內(nèi)容摘要：文章主要研究分析了美國當(dāng)代英語語料庫中上百條例句，對部分特殊的讓步狀語從句引導(dǎo)詞的具體使用情況盡可能詳盡地歸納總結(jié)，對于英語學(xué)習(xí)者在具體使用某個(gè)引導(dǎo)詞時(shí)，因語境特殊或使用頻率不高而可能出現(xiàn)的疑慮進(jìn)行例句解釋，并對相關(guān)用法進(jìn)行了概括與梳理。

關(guān)鍵詞：Whatever等引導(dǎo)詞 讓步狀語從句 結(jié)構(gòu)用法

? 一.Whatever做讓步狀語從句的情況：

（一）whatever 做讓步狀語從句后面常引導(dǎo)的句子結(jié)構(gòu)：

1.Whatever+主語+謂語：（這里所指的主謂結(jié)構(gòu)，即以主語+謂語為基礎(chǔ)的基本結(jié)構(gòu)，根據(jù)具體情況，可用SV，SVO，SVC等基本句型，下文提到的主謂結(jié)構(gòu)皆是如此）

①Whatever abstract logic may suggest，…[1]

②Whatever the line is， it needs to be drawn by Congress.

注意，在第一種結(jié)構(gòu)中，有時(shí)會(huì)在主語后面加一個(gè)主謂結(jié)構(gòu)做定語，修飾用做主語的名詞，例如：

③"... all communities， of whatever nature they may be are impelled by a secret instinct towards independence.

在這種結(jié)構(gòu)中whatever相當(dāng)于是其后面名詞的前置修飾語，表示后面被修飾名詞的一種屬性或狀態(tài)。

此外，在第一種結(jié)構(gòu)中，還有一種非常見特殊情況，如下面例句④：

④whatever be the reasons for it， we cannot tolerate this disloyalty.[i]

在第④例句中，原形be的這種用法，是古英語的殘存，be放在了主語the reasons之前。關(guān)于該讓步狀語從句，現(xiàn)代英語可以這樣表達(dá)：

⑴Whatever the reasons for it（are）

⑵Whatever the reasons for it（may be）

⑶Whatever the reasons for it（will be）

⑷Whatever the reasons for it（為了簡練，上面三個(gè)括號(hào)中的斜體部分，可以全部省略）

2.Whatever+謂語：（例句①-③謂語主要為實(shí)義動(dòng)詞，例句④-⑦則以be動(dòng)詞結(jié)構(gòu)為主）[1]

①The law is whatever makes the best sense of the relevant legal materials.

②The law is either （a） whatever satisfies the criteria that officials treat as providing the necessary and sufficient conditions of making…

③some to the avenues of speech or to swell the aggregate amount of speech beyond whatever would result from the decisions of private speakers enjoying " absolute freedom from First Amendment…

④Whatever are you talking about

⑤And all the graphics or whatever are just so silly，….

⑥…or whatever are disrupted， they dont always change the same…

⑦Whatever are still figuring out，…

3.Whatever+名詞：

①…for which"neither reporter nor source is immune from conviction for such conduct， whatever the impact on the flow of news. "

②Whatever the setting， humor tailored to the occasion can be highly effective.

4.Whatever+不定式+that從句

①Though the arresting officer "had no other reason whatever to suppose that the suspect might be armed，"…

（二）Whatever 做讓步狀語從句前面常用的引導(dǎo)詞歸納總結(jié)：

當(dāng)whatever 做讓步狀語從句時(shí)，前面的引導(dǎo)詞通常與“whatever”后面所接名詞緊密相關(guān)，如下面例句⑴①中source表示“起源”，若要表示“從…中起源時(shí)”，常與“from”搭配

⑴from：

①"The Congress shall have power to lay and collect taxes on incomes， from whatever source derived， without apportionment among the several States，

⑵along with：

①…levels after the competition， including any preparation done before the competition， along with whatever the student learned during the preparation for the CDC.

⑶in：

①recruits would not receive in law school.30 Rather than immediately immersing the new recruit in whatever specialized area of the law the firm currently needed，同理，該例句中in明顯是與其后面的area搭配，表示“在…的領(lǐng)域中

⑷of

①of the corporate legal market， law firms could pass most of the cost of whatever resources they did invest in training junior associates on to their clients.

⑸to

①in order to follow the remainder of the argument：to whatever extent doctrines are problematically parochial in the aggregate，

一般extent常接to，如“to some extent”，表示在“某種程度上”，此句中“whatever”相當(dāng)于做“extent”的定語，用于修飾extent

⑹on

①As a result， they argued Congress had sweeping authority to remake the Confederacy on whatever plan it saw fit.

