——非謂語動詞的復(fù)習(xí)備考策略"/>

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        系統(tǒng)復(fù)習(xí),突出重點,重視語篇,提升技能
        ——非謂語動詞的復(fù)習(xí)備考策略

        2018-12-10 07:04:32河南
        教學(xué)考試(高考英語) 2018年5期

        河南

        眾所周知,在高三復(fù)習(xí)備考階段,應(yīng)充分發(fā)揮教師的主導(dǎo)作用和考生的主體作用,在認真研讀往年的高考試題,充分了解考試情況的基礎(chǔ)上,教師應(yīng)確定高考復(fù)習(xí)備考的深度和廣度,為考生制定出縝密的復(fù)習(xí)方案。針對考生的難點和易錯點,教師應(yīng)及時采取解決方案,弄清考生出錯的原因,幫助考生梳理知識,總結(jié)解題的規(guī)律和方法,做到重點突出、難點突破,從而提升考生的解題技巧和應(yīng)試能力。

        非謂語動詞包括動名詞(doing)、現(xiàn)在分詞(doing)、過去分詞(done)和動詞不定式(to do)四個項目,而且,動名詞、動詞不定式和現(xiàn)在分詞還有各種不同的形式,如一般式、進行式、完成式、被動式、完成被動式,由此可見這個考點內(nèi)容繁多,用法復(fù)雜。請看非謂語動詞考點的思維導(dǎo)圖:

        由于這個考點具備較高的區(qū)分度,所以一直頗受命題人的青睞。它既是歷年高考必考的一個熱點內(nèi)容,又是考生容易出錯的板塊。下面筆者擬分析近年高考試題中非謂語動詞考點分布和命題趨勢,并探究其復(fù)習(xí)備考的有效策略。

        一、近年高考語法填空題對非謂語動詞的考查

        研究近年的考點是確保復(fù)習(xí)備考成功的基礎(chǔ),教師應(yīng)認真研究近五年高考試題,探究高考的命題規(guī)律和趨勢,提出有效的備考方案,在復(fù)習(xí)備考中做到有的放矢。

        近五年全國卷Ⅰ中的非謂語動詞的考點分布:

        近五年全國卷Ⅱ中的非謂語動詞考點分布:

        近三年全國卷Ⅲ中的非謂語動詞考點分布:

        從以上表格的統(tǒng)計數(shù)據(jù)可知,非謂語動詞的六種功能全被考查過。其中,非謂語動詞作賓語、作定語和作狀語被反復(fù)考查,這些歷年必考的內(nèi)容就是高考的熱點內(nèi)容,也是備考的重中之重。

        二、非謂語動詞考點的重點突破

        在復(fù)習(xí)備考時,教師應(yīng)涵蓋非謂語動詞的六種基本用法,做到不遺漏任何考點。然后,針對考查的熱點內(nèi)容進行重點訓(xùn)練,做到重點突出、難點突破,確??忌龅酱祟愒囶},能夠從容應(yīng)對,在這個考點上不失分。

        (一)非謂語動詞作賓語

        只有動名詞(doing)和動詞不定式(to do)在句中可以充當(dāng)賓語。在介詞、某些動詞和短語后,常接動名詞,而另一些動詞和短語后常接動詞不定式??忌鷳?yīng)熟練掌握這些高考必備的基礎(chǔ)知識。

        1.在介詞、某些動詞和短語后,常用動名詞(doing)作賓語。表示主動意義用動名詞的一般式(doing),表示被動意義用動名詞的被動式(being done)。例如:

        ① We can improve our vocabulary by _______(read)English novels and magazines.(reading)

        ② My dad suggest me ________ (go) hiking on Sundays to build up my health.(going)

        ③ My cousin insisted on ________ (travel) to Tibet during the summer holiday.(traveling)

        ④ Maria wore dark glasses to avoid ________ (recognize)when she was shopping.(being recognized)

        ⑤ Surprisingly, John attended Martin’s birthday party without ________ (invite).(being invited)

        【注意】后接動名詞的動詞和短語有:advise, admit,allow, avoid, appreciate, consider, delay, deny, dislike, discuss,enjoy, escape, excuse, fancy, finish, forbid, forgive, imagine,include, keep, mention, mind, miss, pardon, permit, practice,prevent, prohibit, report, risk, suggest, be busy(忙 于),be accustomed/get used to(對……習(xí)慣), be worth(值得),burst out(突 然 開 始),can’t stand(不 能 忍 受),can’t help(情不自禁),be devoted to(致力于),be opposed to(反對),contribute to(有助于,促成),decide on/upon(決定),feel like(想要),get down to(開始認真做),give up(放棄),insist on(堅持),keep on(繼續(xù)),lead to(導(dǎo)致),object to(反對),put off(推遲),pay attention to(注意),set about(開始,著手),stick to(堅持),look forward to(期盼),keep/prevent/stop sb.from(阻止某人做某事)等。

