辛相茂
[摘 要]英語書面表達(dá)是高考失分較嚴(yán)重的題目。教師應(yīng)在常態(tài)教學(xué)中有效指導(dǎo)學(xué)生不斷進(jìn)行語言積累,循序漸進(jìn),熟練掌握解題要領(lǐng),幫助學(xué)生打好基礎(chǔ),提升其英語書面表達(dá)能力。
[關(guān)鍵詞]高考;英語試題;書面表達(dá)
[中圖分類號(hào)] G633.41 [文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)識(shí)碼] A [文章編號(hào)] 1674-6058(2018)19-0044-02
一、高考英語書面表達(dá)的重要性及考生的失分點(diǎn)
語言的學(xué)習(xí)過程主要由兩部分組成:輸入(聽讀)和輸出(讀寫)。英語寫作是檢測(cè)學(xué)生語言綜合運(yùn)用能力的重要途徑。高考英語書面表達(dá)要求考生根據(jù)提示能夠清楚連貫地傳遞信息,表達(dá)意思,有效運(yùn)用所學(xué)語言知識(shí),旨在考查學(xué)生用真實(shí)語言交際,得體地使用英語的能力。高考中的英語書面表達(dá)屬于微寫作,100詞左右,以應(yīng)用文為主,分值為25分(全國(guó)卷)。然而,在每年的閱卷過程中及考試成績(jī)公布后,通過對(duì)學(xué)生得分統(tǒng)計(jì)分析不難發(fā)現(xiàn),眾多考生在該題中失分嚴(yán)重。其原因?yàn)椋海?) 平時(shí)的語言基礎(chǔ)不扎實(shí),語言知識(shí)貧乏,表達(dá)能力有限;(2)不清楚或未能熟練掌握必要的寫作技能;(3)系統(tǒng)性訓(xùn)練不足,導(dǎo)致審題有誤、偏差,文章結(jié)構(gòu)混亂,展開部分不合理或與要點(diǎn)不相關(guān),語言組織不符合英語規(guī)范,表達(dá)不連貫或直接翻譯現(xiàn)象明顯。
二、課程標(biāo)準(zhǔn)中的寫作技能目標(biāo)及具體等級(jí)要求
課標(biāo)將高中英語寫作技能概括為:(1)整理思路;(2)組織素材;(3)規(guī)劃文章結(jié)構(gòu);(4)列出提綱;(5)起草文章;(6)組織語言;(7)遣詞造句;(8)修改文章;(9)正確使用標(biāo)點(diǎn)符號(hào)和字母大小寫。具體技能目標(biāo)為:(1)能用文字圖表提供的信息進(jìn)行簡(jiǎn)單描述;(2)能寫出常見體裁的應(yīng)用文,例如信函、一般的通知等;(3)能寫出語義連貫且結(jié)構(gòu)完整的短文,敘述事情或表達(dá)觀點(diǎn)和態(tài)度;(4)能在寫作中做到書寫規(guī)范,語句通順,用詞準(zhǔn)確。
三、高考英語書面表達(dá)命題特點(diǎn)
高考英語書面表達(dá)是學(xué)生語言知識(shí)和能力的具體體現(xiàn),要求考生根據(jù)所給的提綱寫一篇100詞左右的書面材料,以書信或電子郵件為主。常見的主題為邀請(qǐng)、求助、詢問、通知、告知、致歉、推薦或說明等。內(nèi)容切合學(xué)生生活實(shí)際,考查學(xué)生實(shí)際運(yùn)用英語的能力。近幾年的命題趨向于半開放式表達(dá),注重學(xué)生自主、靈活表達(dá)的能力。
四、常態(tài)教學(xué)中學(xué)生英語寫作能力的培養(yǎng)、提高
1.注重閱讀,語言知識(shí)積累領(lǐng)先,讀寫跟上
除課本教材外,教師應(yīng)適量補(bǔ)充適合學(xué)生認(rèn)知水平的英語閱讀材料,如:閱讀專練,英語周報(bào),或從英美網(wǎng)站整理出的各類新聞、趣事、教育或科普類時(shí)文,從而使學(xué)生接觸真實(shí)的、規(guī)范的、時(shí)代性強(qiáng)的語言材料。教師重點(diǎn)分析解釋長(zhǎng)、難、復(fù)雜句,整理精選高頻詞匯、短語及表達(dá)形式。長(zhǎng)此以往,學(xué)生不僅掌握教材中應(yīng)知應(yīng)會(huì)的英語語言基本知識(shí),而且拓寬加深了語言輸入,為寫作能力的提升奠定了基礎(chǔ)。
2.將寫作能力培養(yǎng)融入詞匯教學(xué)之中
從高一年級(jí)開始,教師應(yīng)有意識(shí)地培養(yǎng)學(xué)生在真實(shí)情境中使用詞匯的習(xí)慣,而不是讓學(xué)生單一地背記單詞。詞匯的學(xué)習(xí)應(yīng)關(guān)注以下幾點(diǎn):(1)詞在句中,以完整例句呈現(xiàn)詞匯或短語在具體語境中的用法;(2)不同句型表達(dá)相近或相同意義;(3)詞匯、短語與復(fù)雜句型結(jié)合,生成高級(jí)表達(dá)形式。
如,學(xué)習(xí)appreciate:例句1.appreciate something. I appreciate your help. 例句2.appreciate ones doing something. I appreciate your coming to my birthday party. 例句3.appreciate that...I appreciate that this is not an easy decision for you to make. (appreciate=understand fully; recognize) 例句4.I would appreciate it if you take my application into consideration.