? 二.筆者認(rèn)為no matter what 與whatever 在用法結(jié)構(gòu)上極為相似，基本上可分為以下幾種結(jié)構(gòu)：

1.no matter what+主語+謂語：

①Afterwards Broadbent， perhaps realizing that everyone is going to watch this no matter what he says，…

與whatever 類似，在第一種結(jié)構(gòu)中，no matter what修飾名詞時(shí)，該名詞必須緊隨其后，后面同樣為“主+謂”結(jié)構(gòu)，例如：

②Girls will continue to scrape their knees forever， no matter what name people call them.

③Buffalo WomenServices， the providers will be there for patients no matter what decision they make about their pregnancies.

2.no matter what+謂語：

①No matter what happens， they're still going to be a player.

3.no matter what+名詞：

①I'll make all appearances no matter what the circumstances，…

4.與whatever有所不同的是，no matter what可以單獨(dú)使用，并在后面加上完整的句子且用逗號(hào)隔開，例如：

①No matter what， I'm going to get better today.

? 三.No matter how的用法：

No matter how與No matter what同樣也有共通之處，只不過因?yàn)橐蓡栐~的不同，其后分別所搭配的詞性也就有所不同。前面已經(jīng)提到，no matter what 最常用的結(jié)構(gòu)是no matter what +名詞+主謂結(jié)構(gòu);類似地，no matter how最常用的結(jié)構(gòu)則是no matter how+形容詞/副詞+主謂結(jié)構(gòu)

1.no matter how +形容詞/副詞+主謂結(jié)構(gòu)：

①But no matter how good he is at 14，…

②Congress cannot delegate rulemaking authority to private parties no matter how carefully it specifies an intelligible principle.

注意：在此類結(jié)構(gòu)中，no matter how常加many， much， often等這類固定搭配詞，后面加主謂結(jié)構(gòu)，例如：

③No matter how often we repeat our favorite platitudes， …

④No matter how much I wish he would go away.

⑤And it's a quality that no matter how many pleasing interviews she does and how many twisted defenses she can offer，…

⑥No matter how many times we straighten it out， it keeps curling back.

⑦…，no matter how many people voted for it.

略有不同的是，no matter how加many時(shí)，many后通常會(huì)帶有所修飾的名詞，后面依然通常為主謂結(jié)構(gòu)，如上述⑤⑥句。有時(shí)則據(jù)實(shí)際情況，many后面的名詞即為主謂結(jié)構(gòu)中的主語，如上述⑦句。

2.no matter how+主謂結(jié)構(gòu)：

①No matter how she does it，…

? 四.however 做讓步狀語從句時(shí)，也同理。主要結(jié)構(gòu)同No matter how 相似，主要有兩種：

1.however+形容詞/副詞+主謂結(jié)構(gòu)：[2]

①She has the window open， however cold it is outside.

②However carefully I explained， she still didnt understand.

2.however+主謂結(jié)構(gòu)

①However you look at it， its going to cost a lot.

? 五.whether做讓步狀語從句的情況：[3]

1.由whether引導(dǎo)讓步狀語從句時(shí)，一方面其可以引導(dǎo)句子，另一方面也常與“or”或“or not”進(jìn)行搭配，也可以稱這類從句為選擇性讓步從句（alternative conditional---concessive clause）

例如：①You are entitled to a free gift whether you accept our offer of insurance or not.

②Im going whether you like it or not.

③Whether or not were successful， we can be sure that we did our best.

2.為了強(qiáng)調(diào)，有時(shí)whether前也可用no matter.

例如：④No matter whether you agree or not， I shall pay him the price he asked.

⑤Rates are paid by the occupiers of houses or shops， no matter whether they are owners or not.

3、Whether 引導(dǎo)名詞性分句時(shí)，該名詞性分句可在句中作介詞補(bǔ)足成分：

例如：①Vanyas experiences show that if someone can do their job really well， then the question of whether they are male or female is not important.

? 六.If，though， lest， although 在讓步狀語從句中的特殊用法總結(jié)：

1.注：be- 型虛擬式能用于由 if， though， lest（正式）（表“以免”）等引導(dǎo)的分句中表示讓步等含義。例如：[5]

If the rumor be true， everything is possible.

If he be found guilty， John shall have the right of appeal.

Though everyone （should） desert you， I will not.

Lest（注：在被連接的狀語從句里常用should 或原形動(dòng)詞）表示“唯恐”;“免得”;“為了不使”：[2]

例如：①Lest the wall （should） collapse， they evacuated the building. （他們生怕墻倒塌，便撤離了大樓）

②The colonel forbade the use of artillery lest the citys industry be damaged.（上校禁止使用大炮，以免該城的工業(yè)遭受破壞。）

③Glenn， lest the reader has forgotten， was the first American astronaut to orbit in space. 提醒讀者一下，格倫是第一個(gè)進(jìn)入太空軌道的美國宇航員。

另外，lest 還有一種用法，即用于表示恐懼、擔(dān)心、危險(xiǎn)等詞的后面，起連接從句的作用，相當(dāng)于that：

例如：① I was in mortal fear lest he should see me. 我非常害怕他會(huì)看見我。

②We were afraid （或worried）Lest he should be late. 我們擔(dān)心他會(huì)遲到。

（古英語，原意： whereby less that）

2.上述用法現(xiàn)在只限于正式書面語體，在非正式語體中通常用動(dòng)詞陳述式或用should/ may+ 不定式。

例如：①If the rumor is true， everything is possible.