        2.在某些動詞和短語后常接動詞不定式作賓語。表示主動意義用動詞不定式的一般式(to do), 表示被動意義用動詞不定式的被動式(to be done)。例如:

        ① The manager of the company refused _______(make)any comments on the accident.(to make)

        ② Not having made careful preparations, Tom failed________ (pass) the driving test.(to pass)

        ③ I hope ________(admit) to a famous university when I graduate from high school.(to be admitted)

        【注意】后接動詞不定式的動詞和短語有:afford,agree, aim, ask, arrange, attempt, choose, decide, decline,demand, desire, deserve, determine, expect, fail, guarantee,happen, hesitate, help, hope, learn, long, manage, offer, plan,prepare, pretend, promise, refuse, resolve, seek, tend, threaten,undertake, volunteer, wish, want, can’t wait(迫不及待),should/would like(想 要),would prefer(寧 愿),try one’s best(盡力),make an attempt(嘗試), make a plan(計劃),make a decision(決定),make a promise(承諾),make up one’s mind(下定決心),set out(著手),take action (采取行動),take one’s turns(輪流),take measures(采取措施)等。

        (二)非謂語動詞作定語

        動名詞、動詞不定式、現(xiàn)在分詞和過去分詞均可作定語,但是它們的含義各不相同,教師應(yīng)引導(dǎo)考生進行區(qū)別。

        1.表示一個主動的、正在進行的動作常用現(xiàn)在分詞的一般式(doing)作定語。單個的現(xiàn)在分詞通常放在名詞中心詞之前,而現(xiàn)在分詞短語通常放在名詞中心詞之后。表示正在進行的一個被動的動作則用現(xiàn)在分詞的被動式(being done),通常放在名詞中心詞之后。例如:

        ① Early warnings of _______(rise) water levels prevented another major catastrophe.(rising)

        ② The girl _______(stand) at the school gate is Mary’s sister.(standing)

        ③ Food safety is one of the popular topics during the conference _______(hold) in Beijing these days.(being held)

        【注意】現(xiàn)在分詞的完成式(having done)通常不用作定語。

        2.表示一個已完成的被動的動作常用過去分詞(done)作定語。單個的過去分詞通常放在名詞中心詞之前,而過去分詞短語通常放在名詞中心詞之后。例如:

        ① It is a good habit to drink some cold ______(boil)water after getting up in the morning.(boiled)

        ② Most of the people _________(invite) to attend the meeting were famous scientists.(invited)

        3.表示事物的用途或功能常用動名詞(doing)作定語,通常放在名詞中心詞的前面。例如:

        ① A lot of people sat in the _____(wait) room, some of them talking quietly.(waiting)

        ② My grandma is able to move around with the help of a______(walk) stick.(walking)

        4.動詞不定式作定語時,常表示一個尚未發(fā)生的動作,通常放在名詞或代詞之后。如果表示一個主動的動作,多用動詞不定式的一般式(to do);如果表示一個被動的動作,多用動詞不定式的被動式(to be done)。例如:

        ① If you have someone______(talk) to, you will be cheerful.(to talk)

        ② I bet there are a lot of things ________(discuss) at the meeting tomorrow.(to be discussed)

        (三)非謂語動詞作狀語

        除了動名詞不能用作狀語之外,現(xiàn)在分詞(doing)、過去分詞(done)和動詞不定式(to do)都可以作狀語。它們的含義和用法均有所差異。

        1.現(xiàn)在分詞

        現(xiàn)在分詞作狀語時,表示一個由主語發(fā)出的動作,可表示時間、原因、條件、結(jié)果、讓步、方式、伴隨狀況和結(jié)果等。如果一個動作正在進行或與謂語動詞同時進行,宜用現(xiàn)在分詞的一般式(doing);如果該動作由主語發(fā)出,且早于謂語動詞發(fā)生,宜用現(xiàn)在分詞的完成式(having done);如果一個動作早于謂語動詞發(fā)生,但主語是該動作的承受者,則用現(xiàn)在分詞的完成被動式(having been done)。例如:

