梁倫 黃瑋 余永佳
【摘要】 纖維蛋白原(FIB)在凝血級聯(lián)反應、纖維蛋白溶解、應激和炎癥中起重要作用。低纖維蛋白原血癥目前已知與急性創(chuàng)傷性凝血病、術(shù)后出血和不良預后等有關(guān)。本研究對1例女性腦膠質(zhì)瘤術(shù)后低纖維蛋白原血癥患者進行臨床分析, 其磁共振成像顯示右側(cè)額顳葉、右側(cè)基底節(jié)區(qū)占位性病變, 術(shù)后病理為膠質(zhì)瘤。患者術(shù)后發(fā)生低纖維蛋白原血癥, 其他凝血功能相關(guān)指標均正常。經(jīng)輸注血漿以及冷沉淀, 低纖維蛋白原血癥得到糾正, 但術(shù)后CT發(fā)現(xiàn)顱內(nèi)血腫, 患者最終遺留左側(cè)肢體乏力以及認知障礙而出院, 表明在大量失血、血液稀釋、腫瘤本身和手術(shù)創(chuàng)傷等綜合因素影響容易產(chǎn)生低纖維蛋白原血癥, 且與患者術(shù)后顱內(nèi)血腫有關(guān)。當圍術(shù)期血漿FIB濃度低于正常水平時, 應及時糾正。一旦出現(xiàn)嚴重的血漿FIB缺乏, 應根據(jù)實際情況以及自身條件補充FIB。
【關(guān)鍵詞】 低纖維蛋白原血癥;腦膠質(zhì)瘤;纖維蛋白原;顱內(nèi)血腫;神經(jīng)外科術(shù)后
DOI:10.14163/j.cnki.11-5547/r.2019.02.070
【Abstract】 Fibrinogen (FIB) plays an important role in the coagulation cascade, fibrinolysis, stress and inflammation. Low fibrinogenemia is currently known to be associated with acute traumatic coagulopathy, postoperative bleeding, and poor prognosis. In this study, clinical analysis was made on a female patient with hypofibrinogenemia after glioma surgery. Magnetic resonance imaging showed a lesion in the right frontal temporal lobe and right basal ganglia, and the postoperative pathology was glioma. Hypofibrinogenemia occurred after operation, and other coagulation function related indicators were normal. After plasma infusion and cryoprecipitation, hypofibrinogenemia was corrected, but after operation, intracranial hematoma was found on CT, and the patient was discharged from hospital with left limb weakness and cognitive impairment. It is suggested that hypofibrinogenemia is prone to occur due to a combination of factors such as massive blood loss, hemodilution, tumor itself and surgical trauma, and it is related to postoperative intracranial hematoma. When the perioperative plasma FIB concentration is lower than the normal level, it should be corrected in time. In case of severe plasma FIB deficiency, FIB should be supplemented according to the actual situation and its own conditions.
