry manure on the yield,protein and mineral contents of oyster mushroom[J].Industrial crops and products,2004,20(3):311-319.

        [20] 別運(yùn)清.平菇深層發(fā)酵技術(shù)及其多糖分離純化研究[D].武漢:華中農(nóng)業(yè)大學(xué),2006.

        [21] 苗永美,王明佳,何華奇.平菇多糖的提取及含量測(cè)定[J].安徽科技學(xué)院學(xué)報(bào),2010,24(6):34-37.

        [22] 李燕榮,周國(guó)英,胡清秀,等.食用菌生物降解木質(zhì)素的研究現(xiàn)狀[J].中國(guó)食用菌,2009,28(5):3-6.

        [23] ELIF ?魻Z?覶ELIK,AYSUN PEKEN. Hazelnut husk as a substrate for the cultivation of shiitake mushroom (Lentinula edodes)[J].Bioresource technology,2007,98(14):2652-2658.

        [24] PHILIPPOUSSIS A,ZERVAKIS G,DIAMANTOPOULOU P. Bioconversion of agricultural lignocellulosic wastes through the cultivation of the edible mushrooms Agrocybe aegerita,Volvariella volvacea and Pleurotus spp.[J].World journal of microbiology and biotechnology,2001,17(2):191-200.

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