        ① _______(hear) the exciting news, they burst into tears.(Hearing)

        ② _______(suffer) from heart trouble for years, Professor White is now in hospital.(Having suffered)

        ③ _______(show) around the Water Cube, the tourists were then taken to the Bird’s Nest.(Having been shown)

        2.過去分詞

        過去分詞作狀語時,表示一個被動的或已完成的動作或狀態(tài),可放在句首或句末,表示時間?原因?條件?結(jié)果、讓步?方式?伴隨狀況等。例如:

        ① _______(attract) by the beauty of nature, we decided to spend another two days on the farm.(Attracted)

        ② _______(see)from a distance, the Sydney Opera House looks like the sails of ships.(Seen)

        【注意】一些形容詞化的過去分詞作狀語時, 并不表示被動,而表示主語的情緒或狀態(tài)。例如:

        ① After his journey from abroad, Richard Jones returned home,________(exhaust).(exhausted)

        ② Jane sat there in silence, _______ (lose) in thought.(lost)

        由“be+過去分詞+介詞”構(gòu)成的短語通常表示主語的一種狀態(tài)。去掉be后,直接用過去分詞作狀語。這些短語有:be worried about(對……擔(dān)心),be lost in thought(陷入沉思),be addicted to(對……沉迷),be faced with(面臨),be interested in(對……感興趣),be absorbed in(專注于某事),be concerned about(對……關(guān)注),be pleased with(對……滿意),be surprised at(對……感到吃驚),be satisfied with(對……滿意),be armed with(武裝著),be equipped with(裝備有),be occupied in/with(忙于),be seated in/at(坐在……),be dressed in(穿著),be stuck in(被困在……),be located in(坐落于),be engaged in sth.(忙于某事),be caught in(被困 ,遭遇),be devoted to doing sth.(致力于做某事),be determined to do sth.(下定決心做某事)。

        3.動詞不定式

        動詞不定式作狀語通常表示行為的原因、目的和結(jié)果等。如果表示主動意義用動詞不定式的一般式(to do),表示被動意義用動詞不定式的被動式(to be done)。

        (1)表示目的。有時,為了強調(diào),也可用in order (not)to do 和 so as (not) to do 結(jié)構(gòu)(so as (not) to do 不可以置于句首)。例如:

        ① We work hard every day ______(get) good scores in the examination.(to get)

        ② Lucy shouted loudly and waved her hand in order________(notice) among the crowds.(to be noticed)

        ③ I’ll write down his telephone number so as not_______(forget) it.(to forget)

        (2)表示結(jié)果。動詞不定式常常表示意外的結(jié)果,可在其前加only或never。例如:

        ① Peter got to the station in a hurry, only _______(find)the train had gone.(to find)

        ② Tom and I went to the school library, only_______(tell)that it was under repair.(to be told)

        ③ Annie’s father disappeared ten years ago, never_______(hear) from again.(to be heard)

        (3)在“主系表+動詞不定式”結(jié)構(gòu)中,動詞不定式作狀語,表示主語產(chǎn)生某種情緒的原因。例如:

        ① We are eager ______(cooperate) with your company.(to cooperate)

        ② I am delighted _______(receive) your greeting card.(to receive)

        三、關(guān)注考生的易錯點

        根據(jù)筆者的教學(xué)經(jīng)驗,考生容易在狀語從句的省略、獨立主格結(jié)構(gòu)、it作形式主語和賓語以及一些特殊句式中出現(xiàn)錯誤。在復(fù)習(xí)備考時,教師應(yīng)特別關(guān)注這幾個問題:

        1.狀語從句的省略

        如果主句和從句的主語相同或從句的主語為it, 從句中含有be的某種形式,通常把狀語從句中的主語和be動詞省略, 保留“連詞+現(xiàn)在分詞/過去分詞/形容詞/副詞/介詞短語”。例如:

        ① When (it is) completed, the museum will be open to the public next year.

        ② While (I was) waiting for the bus to come, I bought a newspaper.

        ③ I am going to the seaside for my holiday if (it is) possible.