【Key words】 Hypofibrinogenemia; Glioma; Fibrinogen; Intracranial hematoma; Postoperative neurosurgery
纖維蛋白原(fibrinogen, FIB)作為一種糖蛋白, 其在肝臟中合成, 并在凝血、血小板聚集、纖維蛋白溶解、炎癥和腫瘤生長中發(fā)揮重要作用[1]。在凝血過程中, FIB中的血纖肽A和B被凝血酶切割形成纖維蛋白單體, 進而形成纖維蛋白, 穩(wěn)定血小板的聚集[2]。當血漿中的FIB<1.5 g/L即可診斷為低纖維蛋白原血癥[3]。雖然目前對神經(jīng)外科圍術(shù)期血漿纖維蛋白原濃度缺乏統(tǒng)一的指南和共識, 但已有研究表明低纖維蛋白原血癥與術(shù)后顱內(nèi)血腫的發(fā)生相關(guān), 并影響患者的預后[4-6], 因此應引起廣大神經(jīng)外科醫(yī)生的重視, 圍術(shù)期應及時糾正低纖維蛋白原血癥。本研究中對1例女性腦膠質(zhì)瘤術(shù)后低纖維蛋白原血癥患者進行臨床分析, 現(xiàn)報告如下。
1 臨床資料
患者, 女, 41歲, 因反復頭痛伴抽搐、視覺模糊1年, 于2017年3月2日入院。入院前的頭顱磁共振成像提示右側(cè)額顳葉以及基底節(jié)區(qū)占位性病變。入院后患者出現(xiàn)急性頭痛和嘔吐, 不久便昏迷。雙側(cè)瞳孔大小不等, 右側(cè)散大;右側(cè)瞳孔直接、間接對光反射消失, 左側(cè)則遲鈍。頭顱CT顯示右側(cè)額顳葉、基底節(jié)區(qū)占位性病變, 中線結(jié)構(gòu)向左側(cè)移位約1.4 cm?;颊咝g(shù)前實驗室檢查無異常, 也無肝病病史以及異常出血史。遂急診行開顱腫瘤切除術(shù)以及去骨瓣減壓術(shù), 手術(shù)中腫瘤位于右側(cè)額顳頂、島葉, 腫瘤組織呈白色凍膠狀, 腫瘤邊界不清呈侵潤性生長, 部分腦組織受壓移位, 瘤周水腫明顯。在切除過程中可見腫瘤血供豐富, 創(chuàng)面呈彌漫性滲血, 止血較為困難。手術(shù)持續(xù)約13 h, 最終對腫瘤進行大部分切除。術(shù)中出血量約3000 ml, 尿量3250 ml, 輸注去白紅細胞12 U, 新鮮冷凍血漿1400 ml, 晶體液4500 ml, 膠體液2000 ml。手術(shù)結(jié)束時, 復查凝血四項提示FIB濃度為1.25 g/L(參考范圍2.00~5.00 g/L), 其余凝血指標[凝血酶原時間(PT)、活化部分凝血活酶時間(APTT)、國際標準化比值(INR)、凝血酶原活動度(PTA)、凝血酶時間(TT)、血小板(PLT)]均較術(shù)前無異常。患者返回病房后遂輸注新鮮冰凍血漿400 ml以及2 U冷沉淀, 其血漿FIB濃度改善并于手術(shù)后第3天逐漸恢復正常。而術(shù)區(qū)范圍內(nèi)的血腫于術(shù)后第1天的頭顱CT中發(fā)現(xiàn), 經(jīng)過2周的時間大部分已自行吸收。出院時患者遺留左側(cè)肢體乏力以及認知功能障礙, 其腫瘤標本最終的病理支持星形細胞瘤(Ⅱ~Ⅲ級)的診斷。
2 討論
Adelmann等[4]發(fā)現(xiàn)術(shù)后血漿FIB的平均濃度為1.7 g/L的患者, 其發(fā)生術(shù)后顱內(nèi)血腫的幾率較平均濃度為2.4 g/L的患者更大。而圍術(shù)期的FIB<1.5 g/L已被證實是術(shù)后發(fā)生顱內(nèi)血腫的危險因素[5]。Wei等[6]研究表明在顱內(nèi)原發(fā)性腫瘤患者接受手術(shù)治療后, 血漿FIB濃度的下降與術(shù)后顱內(nèi)出血、預后不良相關(guān)。早期的研究發(fā)現(xiàn)纖維蛋白可促進腫瘤生長和轉(zhuǎn)移形成, 抑制凝血或促進纖溶[7]。與非腫瘤組織相比, 在原發(fā)性惡性腦腫瘤和侵襲性腦轉(zhuǎn)移瘤中尿激酶型纖溶酶原激活物受體(u-PAR)和尿激酶型纖溶酶原激活物(u-PA)的表達增加了30倍, 這意味著在這些腫瘤組織中可能發(fā)生纖溶亢進[8]。而腦腫瘤患者發(fā)生纖溶亢進也已出現(xiàn)在早期的報道中[9]。近期劉克君等[10]報道了腦腫瘤患者術(shù)前即發(fā)生低纖維蛋白原血癥的病例, 認為腦腫瘤引起的纖溶亢進是可能的原因。