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        一節(jié)嘗試以培養(yǎng)學生的審辯式思維和創(chuàng)新思維能力為主的高中英語閱讀課

        2018-11-16 09:05:56
        時代英語·高二 2018年5期
        關鍵詞:審辯式思維創(chuàng)新思維能力高中英語

        【摘 要】 學生的深度思維能力、審辯式思維能力、創(chuàng)造性思維能力在英語學習中起著至關重要的作用。本文將焦點放在高中英語課堂,以一堂說、讀最后到寫的綜合技能課為例,努力嘗試以說和讀促思考,以說和讀培養(yǎng)思維的訓練方式,使學生的各個方面的綜合能力在一堂課中得到一定程度的培養(yǎng)。

        【關鍵詞】 審辯式思維 創(chuàng)新思維能力 高中英語

        一、課例背景

        本課例選自2017年7月8日在四川仁壽縣舉辦的“省教科所—仁壽縣人民政府所在地戰(zhàn)略合作2017年度仁壽縣教育系統(tǒng)暑期干部教師培訓會”。執(zhí)教教師是成都七中張學剛老師,指導教師為四川省教科所董洪丹老師,授課時長45分鐘。

        二、教學分析

        1.教學內(nèi)容分析

        人際關系是高考英語24個話題中的重要話題之一,學生對親情類話題并不陌生。此次展示課采用自選閱讀材料的方式,選取了一則描述父子在鱸魚禁漁期解禁之前一同釣魚的閱讀材料(見附錄)?;趯υ摱伍喿x材料的分析,指導教師及筆者認為這一閱讀材料適合作為對高二學生進行思維訓練的教學材料。第一、針對文中父親的做法,有人認為父親是在言傳身教,而有人認為父親不夠愛自己的兒子,在沒人看到他們的情況下,他是可以讓兒子釣起那條鱸魚的。針對不同的觀點,學生應辯證地看待該問題;另外,父親要求兒子在鱸魚禁漁期還未解禁之前把釣到的鱸魚放回湖中,這其實是對規(guī)則的一種尊重,此時如引導學生去探討尊重規(guī)則是否永遠都是正確的,這無意又從另一個維度去啟發(fā)學生的批判性思維。第二、讓學生分組討論給文章取一個合適的標題,在基于對文章深層理解的基礎上,培養(yǎng)學生的創(chuàng)新思維能力。

        美國著名教育家布魯姆教授認為人的高階思維(higher order thinking)包括了自主學習與合作解決問題的能力、創(chuàng)造性思維能力、審辯式思維能力、深度思維能力等。他創(chuàng)立的認知目標分類理論把認知領域的教育目標分成識記、理解、應用、分析、評價和創(chuàng)造六個類別, 其中分析、評價和創(chuàng)造,他認為就是“高階思維”(洛林·安德森,2009)。結(jié)合所選語言材料的特點,該堂課努力嘗試以說和讀促思考,以說和讀培養(yǎng)思維的訓練方式,努力去呈現(xiàn)一堂說、讀最后到寫的綜合技能課。

        2.學生分析

        據(jù)《普通高中英語課程標準(實驗)》(教育部,2003)中對高二學生語言技能目標的敘述,高二階段的學生能夠理解閱讀材料中不同的觀點和態(tài)度,并基本能夠理解涉及社會生活話題的、地道的語言材料。本次授課對象是四川仁壽一中高二年級的學生。高二年級學生的思維能力雖已達一定的水平,但如何在有限的45分鐘課堂上,讓他們的深度思維能力、審辯式思維能力、創(chuàng)造性思維能力都得到一定程度的培養(yǎng)是本堂課中師生所面臨的挑戰(zhàn)之一。

        3.教學目標

        基于對文本內(nèi)容和學生情況的分析,本堂課定位于以培養(yǎng)學生的深度思維能力、審辯式思維能力、創(chuàng)造性思維能力為主的綜合技能課,并確定了下列教學目標:

