裘佳佳,陸箴琦
(復(fù)旦大學(xué)附屬腫瘤醫(yī)院復(fù)旦大學(xué)上海醫(yī)學(xué)院腫瘤學(xué)系,上海 200032)
2015版ASCO乳腺癌患者生存期照護(hù)指南解讀
裘佳佳,陸箴琦
(復(fù)旦大學(xué)附屬腫瘤醫(yī)院復(fù)旦大學(xué)上海醫(yī)學(xué)院腫瘤學(xué)系,上海 200032)
對(duì)2015年美國(guó)臨床腫瘤學(xué)會(huì)聯(lián)合美國(guó)癌癥學(xué)會(huì)發(fā)布的《乳腺癌患者生存期照護(hù)指南》中關(guān)于乳腺癌患者長(zhǎng)期生理和心理社會(huì)癥狀的評(píng)估與管理及健康促進(jìn)部分主要內(nèi)容加以解讀。
乳腺癌;生存期;照護(hù);指南
乳腺癌是嚴(yán)重危害女性健康的惡性腫瘤[1],雖然發(fā)病率很高,但乳腺癌患者的生存期很長(zhǎng),早期乳腺癌患者的5年生存率超過90%[2],這意味著患者需要得到有質(zhì)量的健康照護(hù)[3]。乳腺癌診斷、治療等方面已經(jīng)有了相關(guān)的循證指南[4],美國(guó)國(guó)立綜合癌癥網(wǎng)絡(luò)(National Comprehensive Cancer Network,NCCN)發(fā)布了針對(duì)各種癥狀的患者照護(hù)指南,例如心臟毒性、認(rèn)知功能受損、焦慮抑郁、疲乏、睡眠障礙、性功能障礙等[5]。美國(guó)臨床腫瘤學(xué)會(huì)(American Society of Clinical Oncology,ASCO)也有乳腺癌患者隨訪和管理指南[6-7]以及癥狀相關(guān)指南,包括疲乏[8]、化療引起的周圍神經(jīng)炎[9]、焦慮抑郁[10]管理指南等。但是目前并沒有以循證為基礎(chǔ)的乳腺癌患者生存期長(zhǎng)期照護(hù)指南。ASCO聯(lián)合美國(guó)癌癥學(xué)會(huì)(American Cancer Society,ACS)于2015年發(fā)布了乳腺癌患者生存期照護(hù)指南,為治療后的乳腺癌臨床照護(hù)提供了全面、系統(tǒng)的建議,使專業(yè)臨床醫(yī)護(hù)人員能更好地掌握長(zhǎng)遠(yuǎn)期癥狀的照護(hù)方式,提供及時(shí)、適當(dāng)?shù)谋O(jiān)測(cè)隨訪方法,全面提高患者健康相關(guān)的生命質(zhì)量。該臨床實(shí)踐指南強(qiáng)調(diào)了乳腺癌患者生存期中的5大方面,包括:①監(jiān)測(cè)乳腺癌復(fù)發(fā);②篩查第二原發(fā)癌癥;③評(píng)估和管理乳腺癌患者長(zhǎng)期生理和心理社會(huì)癥狀;④健康促進(jìn);⑤照護(hù)人員溝通協(xié)調(diào)?,F(xiàn)將此版指南第3、4部分進(jìn)行解讀。
根據(jù)推薦證據(jù)的等級(jí)劃分標(biāo)準(zhǔn)(見表1),乳腺癌患者長(zhǎng)期生理和心理社會(huì)癥狀的評(píng)估和管理指南包括12個(gè)方面,具體推薦意見和證據(jù)等級(jí)詳見表2。
1.1 身體心像 乳房缺失、疤痕、脫發(fā)、體重增加、化療引起的提前絕經(jīng)及放療引起的皮膚改變等都會(huì)導(dǎo)致患者身體形象的改變,從而對(duì)患者的生命質(zhì)量產(chǎn)生負(fù)性影響[11-12],對(duì)于年輕乳腺癌患者,影響更為明顯[13]。對(duì)于接受乳房全部切除手術(shù)或?qū)θ榉客庑尾粷M意的患者,推薦乳房重建手術(shù),可以較好地提升乳房的對(duì)稱性,提高患者對(duì)乳房外形的滿意度。而對(duì)于不愿意接受乳房重建手術(shù)的患者,醫(yī)護(hù)人員可以建議患者選擇合適的義乳來彌補(bǔ)形體缺陷,不同類型的義乳、內(nèi)衣、乳頭都可以幫助患者恢復(fù)自信。如果身體心像的問題不能通過上述方法得到解決,臨床醫(yī)護(hù)人員應(yīng)注意甄別這類患者,了解其影響因素并提供心理社會(huì)支持,例如推薦心理治療、認(rèn)知行為治療、以夫妻為基礎(chǔ)的干預(yù)。研究表明,以夫妻為基礎(chǔ)的干預(yù)措施可以提高患者的應(yīng)對(duì)技巧,從而更好地面對(duì)身體心像的問題[14]。