開顱手術(shù)本身又可進一步加重纖溶亢進[11]。因而纖溶亢進與術(shù)后低纖維蛋白原血癥的發(fā)生有一定關(guān)系。研究表明過度的補液以及輸血可造成血液稀釋[12-14], 引起凝血功能的紊亂。本例患者術(shù)中液體入量明顯大于出量, 而短期內(nèi)大量的失血使得血漿中的FIB丟失嚴重, 難以在短期內(nèi)恢復。新鮮冰凍血漿中FIB的濃度在1~3 g/L[15]之間。在一項研究中, 按12.2 ml/kg的量對患者輸注新鮮冰凍血漿, 血漿FIB僅增加0.4 g/L[16]。這意味著當患者大量失血后, 即使補充了血漿、液體, 患者仍有可能因血液稀釋、FIB的嚴重消耗而發(fā)生低纖維蛋白血癥。目前國內(nèi)外對神經(jīng)外科圍術(shù)期血漿FIB濃度應維持在怎樣的水平以及處理低纖維蛋白原血癥仍缺乏統(tǒng)一的共識和指南。2016年發(fā)布的修訂后的歐洲創(chuàng)傷指南建議, 當血漿FIB<1.5~2.0 g/L[13], 應補充FIB。也是在2016年, 歐洲麻醉學會發(fā)布了圍手術(shù)期發(fā)生嚴重出血的管理指南, 建議對嚴重出血和血漿FIB<1.5 g/L(或產(chǎn)科出血2.0 g/L)的患者補充FIB[14]。在補充FIB的選擇上, 除了血漿之外, 還有FIB濃縮物和冷沉淀。冷沉淀是從血漿中提取的, 富含著高分子的蛋白如FⅧ、von Willebrand因子和FIB, 其中FIB的濃度比血漿中的高很多, 通常為15 g/L[17]。2015年美國麻醉協(xié)會發(fā)布的圍術(shù)期血液管理指南建議, 對于圍術(shù)期嚴重出血的病人, 當FIB<0.8~1.0g /L時, 應輸注冷沉淀[18]。但當患者發(fā)生嚴重出血時, 不推薦單一使用冷沉淀進行止血, 應聯(lián)合輸注血漿以及血小板[19]。FIB濃縮物也是從人血漿中提取的, 是一種經(jīng)熱處理后凍干的粉末[20]。目前, FIB濃縮物在大出血情況下的使用有所增加并取得良好的效果[21, 22]。2018年法國圍術(shù)期止血工作小組(GIHP)建議使用FIB濃縮物的初始劑量為25~50 mg/kg[23]??傊?選擇FIB濃縮物還是冷凍沉淀作為FIB的補充在各國都存在差異, 也存在著爭議[20]。在我國, 對有條件的醫(yī)院, 仍以冷沉淀作為補充FIB的主要手段。綜上所述, 大量失血、血液稀釋、腫瘤本身和手術(shù)創(chuàng)傷等綜合因素影響容易產(chǎn)生低纖維蛋白原血癥, 且與患者術(shù)后顱內(nèi)血腫有關(guān)。當圍術(shù)期血漿FIB濃度低于正常水平時, 應及時糾正。一旦出現(xiàn)嚴重的血漿FIB缺乏, 應根據(jù)實際情況以及自身條件補充FIB。
參考文獻
[1] Mosesson MW, Siebenlist KR, Meh DA. The structure and biological features of fibrinogen and fibrin. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 2010, 936(1):11-30.
[2] Levy JH, Welsby I, Goodnough LT. Fibrinogen as a therapeutic target for bleeding:a review of critical levels and replacement therapy. Transfusion, 2014, 54(5):17.
[3] Neerman-Arbez M, Casini A. Clinical Consequences and Molecular Bases of Low Fibrinogen Levels. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 2018, 19(1):192.
[4] Adelmann D, Klaus DA, Illievich UM, et al. Fibrinogen but not factor ⅫⅠ deficiency is associated with bleeding after craniotomy. British Journal of Anaesthesia, 2014, 113(4):628-633.
