史 斯
(浙江省寧波市鄞江中學(xué))
語(yǔ)言是思維的工具,也是人們交流思想的工具。思維是語(yǔ)言的核心要素。英語(yǔ)要為思而教,這個(gè)觀點(diǎn)已經(jīng)普遍受到英語(yǔ)專家和教師們的認(rèn)同。閱讀是高中英語(yǔ)教學(xué)的重要內(nèi)容,教師應(yīng)對(duì)英語(yǔ)閱讀教學(xué)文本進(jìn)行深入解讀,使讀者與語(yǔ)篇之間進(jìn)行互動(dòng),對(duì)其闡述的觀點(diǎn)或隱含的信息進(jìn)行深層次理解和評(píng)鑒,從而促進(jìn)學(xué)生評(píng)判性思維能力的發(fā)展。筆者結(jié)合具體教學(xué)案例,總結(jié)了以下幾點(diǎn)日常閱讀教學(xué)設(shè)計(jì)思路上較為實(shí)用有效的策略。
【課例片段1】:人教版高中英語(yǔ)必修教材第三模塊第二單元Healthy eating的閱讀文本講述了王鵬和永慧的餐廳競(jìng)爭(zhēng)故事。文章第一段中作者向讀者展現(xiàn)了王鵬那空蕩蕩的無(wú)人光顧的餐廳。許多老顧客匆匆經(jīng)過(guò),卻不進(jìn)去吃飯,包括好朋友老李。當(dāng)王鵬向老李打招呼的時(shí)候,Li Chang seemed not to hear。筆者在解讀文本過(guò)程中,對(duì)seem這個(gè)詞產(chǎn)生了濃厚的興趣。在教學(xué)過(guò)程中,教師向?qū)W生提出如下疑問(wèn):
T:Why does the writer use“seem”?What can we infer from this word?
Ss:“Seem” means something not real.So Lao Li must have been pretending not to hear Wang Peng’s words,which implied Lao Li wasn’t willing to enter Wang’s restaurant as usual.Maybe he didn’t like Wang’s food.
【說(shuō)明】學(xué)生的閱讀興趣因?yàn)榭此坪?jiǎn)單的seem一詞而被調(diào)動(dòng),立足整體篇章立意,思維順暢生長(zhǎng),對(duì)文本內(nèi)容進(jìn)行預(yù)測(cè)和自我評(píng)判,所學(xué)的語(yǔ)言積累也得到輸出,對(duì)于接下去的文本內(nèi)容的學(xué)習(xí)和探索欲被充分激發(fā)。
【課例片段2】:人教版高中英語(yǔ)必修教材第三模塊第五單元的單元話題是Canada——“The True North”,而單元閱讀文本的題目是A trip on“The True North”。兩處都用到了“The True North”,如不細(xì)心研讀,會(huì)容易認(rèn)為所指都為加拿大這個(gè)國(guó)家。但筆者研讀后產(chǎn)生以下思考,如果都指加拿大這個(gè)國(guó)家,標(biāo)題中為什么不表達(dá)成A Trip in或者around“The True North”呢?on這個(gè)介詞的使用是有什么特殊含義嗎?因此標(biāo)題中on這個(gè)介詞就是一個(gè)很好的思維激發(fā)點(diǎn),啟發(fā)學(xué)生思考標(biāo)題中“The True North”的真正含義。故教學(xué)中筆者提問(wèn)如下:
T:What does“The True North” in the title refe to?Why did the writer use“on” rahter than other prepositons?
在教學(xué)過(guò)程中學(xué)生帶著此疑問(wèn),饒有興趣地從文本中找出相關(guān)支持信息:
Ss:He was going to take them and their baggage to catch“the True North”——the cross-canada train.“The True North”refers to the train.We usually use“on a train” instead of“in a train”.