又如,學(xué)習(xí)deny:例句1.deny doing something. The boy denied scratching the car. 例句2.There is no denying that China is developing fast and becoming powerful, which has amazed the world.
3.表達(dá)訓(xùn)練循序漸進(jìn):完整句—完整段落—完整篇章
關(guān)于完整句的訓(xùn)練,教科書每個(gè)單元后的Workbook都為學(xué)生提供了足量的語言材料。此外,教師可以結(jié)合所教學(xué)生的實(shí)際能力,準(zhǔn)備相應(yīng)的完整段落或完整篇章的寫作訓(xùn)練。
如:寫作任務(wù)(關(guān)于個(gè)人發(fā)展)。
(1)單句表達(dá)。
①Johnson 是我的好朋友,性格外向。Johnson is my good friend and he is outgoing. ②盡管在中學(xué)期間他視力有缺陷并且學(xué)習(xí)吃力,但他有雄心,想有尊嚴(yán)地活著。Though he was disabled in eyesight and had some trouble with his lessons at middle school, he was ambitious and wanted to live a life with dignity.③畢業(yè)后,在伙伴的鼓勵(lì)和幫助下,他接觸了文學(xué)。After graduation, he was exposed to literature with the encouragement and help of his companions. ④現(xiàn)在他的作品已被改編成電影。Now his works have been adapted for films.⑤我祝賀他的成功。I congratulate him on his success.
(2)完整段落表達(dá),適當(dāng)增加細(xì)節(jié)。
Johnson, who is my good friend, is outgoing and optimistic about life. I admire him for his strong will and achievement. Though he was disabled in eyesight and had some trouble with his lessons at middle school, he was ambitious and wanted to live a life with dignity.
After graduation, he was exposed to literature with the encouragement and help of his companions. He devoted himself to reading and writing and has written dozens of novels which are attractive and instructive.
Now some of his works have been adapted for films and Johnson has become a well-known writer. I congratulate him on his success.
(3)完整篇章表達(dá),潤(rùn)色整理。
My friend Johnson
God helps those who help themselves. My friend Johnson has set a good example to us.
Johnson, who is my good friend, is outgoing and optimistic about life. I admire him for his strong will and achievement. Though he was disabled in eyesight and had some trouble with his lessons at middle school, he was ambitious and wanted to live a life with dignity.
After graduation, he was exposed to literature with the encouragement and help of his companions. He devoted himself to reading and writing and has written dozens of novels which are attractive and instructive.
Now some of his works have been adapted for films and Johnson has become a well-known writer. I congratulate him on his success.
As the saying goes, “Where there is a will, there is a way.”