        (1)讓學生了解故事敘述的基本要素并能領會到The theme of a story is what it needs to make a story more than a story;

        (2)能基本學會從細節(jié)描寫去分析人物性格;

        (3)學會辯證地看待自己學習生活中遇到的關于道德品質(zhì)的一些問題;

        (4)嘗試培養(yǎng)學生審辯思維、創(chuàng)新思維和深度思維的能力。

        4.教學設計思路

        (1)備課思維過程:用一條主題的線貫穿課堂

        在設計時,始終圍繞一個核心詞語:catch;從課前熱身環(huán)節(jié)別具一格的猜詞設計(猜詞答案是catch),到分析故事基本要素中小男孩catch a fish, 再到分析父親人物性格中小男孩似乎是catch something from his father,最后通過“照鏡子”的方式去反觀現(xiàn)實中我們的言行,進而檢驗我們的學生是否catch something good from the passage。

        (3)調(diào)整教學內(nèi)容

        閱讀材料分教師版和學生版,教師版盡量原汁原味,而學生版文章篇幅控制在500詞左右,但同時保留語言教學材料的真實性和地道性。另外文章共九個段落,前面六個段落屬于敘述部分,后面三個段落是議論部分,故在排版時,敘述和議論中間應留有較大的空間,并在學生的閱讀材料上把議論部分折疊,讓學生分步閱讀,讓學生帶著懸念去閱讀。

        三、教學過程

        Step 1 Warming-up

        上課伊始,教師和學生簡短問候之后接著告訴學生今天一開始要做一個猜詞游戲。教師發(fā)出如下指令:

        Class. Just now your maths teacher told me that youre very good at maths. So I am thinking about having you guys use your maths knowledge to solve an English puzzle. The answer to the puzzle is an English word. Each of these answers represents the position of an English letter in the English alphabet. So altogether well get five letters. Put together the five letters and you will get the word. Take lg1000 for an example.

        T: Whats lg1000?

        S: Three

        T: Whats the 3rd letter in the English alphabet?

        S: C

        T: Now lets do it.

        lg1000=? tan45°=? |20|=? √9=? 2?=?

        T: So the word is catch. But please tell me what you can catch in your life.

        S: Some animals, for example, birds, goats, fish or even our teachers suggestions etc.

        T: Okay! What do you expect to catch in todays English class. Now lets read a story—Catch of __________

        【設計意圖和實施情況】

        一開始讓學生用熟悉的數(shù)學知識來熱身,主要目的是為了激發(fā)學生的興趣,從課堂學生的反饋來看,學生很喜歡這種不拘一格的課堂引入。這種新穎的課堂引入方式巧妙地運用了學科融合理論。學科融合是在承認學科差異的基礎上不斷打破學科邊界,促進學科間相互滲透,交叉的活動。這是學科發(fā)展的趨勢,更是產(chǎn)生創(chuàng)新性成果的重要途徑。

        Step 2 The story

        教師發(fā)出如下指令: Lets read the story from P1-P6 and answer the six questions:

        ◆ Who were the heroes? ◆ Where were they?

        ◆ When was it? ◆ What were they doing?

        ◆ Did the son catch anything?

        ◆ What did the son do with it?

        (教師在黑板上畫Father,Son &Fish的簡筆畫,并要求學生把剛才的答案組成一句話:On an evening , a father and son were fishing from the dock of their house. The son was told to free the fish because the bass season was not opened then.)

        【設計意圖和實施情況】

        此環(huán)節(jié)旨在運用孩子都喜歡讀故事的心理,通過設置由淺入深的問題,以問答的方式,調(diào)動全班同學的積極性。

        Step 3 The father

        ◆What kind of person was the father? (provide supporting sentences)

        ◆What did the son “catch” from his father?

        師生對話如下:

        T: Class. The story is just a simple story, but what makes a story more than a story? Please share your ideas with your shoulder partners...

        S1: ...