學(xué)生恍然大悟,原來(lái)標(biāo)題中的“The True North”指的是以“The True North”命名的列車。因此也能進(jìn)一步理解為何介詞使用的是on而不是其他。
【說(shuō)明】此案例中,一個(gè)小小的介詞引發(fā)的思考就是學(xué)生對(duì)文本進(jìn)行審視和質(zhì)疑的過(guò)程,通過(guò)提供足夠的證據(jù)對(duì)自己的觀點(diǎn)進(jìn)行合理的支撐,這就是評(píng)判性思維的生長(zhǎng)過(guò)程。
【課例片段3】:人教版高中英語(yǔ)必修教材第三模塊第一單元Festivals and celebrations一課中,筆者在學(xué)生第二次精讀文本時(shí)進(jìn)行以下提問(wèn):
Q1:Festivals have already existed since the ancient times, and when did they celebrate?
Q2:Then why would people celebrate at these times of the year?
Q3:What about festivals today?Which sentence do you think tells the origins of today’s festivals?
【說(shuō)明】問(wèn)題一“古代節(jié)日慶祝的時(shí)間是什么時(shí)候”屬于展示型問(wèn)題,學(xué)生很容易在相應(yīng)的段落里找到答案。教師順接著此問(wèn)題繼續(xù)提問(wèn)“為什么要在這些時(shí)間里舉行慶祝”,此問(wèn)題建立在第一個(gè)問(wèn)題的基礎(chǔ)上,是對(duì)第一個(gè)問(wèn)題的發(fā)展。答案無(wú)法在文本里找到,真正用意在于讓學(xué)生聯(lián)系已有知識(shí)積累展開思考,形成自己的理解和判斷。
【課例片段4】:人教版高中英語(yǔ)必修教材第三模塊第一單元Festivals and celebrations一課中,介紹到不同文化民族對(duì)亡靈節(jié)日(Festivals of the Dead)的對(duì)待方式。該教學(xué)過(guò)程中不僅讓學(xué)生了解中西方民族對(duì)待亡靈節(jié)的相似性和區(qū)別,更要啟發(fā)學(xué)生思考其背后的文化差異。教學(xué)過(guò)程設(shè)計(jì)如下:
Step2:Detailed Reading(Para2 Festivals of the Dead)
T:Ok.Let’s move to the “Festivals of the Dead”,including Obon,Day of the Dead and Halloween.Can you read the sentence that tells the origin?
Ss:Some festivals are held to honor the dead or to satisfy the ancestors,who might return either to help or to do harm.
T:Why did they do so? What’s people’s common belief about the origin?
Ss:They believed in the return of the spirits(亡靈)of the dead ancestors.
T:Does China have such kind of festival?
Ss:In fact,China also has a similar festival“Qingming Festival”.
T:So would you compare these four festivals and list their similarities and differences?
Ss:Similarities:(Japan&China&Mexico)clean graves and offer gifts to the dead.Differences:Mexicans eat special food that look like bones while other countries don’t.On western Halloween,Children dress up and play tricks to have fun.
T:Quite good.From what you’ve found,can you see people’s different attitudes to death?
Ss:Asian people are more serious about death while westerners view death in a more humorous way,which is also a reflection of different culture and customs.
【說(shuō)明】確實(shí),亞洲國(guó)家譬如中國(guó)、日本等多以掃墓等嚴(yán)肅的方式祭奠逝去的親友;而西方國(guó)家慶祝萬(wàn)圣節(jié)的時(shí)候,人們則會(huì)化裝打扮互相捉弄,以更為詼諧幽默的態(tài)度來(lái)度過(guò)亡靈節(jié)日。對(duì)待亡靈節(jié)日的方式折射出的是世界上不同民族的文化傳統(tǒng)和習(xí)俗的差異性。
總之,閱讀教學(xué)中教師應(yīng)該盡可能地運(yùn)用各種有效策略和手段,動(dòng)態(tài)啟發(fā)學(xué)生的思維,在不經(jīng)意間學(xué)生的思維將得到激發(fā)與生長(zhǎng);同時(shí)借助文本語(yǔ)境,融合文化內(nèi)涵,使思維順勢(shì)開闊,從而推動(dòng)思維的跨文化交流。
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