牟薪硯 常曉丹
【摘要】 目的 探討全髖關(guān)節(jié)置換術(shù)(THA)后異位骨化(HO)X線表現(xiàn)及其發(fā)生的危險(xiǎn)因素, 為預(yù)防及減輕其程度提供依據(jù)。方法 回顧性分析356例(385髖)患者全髖關(guān)節(jié)置換術(shù)后異位骨化的發(fā)生情況, 以雙髖關(guān)節(jié)正位X線片為診斷依據(jù), 通過(guò)影像學(xué)表現(xiàn), 有異位骨化的180髖作為研究組, 按Brooker分級(jí)記錄;無(wú)異位骨化的205髖作為對(duì)照組。對(duì)兩組患者的年齡、性別、人工關(guān)節(jié)材料、手術(shù)時(shí)長(zhǎng)、術(shù)中出血量、切口長(zhǎng)度及術(shù)后應(yīng)用非甾體類抗炎藥(NSAIDs)時(shí)間進(jìn)行單因素分析, 并對(duì)有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義的因素行多因素Logistics回歸分析, 得出與異位骨化發(fā)生及分級(jí)的相關(guān)性。結(jié)果 單因素分析顯示, 患者的性別、年齡、術(shù)中出血量及術(shù)后應(yīng)用NSAIDs時(shí)間均為全髖關(guān)節(jié)置換術(shù)后異位骨化的影響因素(P<0.05)。多因素Logistic回歸分析結(jié)果顯示, 患者的性別、年齡及術(shù)后應(yīng)用NSAIDs時(shí)間均為全髖關(guān)節(jié)置換術(shù)后異位骨化的獨(dú)立危險(xiǎn)因素(P<0.01)。異位骨化在46.8%(180/385)的患者中形成。其中, BrookerⅠ級(jí)為119髖(66.1%), Ⅱ級(jí)為48髖(26.7%), Ⅲ級(jí)為12髖(6.7%), Ⅳ級(jí)為1髖(0.6%)。引入brooker分級(jí), 將性別、年齡、術(shù)后應(yīng)用NSAIDs時(shí)間與異位骨化的等級(jí)進(jìn)行Spearman相關(guān)分析, 結(jié)果顯示, 異位骨化的發(fā)生與患者性別(r=0.178, P<0.01)、年齡(r=0.152, P<0.01)呈正相關(guān), 與術(shù)后應(yīng)用NSAIDs時(shí)間呈負(fù)相關(guān)(r=-0.153, P<0.01)。結(jié)論 異位骨化是全髖關(guān)節(jié)置換術(shù)后的常見(jiàn)并發(fā)癥。年齡大、男性會(huì)增加異位骨化的發(fā)生, 術(shù)后應(yīng)用NSAIDs可預(yù)防和減少異位骨化的發(fā)生。
【關(guān)鍵詞】 全髖關(guān)節(jié)置換術(shù);并發(fā)癥;異位骨化;危險(xiǎn)因素;X線
【Abstract】 Objective To discuss the X-ray manifestations of heterotopic ossification (HO)after total hip arthroplasty (THA) and related factors, and provide a basis for prevention and mitigation. Methods The occurrence of heterotopic ossification after total hip replacement in 356 patients (385 hips) was retrospectively analyzed. Based on the diagnosis of double hip joint orthotopic X-ray film, 180 hips with heterotopic ossification were taken as the research group, recorded by Brooker classification. 205 hips without heterotopic ossification were taken as the control group. The age, gender, artificial joint material, operation time, intraoperative bleeding volume, incision length and post-operative application time of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) time were analyzed by univariate analysis. Multivariate logistic regression analysis was used to analyze the statistically significant factors, and the correlation with the occurrence and classification of heterotopic ossification was observed. Results Univariate analysis showed that gender, age, intraoperative bleeding volume and application time of NSAIDs after operation were all influencing factors of heterotopic ossification after total hip arthroplasty (P<0.05). Multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that gender, age and application time of NSAIDs were independent risk factors for heterotopic ossification after total hip arthroplasty(P<0.01). Heterotopic ossification was found in 46.8% (180/385) of the patients. Among them, there were 119 hips (66.1%) of Brooker grade Ⅰ, 48 hips (26.7%) of grade Ⅱ, 12 hips (6.7%) of grade Ⅲ, and 1 hip (0.6%) of grade Ⅳ. Introducing Brooker classification, Spearman correlation analysis was made between gender, age, time of application of NSAIDs after operation and grade of heterotopic ossification. The results showed that the occurrence of heterotopic ossification was positively correlated with gender (r=0.178, P<0.01), age (r=0.152, P<0.01), and negatively correlated with application time of NSAIDs after operation (r=-0.153, P<0.01). Conclusion Heterotopic ossification is a common complication after total hip replacement. Older age and male increase the occurrence of heterotopic ossification. Application of NSAIDs after operation can prevent and reduce the occurrence of heterotopic ossification.