        S2: ... (學生不能回答時可引導他們:A story always wants to tell us something. So, what is the thing?—Theme 教師板書Theme)

        T: In order to catch the theme of the story. Lets read the whole passage. Please unfold the whole story. Discuss within groups and figure out what kind of person the father is. Remember to outline some supporting sentences.

        S: Honest, strict, caring/loving/ kind... (注意引導學生找到相應的supporting sentences)

        T: Class. Youve done a good job. But did the son catch something from his father?

        S: Yes.

        T: What is it?

        S: ...

        教師著重強調(diào)文章體現(xiàn)的又一個“catch”。

        【設計意圖和實施情況】

        此環(huán)節(jié)旨在讓學生學會細讀,學會對細節(jié)進行深度挖掘,并試圖培養(yǎng)他們審辯式思維。學生們對文中所描繪的父親,其體會和感覺是不一樣的,這沒有固定的標準答案來回答父親是一個什么樣的人,其關鍵在于學生“入情,入境”后的理解。課堂上審辯式思維的過程是一個師生不斷互動的過程。學生通過課堂獲取的信息與自己已有的經(jīng)驗進行比較,并且思考是否認同某一理由或說法。(Cottrell, 2011)

        Step 4 The fish

        教師發(fā)出如下指令:

        Boys and girls. In Paragraph 7, the writer says “... he does see that same fish again and again...” The fish that the son sees is more than just a fish. Please discuss in groups and answer:

        ◆What is “that same fish”?

        ◆How do you understand “ethics”?

        【設計意圖和實施情況】

        此環(huán)節(jié)在圍繞文章主線“catch”的基礎上,引導學生去思考生活中碰到的“fish”是什么,并讓學生深度分析ethics在文中的含義。在課堂教學實施中學生單一去理解ethics有相當大的難度,而作者對ethics的解釋即在下一段首句:Ethics are simple matters of right and wrong. 這對學生進行閱讀微技能中猜詞能力的培養(yǎng)是很好的例證。

        Step 5 Do we?

        ◆What is “that same fish” you have met?

        ◆Share with us what you did with the “fish”.

        師生對話如下:

        T: My dear teachers and students. We do catch this kind of fish in our life from time to time. Right? Please share with us the fish youve met with in your life. And how do you deal with the fish? Are we like them in the pictures?

        S: ...

        教師接下來展示下列兩張PPT:

        【設計意圖和實施情況】

        此環(huán)節(jié)力圖和Step 4 聯(lián)系起來,通過“照鏡子”的自省方式來反思和規(guī)范我們的日常行為,以期達到教育的目的。柏拉圖曾說:“什么是教育?教育是為了以后的生活所進行的訓練,它能使人變善,從而高尚地行動”,“我們可以斷言教育不是像有些人所說的,他們可以把知識裝進空無所有的心靈里,仿佛他們可以把視覺裝進盲者的眼里,教育乃是‘心靈的轉(zhuǎn)向”。從課堂的實施效果來看,學生們的參與度不錯,同時學生對彼此的論述也持有批判的意見。這樣的課堂設置促進了學生辯式思維能力的發(fā)展。

        Step 6 Be critical

        ◆Was the fathers teaching the best? If you were the father, what would you do?

        ◆Putting the fish back means obeying the rules. So is obeying the rules always right?

        師生對話如下:

        T: Was the fathers teaching the best? If you were the father, what would you do?

        S: ...

        T: (追問學生): If I allowed my son to keep the fish, how would you punish me? Fine me or throw me into prison?

        S: ...

        T: Does putting the fish back means obeying the rules? But is obeying the rules always right? For example, we were told not to tell a lie. Its a kind of rule. But how about facing those bad guys? We were told not to run the red light. What if someone in your family were seriously ill and you had to send her/him to hospital as soon as possible?

        S: ...