        ④ Children, when _________(accompany) by their parents,are allowed to enter the stadium.(accompanied)

        ⑤ Though __________(surprise) to see us,the professor gave us a warm welcome.(surprised)

        ⑥ While _________ (cross) the street, you can’t be too careful.(crossing)

        2.獨立主格結(jié)構(gòu)

        獨立主格結(jié)構(gòu)是由一個名詞或代詞,加上一個形容詞、副詞、介詞短語、分詞或動詞不定式等構(gòu)成的,在句中作狀語。獨立主格結(jié)構(gòu)的邏輯主語與句子的主語不同,它獨立存在。名詞或代詞與后面的形容詞、副詞、介詞短語、分詞、動詞不定式等存在邏輯上的主謂關(guān)系。獨立主格結(jié)構(gòu)一般用逗號與主句分開,與主句之間不使用連接詞。

        (1)名詞(代詞)+現(xiàn)在分詞(邏輯主語是分詞動作的發(fā)出者)。例如:

        ① Weather _______(permit), the party will be held in the garden.(permitting)

        (2)名詞(代詞)+過去分詞(邏輯主語是分詞動作的承受者)。例如:

        ① The problems ________(solve), the manager felt relieved.(solved)

        (3)名詞(代詞)+現(xiàn)在分詞的完成被動式(分詞的動作早于謂語動詞發(fā)生,且邏輯主語是該分詞動作的承受者)。例如:

        ① The lecture _________(given), a lively question-andanswer session followed.(having been given)

        (4)名詞(代詞)+動詞不定式(動詞不定式表示未發(fā)生的動作)。例如:

        ① So many people _______(help) us soon, we are sure to complete the task on time.(to help)

        3.it作形式主語和形式賓語

        如果作主語或定語的動詞不定式或動名詞短語過長,可用it作形式賓語和形式主語來代替它們。例如:

        (1)it作形式主語

        在“It + is/was +adj./n.(for sb./of sb.) + to do sth.”結(jié)構(gòu)中,it代替動詞不定式(短語)。如果形容詞是表示事物的特點或特征的,如difficult,hard,easy,impossible,necessary,important等,應(yīng)用介詞for;如果形容詞是表示人的性格特征或特點的,如nice,good,bad,kind,silly,foolish,wise,clever, careless,rude,brave,cruel,careful, grateful等,應(yīng)用介詞 of。例如:

        ① It’s important for us ______(have) a balanced diet every day.(to have)

        ② It is kind of you ______(offer) me timely help.(to offer)

        但在“It is/was no use/good doing sth.”結(jié)構(gòu)中 , it常代替動名詞(短語)。例如:

        ① It is no good _______(argue) with Peter.He won’t listen.(arguing)

        ② It is no use ______(cry) over spilt milk.(crying)

        (2)it作形式賓語

        在“ 主 語 + think/find/feel/consider/make/regard...+ it +形容詞/名詞+to do sth.”結(jié)構(gòu)中,it代替動詞不定式短語。例如:

        ① I find it pleasant _____(work) with Jimmy.(to work)

        ② Mary makes it a habit ____(do) some reading in the evening.(to do)

        但在“主語 + think/find/feel/consider/make/regard...+ it +形容詞/名詞+doing sth.”結(jié)構(gòu)中,it代替動名詞短語。例如:

        ① The professor considers it no use ______(read) without understanding.(reading)

        ② I think it no good _______(complain) without taking action.(complaining)

        4.一些特殊句式

        在一些特殊句式中,常用動詞不定式或動名詞短語。例如:

        (1)常用動名詞(短語)的句式:

        ① There is no point in getting upset.

        ② There’s no sense in blaming him.

        ③ There’s no point in worrying about it.

        ④There is no difficulty/trouble/problem (in) understanding the novel.

        (2)常用動詞不定式(短語)的句式:

        ① There is nothing to worry about.

        ② There is no need for us to praise it; it speaks for itself.

        ③ You need to get to the hospital—there’s no time to lose!

        ④ I have never wasted a chance to improve my English.

        四、非謂語動詞考點的備考策略

        在高三復(fù)習(xí)備考階段,考生們時間緊,而語法項目繁雜,導(dǎo)致復(fù)習(xí)任務(wù)重,怎么進行復(fù)習(xí)才能取得事半功倍的效果呢?