【Key words】 Total hip arthroplasty; Complications; Heterotopic ossification; Risk factors; X-ray
全髖關(guān)節(jié)置換術(shù)(total hip arthroplasty, THA)是一種能夠有效緩解疼痛, 恢復(fù)關(guān)節(jié)功能且經(jīng)濟(jì)有效的外科手術(shù), 近幾年來(lái)其手術(shù)率呈逐年上升趨勢(shì)[1]。異位骨化(heterotopic ossification, HO)是指軟組織內(nèi)成熟板層骨的異常形成[2], 為全髖關(guān)節(jié)置換術(shù)后常見(jiàn)的并發(fā)癥之一, 文獻(xiàn)報(bào)道其發(fā)病率為8%~90%, 嚴(yán)重的異位骨化會(huì)限制關(guān)節(jié)活動(dòng), 甚至造成關(guān)節(jié)強(qiáng)直, 使關(guān)節(jié)喪失活動(dòng)功能[3]。X線檢查是全髖關(guān)節(jié)置換術(shù)后評(píng)價(jià)最常用的檢查方法, 依靠X線檢查多在3~6周后即可發(fā)現(xiàn)異位骨化[4]。
1 資料與方法
1. 1 一般資料 選取2010年1月~2017年9月在大連大學(xué)附屬中山醫(yī)院行全髖關(guān)節(jié)置換術(shù)的356例(385髖)患者, 其中男154髖, 女231髖;排除術(shù)后并發(fā)感染、骨折、假體松動(dòng)等其他并發(fā)癥, 以及患有強(qiáng)直性脊柱炎、類風(fēng)濕關(guān)節(jié)炎、肥厚性骨關(guān)節(jié)炎的患者。所有手術(shù)均為同一團(tuán)隊(duì)進(jìn)行, 均采用前外側(cè)入路。研究組為全髖關(guān)節(jié)置換術(shù)后出現(xiàn)異位骨化的患者(180髖), 對(duì)照組為術(shù)后隨訪影像資料>6個(gè)月仍未出現(xiàn)異位骨化的患者(205髖)。6個(gè)月被認(rèn)為是觀察髖關(guān)節(jié)術(shù)后異位骨化發(fā)展的最小值[5], 即>6個(gè)月的患者被認(rèn)為不會(huì)再出現(xiàn)異位骨化。
1. 2 方法
1. 2. 1 研究方法 研究信息來(lái)源于醫(yī)院計(jì)算機(jī)檔案中的回顧性病例, 包括手術(shù)記錄及影像學(xué)資料。記錄患者相關(guān)臨床信息, 包括年齡、性別、人工關(guān)節(jié)材料、手術(shù)時(shí)長(zhǎng)、術(shù)中出血量、手術(shù)切口長(zhǎng)度、術(shù)后應(yīng)用NSAIDs時(shí)間。
1. 2. 2 X線檢查方法 常規(guī)在術(shù)后3 d內(nèi)首次拍攝雙髖關(guān)節(jié)正位X線片, 要求患者在術(shù)后1個(gè)月、3個(gè)月、6個(gè)月、1年及以上分別進(jìn)行X線片復(fù)查。患者取仰臥位, 以經(jīng)髂前上棘與恥骨聯(lián)合上緣連線中點(diǎn)外下5 cm處連線的中點(diǎn)為中心線, 垂直射入。
1. 3 異位骨化分類標(biāo)準(zhǔn) 由同一名經(jīng)過(guò)專項(xiàng)培訓(xùn)的醫(yī)師在相隔2周的時(shí)間, 觀察并記錄各階段X線片出現(xiàn)異位骨化的位置及時(shí)間。結(jié)果有差異時(shí), 請(qǐng)高級(jí)別醫(yī)師進(jìn)行診斷。異位骨化按照Brooker分級(jí)判定[6]:Ⅰ級(jí):髖周軟組織內(nèi)形成孤立性骨島;Ⅱ級(jí):股骨或骨盆側(cè)形成骨化, 兩者間隙>1 cm;Ⅲ級(jí):股骨或骨盆側(cè)形成骨化, 兩者間隙<1 cm;Ⅳ級(jí):形成骨橋, 骨性強(qiáng)直。
1. 4 統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)方法 采用SPSS22.0統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)軟件對(duì)數(shù)據(jù)進(jìn)行統(tǒng)計(jì)分析。符合正態(tài)分布的計(jì)量資料以均數(shù)±標(biāo)準(zhǔn)差 ( x-±s)表示, 比較采用t檢驗(yàn), 不符合正態(tài)分布的計(jì)量資料以M(P25, P75)表示, 采用Mann-Whitney U檢驗(yàn);計(jì)數(shù)資料以頻數(shù)表示, 采用χ2檢驗(yàn), 異位骨化相關(guān)因素分析采用單因素分析及多因素Logistic回歸分析, 相關(guān)性檢驗(yàn)采用Spearman等級(jí)相關(guān)分析法。P<0.05表示差異具有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。