        【設計意圖和實施情況】

        本環(huán)節(jié)旨在進一步訓練高二學生的深度思維能力和發(fā)散思維能力。在教學過程中,學生的思維是有深度的,發(fā)散的,批判性的。第一、讓學生站在父親的立場上去換位思考,他們得出的教育方法是多樣的,而他們的決定又沒有固定的標準。第二、課堂上,老師不停地推動學生的思維運轉(zhuǎn)。當老師問到如果讓自己的孩子保留釣起的那條鱸魚,應該受到什么樣的懲罰時,學生有的認為應該罰款,有的認為該坐牢,學生們的熱情被再次點燃。與此同時,學生的思維有了深度,無論是用罰款還是坐牢等懲戒措施,高二學生又必須站在人性的高度去考慮問題。第三、老師繼續(xù)問學生,“釋放鱸魚意味著是對規(guī)則的一種遵守,那么遵守規(guī)則是否永遠是正確的;比如:我們深知不可闖紅燈,但如果我們的親人身患重病,必須第一時間送她/他去醫(yī)院時,又當如何處理?”。此時,學生的熱度已達到最高點,這無疑是學生們從未想過的問題,這亦是在挑戰(zhàn)他們傳統(tǒng)的思維方式。學生們辯證地,批判性地看問題的意識明顯在增強。

        Step 7 The title

        ◆ Complete the title.

        ◆ Compare your groups title with the authors.

        教師發(fā)出如下的指令:

        T: Boys and girls, your performance today is fantastic. However, our story today has got no title. Please discuss in groups to name a new title. Later on, lets compare whether our title is better than that of the authors.

        S: An Unforgettable Evening/ Fishing/ Father and Son/ Caching a Bass/ The Fish ...

        教師先讓學生討論,分享然后給出作者原來的題目:Catch of a Lifetime (一生的收獲)

        【設計意圖和實施情況】

        此環(huán)節(jié)力圖讓學生在深入理解文章主題的同時,培養(yǎng)其創(chuàng)新思維能力。沒有最好的標題,只有更好的。學生們所站的維度,理解的深淺都直接或間接地影響了標題的擬定。從現(xiàn)場的生成來看,學生的標題都有針對性和概括性,例如:Catching More Than a Fish;An Unforgettable Evening etc.

        Step 8 Assignment

        Continue to write what kind of person the son would become if his father didnt ask him to put the fish back. Share your story later in your English class.

        【設計意圖】

        此環(huán)節(jié)旨在通過續(xù)寫故事的方式,讓學生對文章所傳遞的內(nèi)容做進一步的思考。最后教師總結(jié)提升“人生要讀三本書:有字之書,無字之書和心靈之書”。(Everyone will have to read three books in his whole life: a book with words, a book without words, a book of his own heart.)

        四、教學反思

        整體上,本堂課基本實現(xiàn)了教學目標,并有以下幾點較好的做法和值得反思的地方:

        1.導入新穎獨特

        課堂伊始,教師給學生說要做游戲,而喜歡游戲又是孩子的天性;但這次的游戲又與普通的游戲與眾不同:英文老師讓孩子做的是數(shù)學游戲。無論哪一種類型的學生在這樣的環(huán)節(jié)都會被點燃熱情。一堂好課的開始就當如寫文章“起句當如爆竹,驟響易徹”。

        2.思維訓練充分

        在本堂課中,師生對話是多維度的,既有點的東西,也有面的東西。本堂課努力嘗試以說和讀培養(yǎng)思維的訓練方式,努力使高二學生的深度思維能力、審辯式思維能力、創(chuàng)造性思維能力得到一定程度的鍛煉與培養(yǎng)。

        3.課堂生成鮮活

        現(xiàn)代學習觀認為,學習是學生主動建構(gòu)知識的過程,是通過參與者的行為和交互作用而生成的,而不是通過教學計劃預先設定的課程(郝永華, 2010)。學生的回答都是現(xiàn)場生成的,而往往現(xiàn)場生成的東西,才是最真實的。

