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        激素性股骨頭壞死發(fā)生機制的新認識

        2018-01-29 18:32:12鄧爽彭昊
        中國醫(yī)藥導報 2017年34期
        關鍵詞:股骨頭壞死凋亡糖皮質激素

        鄧爽 彭昊

        [摘要] 糖皮質激素應用是股骨頭壞死最常見的非創(chuàng)傷性原因,研究認為其發(fā)生機制包含直接和間接兩重作用。直接作用包括:成骨細胞與破骨細胞前體生成抑制,成骨細胞與骨細胞凋亡,破骨細胞壽命延長,內皮細胞凋亡;間接作用包括:促進凝血活性,干擾血管再生,影響骨修復,調節(jié)局部血管收縮,誘導骨髓脂肪生成,增高髓內壓。多種途徑的激活使股骨頭血供減少,從而導致壞死發(fā)生。此外,激素性股骨頭壞死的發(fā)生還存在個體敏感性差異及其他的潛在機制,其患病模型為多重命中理論,風險因素越多則患病概率越大。應更深入地認識糖皮質激素的詳細作用機制,從而為臨床治療提供更好的選擇。

        [關鍵詞] 糖皮質激素;股骨頭壞死;成骨細胞;破骨細胞;骨細胞;內皮細胞;凋亡

        [中圖分類號] R684 [文獻標識碼] A [文章編號] 1673-7210(2017)12(a)-0029-04

        [Abstract] The use of glucocorticoids is the most common non-traumatic cause of osteonecrosis of the femoral head. Studies have shown that glucocorticoids can act directly or indirectly. Direct effects include inhibition of osteoblast and osteoclast precursor formation, apoptosis of osteoblasts and osteocytes, prolongation of osteoclast lifespan and apoptosis of endothelial cells. Indirect effects include increasing the risk of clot formation, inhibiting angiogenesis, interfering with bone repair, causing local vessel contraction, promoting lipogenesis in the bone marrow and increasing intramedullary pressure. Multiple pathway activation leads to the decrease of blood supply of the femoral head, resulting in osteonecrosis. Besides, there are individual differences in steroid sensitivity and other underlying mechanisms. The disease model is a multiple hit theory. The more risk factors, the greater probability of disease. More work is needed to better discover the pathomechanisms of glucocorticoids in osteonecrosis, so as to provide better choice for clinical treatment.

        [Key words] Glucocorticoid; Osteonecrosis of the femoral head; Osteoblast; Osteoclast; Osteocytes; Endothelial cell; Ap?鄄optosis

        糖皮質激素的應用是股骨頭壞死最常見的非創(chuàng)傷因素[1]。Felson等[2]發(fā)現(xiàn)糖皮質激素的每日平均用量每增加10 mg,股骨頭壞死的發(fā)生率就增加4.6倍。股骨頭壞死給患者日常行動帶來諸多不便,嚴重影響患者生活質量,給社會和患者家庭帶來沉重的經濟負擔[3]。因此,探索股骨頭壞死與糖皮質激素之間的關系意義重大。最新研究表明,不單是骨細胞在疾病進程中發(fā)揮作用,內皮細胞可能在股骨頭壞死的發(fā)生發(fā)展中起著同樣或更為重要的作用[4]。糖皮質激素對股骨頭壞死的作用機制已有多種假說,其對骨及其他細胞的直接作用比間接作用更為重要。本文對糖皮質激素在股骨頭壞死發(fā)生發(fā)展中的作用機制進行綜述,為基礎研究及臨床工作提供參考。

        1 對骨的影響

        研究發(fā)現(xiàn),經長期糖皮質激素治療后,股骨皮質中大部分成骨細胞和骨細胞開始凋亡[5]。Calder等[6]在糖皮質激素和酒精導致的股骨頭壞死患者中發(fā)現(xiàn)了同樣的病理變化。Weinstein等[7]發(fā)現(xiàn),糖皮質激素過量導致的骨損失是由于糖皮質激素直接作用于破骨細胞,延長了它的壽命。破骨細胞的存活和分化受基質細胞和成骨細胞產生的因子調控,關鍵因子是NFκB受體激動劑(recepter activator of NFκB,RANK)配體,它是腫瘤壞死因子(tumor necrosis factor,TNF)配體家族的重要成員。在糖皮質激素處理的成骨細胞中,TNF-α、RANK和骨保護素的水平上升,使得破骨細胞分化被抑制[5]。

        過量的糖皮質激素會影響骨細胞的產生速率。Weinstein等[8]用潑尼松龍?zhí)幚?月齡小鼠27 d,發(fā)現(xiàn)骨密度、血清骨鈣素有所下降,并且骨小梁面積降低,同時伴有骨生成減少,成骨細胞和破骨細胞損傷。因此,糖皮質激素導致的骨疾病在某種程度上是因為骨髓中成骨細胞和破骨細胞生成被抑制,使得成骨細胞和骨細胞凋亡增加,破骨細胞壽命延長。糖皮質激素導致的骨細胞凋亡破壞了骨細胞網絡的機械感知功能,而骨細胞網絡具有重要的修復作用,這勢必導致股骨頭塌陷,成骨細胞凋亡也會引起骨質疏松,又加重塌陷骨折[9]。endprint

        2 對內皮細胞的影響

        糖皮質激素對連接血竇和血管內層的內皮細胞有重要影響。實驗發(fā)現(xiàn),糖皮質激素誘導的外周血壓升高與功能性微血管和毛細血管的數量降低有關[10]。糖皮質激素能直接損害內皮細胞,加重高凝狀態(tài)[11]。內皮細胞的損傷可能導致動脈閉塞部位的凝血異常和血栓形成,進而導致股骨頭壞死[4]。