2 結(jié)果
2. 1 全髖關(guān)節(jié)置換術(shù)后異位骨化單因素分析 單因素分析顯示, 患者的性別、年齡、術(shù)中出血量及術(shù)后應(yīng)用NSAIDs時(shí)間均為全髖關(guān)節(jié)置換術(shù)后異位骨化的影響因素(P<0.05)。見(jiàn)表1。
2. 2 全髖關(guān)節(jié)置換術(shù)后異位骨化Logistic回歸分析 將單因素分析中有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義的因素進(jìn)行多因素Logistic回歸分析, 結(jié)果顯示, 患者的性別、年齡及術(shù)后應(yīng)用NSAIDs時(shí)間均為全髖關(guān)節(jié)置換術(shù)后異位骨化的獨(dú)立危險(xiǎn)因素(P<0.01)。見(jiàn)表2。
2. 3 Brooker分級(jí)與異位骨化發(fā)生因素的相關(guān)性分析 異位骨化在46.8%(180/385)的患者中形成。其中, BrookerⅠ級(jí)為119髖(66.1%), Ⅱ級(jí)為48髖(26.7%), Ⅲ級(jí)為12髖(6.7%), Ⅳ級(jí)為1髖(0.6%)。引入Brooker分級(jí), 將性別、年齡、術(shù)后應(yīng)用NSAIDs時(shí)間與異位骨化的等級(jí)進(jìn)行Spearman相關(guān)分析, 結(jié)果顯示, 異位骨化的發(fā)生與患者性別(r=0.178, P<0.01)、年齡(r=0.152, P<0.01)呈正相關(guān), 與術(shù)后應(yīng)用NSAIDs時(shí)間呈負(fù)相關(guān)(r=-0.153, P<0.01)。見(jiàn)表3。BrookerⅠ~Ⅳ級(jí)典型病例見(jiàn)圖1, 圖2, 圖3, 圖4。
3 討論
3. 1 異位骨化概述 異位骨化是全髖關(guān)節(jié)置換術(shù)術(shù)后常見(jiàn)并發(fā)癥之一, 可使患者術(shù)后恢復(fù)過(guò)程復(fù)雜化。大多數(shù)患者在臨床上無(wú)明顯癥狀, 但在極少數(shù)情況下會(huì)嚴(yán)重影響患者的預(yù)后。異位骨化的形成可導(dǎo)致限制髖關(guān)節(jié)運(yùn)動(dòng)及功能不良, 可能導(dǎo)致術(shù)后髖關(guān)節(jié)疼痛[7]。其發(fā)病機(jī)制仍不清楚, 可能涉及局部及全身因素。目前異位骨化尚未有良好的治療方法, 但NSAIDs的應(yīng)用和圍手術(shù)期局部放療被認(rèn)為可以有效地預(yù)防異位骨化[8, 9]。本研究回顧性分析了356例(385髖)接受全髖關(guān)節(jié)置換術(shù)的患者, 46.8%(180/385)的患者術(shù)后可在X線片上觀察到關(guān)節(jié)周圍出現(xiàn)異位骨化。既往文獻(xiàn)[10]報(bào)道異位骨化的發(fā)病率為8%~90%, 平均發(fā)病率為53%。本研究發(fā)病率略低于平均值, 可能與手術(shù)團(tuán)隊(duì)、手術(shù)方式、術(shù)后應(yīng)用NSAIDs時(shí)間等因素有關(guān)。本研究異位骨化以BrookerⅠ級(jí)和Ⅱ級(jí)為主, 占92.8%, 臨床無(wú)明顯癥狀, Brooker Ⅳ級(jí)僅有1例, 與其他研究結(jié)論相符。
3. 2 異位骨化發(fā)生的危險(xiǎn)因素 在既往的研究中, 男性、強(qiáng)直性脊柱炎、類風(fēng)濕關(guān)節(jié)炎、肥厚性骨關(guān)節(jié)炎、人種、手術(shù)方式等均與異位骨化的發(fā)生有關(guān)。本研究共納入由同一團(tuán)隊(duì)進(jìn)行手術(shù), 前外側(cè)入路385髖, 排除了強(qiáng)直性脊柱炎、類風(fēng)濕關(guān)節(jié)炎、肥厚性骨關(guān)節(jié)炎的患者。在納入的研究因素中, 通過(guò)χ2檢驗(yàn)及Mann-Whitney U檢驗(yàn), 共有4個(gè)因素在兩組間有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義, 即術(shù)中出血量、年齡、性別和術(shù)后應(yīng)用NSAIDs時(shí)間。