        4.德育浸潤合理

        在Step 5時,通過“照鏡子”的方式,讓學生去反思自己平時的言行,從而在孩子心中悄悄種下一顆德育的種子。期間無須過多的說理,德育目的自然達到。這在一定程度上詮釋了程曉堂老師所提的,“教師要善于走出教材,活用教材,充分挖掘教材中蘊含的德育因素,培養(yǎng)學生良好的情感態(tài)度(程曉堂, 2002)?!?/p>

        雖然本堂課力求通過一種嘗試,努力讓學生的思維在一定程度上得到鍛煉,但教學是門遺憾的藝術,沒有一節(jié)課是完美無缺的。學生思維的培養(yǎng)是一個長期的過程。

        【參考文獻】

        [1]教育部. 普通高中英語課程標準(實驗)[M]. 北京:人民教育出版社,2003.

        [2]龔亞夫. 多元目標英語課程[M]. 高等教育出版社,2015.

        [3]洛林·安德森. 布盧姆教育目標分類學[M]. 外語教學與研究出版社出版,2009.

        [4]外語教學與研究出版社. 普通高中課程標準試驗教科書. 英語(必修 4)高中二年級上學期[T]. 北京:外語教學與研究出版社,2014.

        [5]程曉堂. 英語教材分析與設計[M]. 北京:外語教學與研究出版社,2002.

        [6]郝永華. 課堂因生成的實現(xiàn)而精彩[J]. 中小學英語教學與研究,2010(11):24-27.

        [7]Nunan, D. Task-based Language Teaching[M]. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2011.

        [8]Cottrell, S. Critical Thinking Skills: Developing Effective Analysis and Argument[M]. Palgrave Macmillan, 2011.

        [9]Glaser, Edward M. Experiment in the Development of Critical Thinking (Columbia University Teachers College Contributions to Education No 843) [M]. New York : AMS Press, 1972.

        附閱讀材料一則:

        Catch of ______________

        ① He was 11 and went fishing every chance he got from the dock at his familys small house on an island in the middle of a New Hampshire lake.

        ② On the day before the bass (鱸魚) season opened, he and his father were fishing early in the evening, catching sunfish and bass with worms. Then he tied on a small silver lure (誘餌) and practiced casting (拋線). The lure struck the water and caused colored ripples (漣漪) in the sunset, then silver ripples as the moon rose over the lake. When his fishing pole bent a lot, he knew something big was on the other end. His father watched with admiration as the boy skillfully worked the fish along the dock.

        ③ Finally, he carefully lifted the exhausted fish from the water. Wow! It was the largest one he had ever seen, but it was a bass.

        ④ The boy and his father looked at the handsome fish, gills (鰓) playing back and forth in the moonlight. The father lit a match and looked at his watch. It was 22:00PM—two hours before the season opened. He looked at the fish, and then at the boy. “Youll have to put it back, son.” he said. “Dad!” cried the boy. “There will be other fish,” said his father. “But not as big as this one,” cried the boy.

        ⑤ The boy looked around the lake. No other fishermen or boats were anywhere around in the moonlight. He looked again at his father. Even though no one had seen them, nor could anyone ever know what time he caught the fish, the boy could tell by his fathers clear voice that his decision was not changed. He slowly worked the hook out of the mouth of the big bass and put it into the black water. The creature swung its tail and disappeared. The boy doubted that he would never see such a great fish again.

        ⑥ That was 34 years ago. Today, the boy is successful in New York. His fathers small house is still there. He takes his own children fishing from the same dock.

        ⑦ And he was right. He has never again caught such a great fish as the one he freed that night long ago. But he does see that same fish—again and again—every time he faces a question of ethics.

        ⑧ As his father taught him, ethics are simple matters of right and wrong. It is only the practice of ethics that is difficult. Do we do right when no one is looking? Do we run the red light when therere no cars?

        ⑨ We would if we were taught to put the fish back when we were young. For we would have learned the truth. The decision to do right always lives fresh in our memory. It is a story we should proudly tell our friends and children. Not about how we had a chance to beat the system and took it, but about how we did the right thing and were forever strengthened.

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