        1.制作思維導(dǎo)圖,幫助考生構(gòu)建知識網(wǎng)絡(luò)

        借助于思維導(dǎo)圖,教師可以清晰地呈現(xiàn)出某個知識塊,從而幫助考生構(gòu)建知識網(wǎng)絡(luò),提高考生的知識整合和遷移能力,在解題時快速、準(zhǔn)確地獲取相關(guān)信息。請看非謂語動詞作狀語的思維導(dǎo)圖:

        2.總結(jié)規(guī)律,化難為易

        現(xiàn)在分詞(doing)和過去分詞(done)都可作表語和定語。但現(xiàn)在分詞表示主動的含義,常用來描述事物,而過去分詞表示被動的含義,常用來描述人。例如:

        ① The audience were deeply impressed by the ________(move) story.(moving)

        ② Jim was so ______(excite) that it was long before he calmed down.(excited)

        ③ The _______(excite) audience was talking about the movie loudly.(excited)

        【注意】形容詞化的現(xiàn)在分詞有:amazing(令人驚異的),amusing(令人愉快的),annoying(令人生氣的),boring(令人討厭的),confusing(令人迷惑的),convincing(令人信服的),disappointing(令人失望的),disturbing(煩人的),embarrassing(令人尷尬的),encouraging(令人鼓舞的),entertaining(愉快的,有趣的),exhausting(令人精疲力竭的),fascinating(迷人的,有吸引力的),freezing(冰凍的,嚴寒的),frightening(令人害怕的),interesting(令人感興趣的),moving(感動人的),puzzling(令人不解的),surprising(令人驚訝的),pleasing(令人高興的),relaxing(輕松的),touching(令人感動的),worrying(令人擔(dān)憂的),frustrating(令人失望的),tiring(令人疲勞的),thrilling(令人緊張的)。

        【注意】形容詞化的過去分詞有:amazed(感到驚異的), amused(感到開心的),annoyed(生氣的),bored(感到厭煩的),confused(感到迷惑的), convinced(相信的),disappointed(感到失望的),disturbed (受到干擾的),embarrassed(感到尷尬的),encouraged(受到鼓勵的), entertained(感到愉快的),exhausted(精疲力竭的),fascinated(著迷的),frozen(凍僵了的),frightened(感到害怕的),interested(感興趣的),moved(受感動的),pleased(感到高興的),puzzled (感到不解的),relaxed(放松的,輕松的),surprised(感到驚訝的),thrilled(極為興奮的),touched(受感動的),worried(感到擔(dān)憂的),frustrated(感到失望的),tired(感到勞累、疲乏的)。

        3.在語境中使用知識,把語法知識轉(zhuǎn)化為語言技能

        引導(dǎo)考生使用所學(xué)的語法規(guī)則來表達思想,在使用過程中把知識轉(zhuǎn)化為技能。例如:

        在課堂上,讓考生用英語描述圖畫的內(nèi)容和自己的想法,盡量使用非謂語動詞形式。例如:

        ① It is no fun to play computer games.

        ② It is unwise for parents to lie to their children.

        ③ It is important for parents to set a good example to children.

        ④ A boy is busy sending text messages while having class.

        ⑤ Some students have formed the habit of playing with their smartphones.

        ⑥ We can see a boy sitting at the desk with his eyes staring at his smartphones.

        ⑦ The boy enjoys sending text messages instead of listening to his teacher in class.

        在描述圖畫時,鼓勵考生自由地表達思想,培養(yǎng)考生的發(fā)散思維能力,通過看圖說話,使考生把語言知識轉(zhuǎn)化為語言能力。

        4.注重語篇訓(xùn)練, 在語境中提升語言技能

        考生學(xué)習(xí)的語法知識離不開語篇,讓考生在語篇中正確使用所學(xué)的知識是教師教學(xué)的最終目的。因此,在課堂上,教師應(yīng)為考生提供大量的語境,讓考生使用所學(xué)的語法結(jié)構(gòu)自由地表達思想。

        在英語課上,教師給出了下面一組圖畫,請考生用英語輪流發(fā)言,談?wù)勛约簩@幅畫的理解。并寫出一篇100詞左右的發(fā)言稿。

        One possible version:

        It was spring time.A family of three made a trip to the countryside.When they arrived at the foot of a hill, they saw the scenery was so beautiful that they decidedto put upa tent there.Then they played games on the grass,talking and laughing happily.When they weretired, they made a fire to have a picnic lunch.They went onplayingin the field that afternoon and had a good time.When night fell, they headed home,leaving a lot of rubbish behind, including packages,cans, soft drink bottles and plastic bags.

        In my view, is wrongto pollute the environment.It is everyone’s responsibilityto protect the earth.Only in this way can we make the earth a better place.

        總之,只要教師精確把握考點,明確目的,采取一些有效的復(fù)習(xí)備考策略,就能幫助考生系統(tǒng)地梳理知識,夯實基礎(chǔ),不斷積累解題經(jīng)驗和技巧,最終提升應(yīng)試能力。

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