五、規(guī)范學(xué)生書面表達(dá)答題步驟
1.寫作前
(1)審題,搞清楚體裁、寫作目的、要求。
(2)確定要點(diǎn)。
(3)構(gòu)思、謀篇布局。
2.寫作中
(1)起草。
(2)覆蓋要點(diǎn)。
(3)Think before writing.(切忌邊思考邊寫)
(4)使用自己熟練掌握的詞、短語及句型,忌機(jī)械翻譯。
(5)依據(jù)要點(diǎn),適當(dāng)展開。
(6)避免句型單一、用詞簡(jiǎn)單。
(7)限時(shí)完成。
3.寫作后
(1)回讀、檢查、潤(rùn)色、修改。
(2)認(rèn)真謄寫,書寫規(guī)范、工整。
六、高考真題示例(2017年全國(guó)卷I)
書面表達(dá)。(滿分25分)
假定你是李華,正在教你的英國(guó)朋友Leslie學(xué)習(xí)漢語。請(qǐng)你寫封郵件告知下次上課的計(jì)劃。內(nèi)容包括:1.時(shí)間和地點(diǎn)。2.內(nèi)容: 學(xué)習(xí)唐詩。3.課前準(zhǔn)備:簡(jiǎn)要了解唐朝的歷史。
注意:1.詞數(shù)100左右;2.可以適當(dāng)增加細(xì)節(jié),以使行文連貫。
1.寫作前
(1)審題:體裁為一封郵件。寫作目的是通知Leslie下次上漢語課的計(jì)劃。
(2)要點(diǎn):①下次上漢語課的計(jì)劃 。②自定時(shí)間地點(diǎn)。③課前需了解唐朝的一些歷史。
(3)構(gòu)思:①第一段:寫信目的。②第二段:通知正文,覆蓋所有要點(diǎn)。③第三段:恰當(dāng)結(jié)尾。
2.寫作中
(1)起草。
(2)覆蓋要點(diǎn)。
(3)Think before writing.(切忌邊思考邊寫)
(4)使用自己熟練掌握的詞、短語及句型,忌機(jī)械翻譯。
(5)依據(jù)要點(diǎn),適當(dāng)展開。
(6)避免句型單一、用詞簡(jiǎn)單。
(7)限時(shí)完成。
Dear Leslie,
Im Li Hua. Im writing to inform you of the plan for the Chinese class next time.(起始部分,寫信目的)
It will start on the morning of this Friday and last one and a half hours (from 8:00 to 9:30) in Classroom 302.(自定時(shí)間地點(diǎn))
We will focus on studying a few Tang poems. As you know, Tang Poetry and Song Verse are known as the classics of Chinese literature and play an important role in Chinese traditional culture.(適當(dāng)合理展開)
Without the knowledge of the necessary background, it might be difficult for you to understand the poems. Therefore, it would be helpful if you could learn about some history of the Tang Dynasty before you come to attend the class.(合理展開)
I hope that you will make good preparations in advance.(恰當(dāng)結(jié)尾)
Yours,
Li Hua
3.寫作后
(1)回讀、檢查、潤(rùn)色、修改。
(2)認(rèn)真謄寫,書寫規(guī)范、工整。
英語書面表達(dá)能力的提升不僅需要學(xué)生不斷的語言積累、思考、訓(xùn)練,還需要教師有效的指導(dǎo)。教師的學(xué)法指導(dǎo),良好習(xí)慣的形成,解題要領(lǐng)的熟練掌握能夠幫助學(xué)生增強(qiáng)信心,積極應(yīng)對(duì)困難,逐漸提升英語書面表達(dá)等英語應(yīng)用能力。
[ 參 考 文 獻(xiàn) ]
[1] 劉寬平,周業(yè)芳,曹小燕.提高中國(guó)學(xué)生英語寫作能力的有效途徑[J].外語教學(xué),2003(6).
[2] 王小寧.克拉申的習(xí)得/學(xué)得假說與外語教學(xué)[J].外語界, 2001(1).
[3] 張銳.新高中英語書面表達(dá)[M].西安:西北工業(yè)大學(xué)出版社,2003 .
(責(zé)任編輯 周侯辰)