        6-酮-前列腺素F1α(6-ketone prostaglandin F1α,6-keto-PGF1α)是前列腺素I2(prostaglandin I2,PGI2)的代謝產物,PGI2主要由血管內皮細胞產生,它會極大地擴張血管,阻止血小板聚集。在內毒素和糖皮質激素誘導的股骨頭壞死兔模型中,6-keto-PGF1α的含量顯著降低,這表明糖皮質激素介導了股骨頭壞死模型中的內皮細胞損傷[12]。

        3 其他作用

        3.1 對凝血途徑的影響

        低劑量的糖皮質激素通過抑制血小板聚集來抑制動脈血栓形成,但在較高劑量時,這些作用被纖溶抑制抵消[13-17]。后者被證明是由于組織型纖溶酶原激活物(tissue plasminogen activator,t-PA)的降低以及血漿中纖溶酶原激活物抑制劑-1(plasminogen activator inhibitor-1,PAI-1)抗原水平的升高[13-14,18]。另外,Yamamoto等[19]推測,炎癥條件(如地塞米松和TNF-α環(huán)境)可通過作用于血管內皮細胞發(fā)揮促凝作用。

        3.2 對血管再生和骨修復的影響

        股骨頭壞死后,新生血管進入壞死區(qū)域,啟動股骨頭修復。血管內皮生長因子(vascular endothelial growth factor,VEGF)等重要因子直接作用于內皮細胞進行血管修復[20]。Yang等[20-21]利用VEGF基因轉染增強了兔股骨頭壞死模型中的骨修復。在骨髓來源的多能細胞系中,地塞米松能有效降低VEGF合成[22]。VEGF失調進而影響骨修復過程,這可能是糖皮質激素誘導股骨頭壞死的機制之一。

        3.3 對血管活性物質的影響

        內皮細胞通過釋放血管活性物質調節(jié)血管平滑肌細胞的收縮性,進而調節(jié)血流量。內皮型一氧化氮(endothelial nitric oxide,eNO)是重要的血管舒張因子,糖皮質激素過量會導致eNO失活,并通過降低內皮型一氧化氮合酶(endothelial nitric oxide synthase,eNOS)的表達抑制eNO生成,導致血管阻力增加。eNO具有擴張血管、抗血小板凝集及抑制單核細胞與內皮細胞黏附等作用[23]。糖皮質激素介導內皮功能失調,進而導致外周血液循環(huán)障礙[24]。Drescher等[25]發(fā)現(xiàn),在長期糖皮質激素刺激下,離體骺外側動脈(股骨頭主要血供)對內皮素-1的反應性增強。內皮素-1可通過增加血管平滑肌細胞中的鈣離子濃度引起血管收縮。前列環(huán)素是另一種強效血管舒張劑,糖皮質激素可使其生成受到抑制[26]。因此,糖皮質激素能通過調節(jié)血管活性物質及血管的反應性,引起股骨頭內血管收縮性,導致股骨頭血供不足。

        3.4 對脂肪代謝的影響

        糖皮質激素已被證明可造成嚴重的髓內脂肪浸潤[27]。髓內脂肪填塞造成脂肪細胞聚集在血管竇表面,使股骨頭內的有效血管供血面積減少,引起繼發(fā)壞死[28]。Yin等[29]發(fā)現(xiàn),地塞米松可以直接誘導骨髓間質細胞向脂肪細胞分化,同時抑制成骨分化。Jones等[30]發(fā)現(xiàn)在股骨頭壞死中,骨髓脂肪細胞損傷后會釋放液態(tài)脂肪、凝血活酶及其他血管活性物質,進而損傷血管內皮細胞。以上實驗均表明糖皮質激素可能通過影響髓內脂肪代謝使股骨頭血供減少。

        4 危險因素與潛在疾病

        糖皮質激素能加重內源性皮質醇增多癥(Cushing綜合征)的影響,此疾病已被證明可以增加股骨頭壞死的患病風險[31],但外源性糖皮質激素對股骨頭壞死發(fā)展的影響更大[32],這可能是由于外源性糖皮質激素與受體的結合力更高。在接受特定劑量糖皮質激素治療的患者中,只有部分患者發(fā)生股骨頭壞死,這表明對糖皮質激素的敏感性存在個體差異。此外,在糖皮質激素誘導股骨頭壞死患者中,一些研究發(fā)現(xiàn)存在凝血異常發(fā)病率相比對照組有所增加的現(xiàn)象[33-36],也有另一些研究發(fā)現(xiàn)相當比例的患者不盡如此[37-38]。并非所有應用糖皮質激素治療且有血栓形成傾向的患者都發(fā)生了股骨頭壞死[9],甚至有研究報道在糖皮質激素治療或替代治療方案應用前,患者已經發(fā)生了股骨頭壞死[39-42]。很難判斷股骨頭壞死發(fā)生在有潛在風險因素的人群是否實際上是由于潛在風險因素本身造成,而不是應用糖皮質激素引起。

        5 結論

        股骨頭壞死的發(fā)病機制是多因素的,教科書上的模型是一個“多重命中理論”,大量風險因素會增加股骨頭壞死風險[43],因此預防其發(fā)展的策略是減少潛在風險因素。包括使用抗血栓藥物改善血管內皮細胞的功能,通過醫(yī)療干預促進血管生成,降脂藥和抗凋亡藥物的應用也可能對治療有益。更多的研究發(fā)現(xiàn)將有助于揭示糖皮質激素在股骨頭壞死的作用機制,在未來將更好地服務于股骨頭壞死的藥物研制和治療管理。

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        (收稿日期:2017-09-01 本文編輯:程 銘)endprint

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