[5] Gerlach R, T?lle F, Raabe A, et al. Increased risk for postoperative hemorrhage after intracranial surgery in patients with decreased factor ⅫⅠ activity:implications of a prospective study. Stroke, 2002, 33(6):1618-1623.
[6] Wei N, Jia Y, Wang X, et al. Risk Factors for Postoperative Fibrinogen Deficiency after Surgical Removal of Intracranial Tumors. PloS one, 2015, 10(12):e0144551.
[7] Peterson HI. Fibrinolysis and antifibrinolytic drugs in the growth and spread of tumours. Cancer Treat Rev, 1977, 4(3):213-217.
[8] Bell WR. The fibrinolytic system in neoplasia. Semin Thromb Hemost, 1996, 22(6):459-478.
[9] Sawaya R, Ramo OJ, Glas-Greenwalt P. Plasma fibrinolytic profile in patients with brain tumors. Thromb Haemost, 1991, 65(1):15-19.
[10] 劉克君, 陳正和, 柯超. 腦腫瘤引起低纖維蛋白原血癥2例的處理. 廣東醫(yī)學, 2018, 39(12):1920.
[11] MacGee EE,? Bernell WR. Acute fibrinolysis following craniotomy and removal of metastatic tumor of the cerebellum Case report. Journal of neurosurgery, 1970, 32(5):578-580.
[12] Hiippala S. Replacement of massive blood loss. Vox Sanguinis, 1998, 74(S2):399-407.
[13] Rossaint R, Bouillon B, Cerny V, et al. The European guideline on management of major bleeding and coagulopathy following trauma:fourth edition. Critical Care, 2016, 20(1):100.
[14] Kozek-Langenecker SA, Ahmed AB, Afshari A, et al. Management of severe perioperative bleeding:guidelines from the European Society of Anaesthesiology:First update 2016. Eur J Anaesthesiol, 2017, 34(6):332-395.
[15] Theusinger OM, Baulig W, Seifert B, et al. Relative concentrations of haemostatic factors and cytokines in solvent/detergent-treated and fresh-frozen plasma. Br J Anaesth, 2011, 106(4):505-511.
[16] Chowdary P, Saayman AG, Paulus U, et al. Efficacy of standard dose and 30 ml/kg fresh frozen plasma in correcting laboratory parameters of haemostasis in critically ill patients. Br J Haematol, 2004, 125(1):69-73.
[17] Stinger HK, Spinella PC, Perkins JG, et al. The ratio of fibrinogen to red cells transfused affects survival in casualties receiving massive transfusions at an army combat support hospital. J Trauma, 2008, 64(2 Suppl):S79-s85.
[18] American Society of Anesthesiologists Task Force on Perioperative Blood Management. Practice guidelines for perioperative blood management:an updated report by the American Society of Anesthesiologists Task Force on Perioperative Blood Management*. Anesthesiology, 2015, 122(2):241-275.
[19] O'Shaughnessy DF, Atterbury C, Bolton Maggs P, et al. Guidelines for the use of fresh-frozen plasma, cryoprecipitate and cryosupernatant. British journal of haematology, 2004, 126(1):11-28.
[20] Novak A,? Stanworth SJ, Curry N. Do we still need cryoprecipitate? Cryoprecipitate and fibrinogen concentrate as treatments for major hemorrhage - how do they compare? Expert review of hematology, 2018, 11(5):351-360.
[21] Fenger-Eriksen C, Ingerslev J, S?rensen B. Fibrinogen concentrate-a potential universal hemostatic agent. Expert Opin Biol Ther, 2009, 9(10):1325-1333.
[22] Levy JH, Goodnough LT. How I use fibrinogen replacement therapy in acquired bleeding. Blood, 2015, 125(9):1387-1393.
[23] Samama CM, Ickx B, Ozier Y, et al. The place of fibrinogen concentrates in the management of perioperative bleeding:a position paper from the Francophone Working Group on Perioperative Hemostasis (GIHP). Anaesthesia Critical Care & Pain Medicine, 2018, 37(4):355-365.
[收稿日期:2018-11-12]