3. 2. 1 年齡 研究組患者的中位年齡為62.50歲, 對(duì)照組為 59.40歲, 比較差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P=0.004<0.05), 研究組年齡較對(duì)照組年長(zhǎng)。在Logistic回歸分析中, 顯示年齡可單獨(dú)增加異位骨化的發(fā)生率, (OR=1.047, P<0.01)。這一結(jié)果與既往研 究[11]相符, 但也有研究認(rèn)為年齡不是異位骨化發(fā)生的危險(xiǎn)因素[12]。與Brooker分級(jí)的相關(guān)分析中, 顯示年齡與Brooker分級(jí)的嚴(yán)重程度呈正相關(guān)(r=0.152, P=0.003<0.05)。
3. 2. 2 性別 絕大多數(shù)研究結(jié)果顯示, 男性為異位骨化的危險(xiǎn)因素之一[12, 13]。在本研究中, 男性異位骨化發(fā)生率為57.1%, 女性為39.8%, 差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P=0.001<0.05)。在Logistic回歸分析中顯示, 性別可單獨(dú)增加異位骨化的發(fā)生率, (OR=2.440, P<0.01), 與既往研究相符。與Brooker分級(jí)的相關(guān)分析中顯示, 男性可能會(huì)更容易出現(xiàn)較嚴(yán)重的異位骨化(r=0.178, P<0.01)。
3. 2. 3 術(shù)后應(yīng)用NSAIDs時(shí)間 在以往的研究中, NSAIDs被用于預(yù)防異位骨化的發(fā)生[8, 14], 可有效地降低高危人群中異位骨化的發(fā)生率。在本研究中, 研究組在全髖關(guān)節(jié)置換術(shù)術(shù)后應(yīng)用NSAIDs的中位時(shí)間為2 d, 對(duì)照組為5 d, 差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P=0.001<0.05), 研究組應(yīng)用的時(shí)間較對(duì)照組短。在Logistic回歸分析中顯示, 全髖關(guān)節(jié)置換術(shù)后應(yīng)用NSAIDs時(shí)間較長(zhǎng)可降低異位骨化的發(fā)生率, (OR=0.914, P<0.01), 與既往研究相符。與Brooker分級(jí)的相關(guān)分析中顯示, 全髖關(guān)節(jié)置換術(shù)后應(yīng)用NSAIDs的時(shí)間較長(zhǎng), 可降低異位骨化的嚴(yán)重程度(r=-0.153, P<0.01)。
3. 2. 4 術(shù)中出血量 在本研究中, 研究組患者的中位術(shù)中出血量為300 ml, 對(duì)照組為350 ml, 經(jīng)Mann-Whitney U檢驗(yàn), 差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P=0.026<0.05), 但在Logistic回歸分析顯示, 術(shù)中出血量并不是異位骨化發(fā)生的獨(dú)立危險(xiǎn)因素。有研究提示廣泛的沖洗會(huì)降低異位骨化的發(fā)生率[15], 對(duì)照組出血量較研究組多, 提示出血可能會(huì)影響手術(shù)創(chuàng)口的環(huán)境, 從而造成兩組間術(shù)中異位骨化的發(fā)生存在差異。
全髖關(guān)節(jié)置換術(shù)后異位骨化的發(fā)生與局部及全身因素有關(guān)。本研究顯示年齡、男性為全髖關(guān)節(jié)置換術(shù)后異位骨化發(fā)生的危險(xiǎn)因素, 并且顯示術(shù)后應(yīng)用NSAIDs時(shí)間可有效降低異位骨化的發(fā)生率。術(shù)中出血量可能與異位骨化發(fā)生有關(guān)。而人工關(guān)節(jié)材料、手術(shù)時(shí)長(zhǎng)、切口長(zhǎng)度不影響異位骨化的發(fā)生, 與以往的研究[5, 16, 17]存在差異。對(duì)于有異位骨化發(fā)生高危因素的患者, 可以術(shù)后應(yīng)用NSAIDs進(jìn)行預(yù)防。
參考文獻(xiàn)
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[收稿日期:2018-12-12]