②He hid himself in the bush lest he should be seen.

③Whatever his defense may be， we cant tolerate his disloyalty.

④Though he should stand alone， he will never yield.

3.具體關(guān)于 though 和although[5]

⑴Though 與although 同義，在一般情況下可以互換使用。

例如：①Though/Although they know the war is lost， they continue to fight.（雖然他們知道這場戰(zhàn)爭已必?cái)o疑，但仍繼續(xù)戰(zhàn)斗。）

⑵但although 比though 語氣較重，常用以強(qiáng)調(diào)讓步概念。

例如：①He insisted on doing it although I warned him not to.

Though 能接受even 的強(qiáng)調(diào)，而although 不可以。

比如可以說：①He borrowed my mower， even though I told him not to.（他借走了我的割草機(jī)，雖然我叫他不要借。）

②I believe you are on duty---even though you are in plain clothes.（盡管你穿著便衣，我相信你是在值勤。）

卻不可以說：”…even although I told him not to.” 或是”even although you are in plain clothes.”

⑶當(dāng)讓步分句指一種臆想的情況時(shí)，通常用though，而不用although.

例如：①Though they all may fail， they all will try.（即使他們可能都失敗，他們?nèi)匀欢荚敢庖辉?。?/p>

⑷引導(dǎo)某些讓步分句通常也只能用though， 而不用although.

例如：①Poor though she is， her life is happy.（她盡管窮，但生活很幸福。）

⑸再者，though可在非正式語體中作連接性狀語，而although 不可以。

例如：though 一方面可用于主句后，引接補(bǔ)充說明，意思為“可是，不過，然而”

例①It wasnt entirely my decision， though I think that generally I agree with it.（這不完全是我的決定，不過我想我大體上是同意這一決定的。）

②She couldnt help thinking（though she couldnt be sure） that he did not trust her.她不能不認(rèn)為（不過并不能確定）他不信任她。

③The rooms are small， though not unsuitable.（房間較小，然而并非不適宜。）

另一方面though 在口語體中時(shí)，一般用在句末，表示“可是，不過，然而”

例如：①Its hard work， I enjoy it though.（這工作很艱苦，可是我樂意干。）

②I cant stay. Ill have a coffee， though.（我不能多逗留，但可以喝杯咖啡再走。）

⑹另外，although也可以引導(dǎo)讓步狀語從句

例如①He passed the examination although he had been prevented by illness from studying.

? 七.So long as 的兩種用法總結(jié)

1.既然，由于：[2]

例如：①So long as you are going to town anyway， you can do something for me.既然你反正要進(jìn)城去，不妨替我辦一點(diǎn)事。

2.只要，如果：

例如：①You may use the book as you like， so long as you keep it clean.你盡管用這本書，只要不把它弄臟就行。

八.Even if和as引導(dǎo)讓步狀語從句的用法例句歸納

1.Even if（即使，縱然;雖然）

例如：①Ill come even if it rains. （即使天下雨我也會(huì)來的。）

②Even if you dislike ancient monuments， Warrick Castle is worth a visit.（縱然你不喜歡古跡，但瓦里克城堡還是值得一游的。）

2.as（雖然，盡管）

例如：①Sick as he was， he came to work.（他雖然有病，還是來上班了。）

②Boy as he was， he behaved like a girl.（他雖然是個(gè)男孩，舉止卻像女孩。）

③Try as you may， you will never succeed.（不管你怎樣努力，你決不會(huì)成功。）

④Gently as her words were spoken， there was no mistaking that she was displeased.（盡管她的話說得很溫和，但誰都看得出她生氣了。）

? 參考文獻(xiàn)

[1]Mark Davies. Corpus of Contemporary American English [DB/OL].http：//corpus.byu.edu/coca/， 2018， 12.

[2]陸谷孫.英漢大詞典[Z].上海譯文出版社，2007.

[3]霍恩比.牛津高階英漢雙解詞典[Z].北京：商務(wù)印書館， 2012： 996.

[4]李增榮.有關(guān)讓步狀語從句的若干問題[J].杭州師范學(xué)院學(xué)報(bào)，1989：103- 104.

[5]章振邦.新編英語語法教程[M].上海外語教育出版社，2013.

（作者介紹：韓宇航，西南科技大學(xué)外國語學(xué)院在讀學(xué)生）