1.2 淋巴水腫 乳腺癌治療相關(guān)淋巴水腫發(fā)生率為2% ~65%[15],常出現(xiàn)在術(shù)后短期或術(shù)后幾年內(nèi)[16]。接受腋窩淋巴結(jié)清掃術(shù)的患者存在一定的罹患淋巴水腫的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)[17-18],放療對(duì)其也有顯著影響[19-20]。肥胖、感染、年齡、術(shù)后腋窩積液等因素也可能導(dǎo)致淋巴水腫[21]。淋巴水腫是由于淋巴液聚集導(dǎo)致患肢腫脹,影響手臂的生理功能,嚴(yán)重者會(huì)導(dǎo)致蜂窩組織炎,患肢的慢性疼痛性腫脹,最終導(dǎo)致肢體功能減退,同時(shí)負(fù)性地影響患者的心理社會(huì)健康[22]。肥胖也是淋巴水腫的高危因素,所以建議患者維持正常的體重。臨床醫(yī)護(hù)人員在患者隨訪期間應(yīng)及時(shí)進(jìn)行淋巴水腫的評(píng)估,以便及早管理和轉(zhuǎn)診[23]。
1.3 心臟毒性 化療、放療、內(nèi)分泌治療、靶向治療等都有可能增加心臟毒性的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)[24-25]。同時(shí)體重的增加也會(huì)導(dǎo)致高血壓和胰島素抵抗,增加心血管疾病的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。臨床醫(yī)護(hù)人員應(yīng)該密切監(jiān)測(cè)患者的心血管功能,告知患者調(diào)整生活方式,改變不良的生活習(xí)慣和行為,例如戒煙、注意飲食結(jié)構(gòu)、加強(qiáng)運(yùn)動(dòng)鍛煉等。建議患者及時(shí)報(bào)告相關(guān)癥狀,例如氣短、疲乏。
表1 推薦證據(jù)的等級(jí)劃分標(biāo)準(zhǔn)
表2 長(zhǎng)期生理和心理社會(huì)癥狀的評(píng)估和管理指南
1.4 認(rèn)知障礙 據(jù)報(bào)道,75%的正在接受治療的乳腺癌患者和35%的治療后患者會(huì)發(fā)生認(rèn)知障礙,包括注意力不集中、記憶力減退等[26]。認(rèn)知障礙嚴(yán)重影響患者的生命質(zhì)量,可能與癌癥本身及治療有關(guān)[27-29]。目前藥物治療結(jié)果并不一致,而小組認(rèn)知訓(xùn)練在緩解乳腺癌患者認(rèn)知障礙中能發(fā)揮一定的作用[30]。臨床醫(yī)護(hù)人員應(yīng)該詢問患者是否有此類癥狀,傾聽家庭成員關(guān)于患者行為的主訴,如果發(fā)現(xiàn)有臨床癥狀時(shí)可以將此類患者轉(zhuǎn)診,并讓其接受神經(jīng)認(rèn)知的評(píng)估和康復(fù)。
1.5 焦慮、抑郁 癌癥的診斷、治療會(huì)導(dǎo)致患者產(chǎn)生持續(xù)性的焦慮和抑郁。臨床醫(yī)護(hù)人員應(yīng)了解焦慮、抑郁的表現(xiàn),熟悉各種評(píng)估工具,從而及時(shí)有效地為患者提供評(píng)估和幫助。年輕、既往有精神疾病史、經(jīng)濟(jì)條件差、失業(yè)等都是抑郁的高危因素[31]。抑郁患者更容易發(fā)生性行為紊亂、自我形象感知差以及不良的人際關(guān)系[32]。對(duì)于焦慮、抑郁的治療包括藥物治療和心理治療[10]。正性情緒表達(dá)、希望療法、情緒療法等心理干預(yù)也越來越受到重視[33],多數(shù)患者表示在這些治療過程中體驗(yàn)了正性改變,身心狀態(tài)得到良好的舒緩。如果在臨床上發(fā)現(xiàn)焦慮、抑郁指數(shù)很高的患者,醫(yī)護(hù)人員可以將患者轉(zhuǎn)介至臨床腫瘤心理學(xué)家。
1.6 疲乏 癌因性疲乏是一種常見癥狀,特別對(duì)于接受放療及化療的患者[34]。貧血、甲狀腺功能障礙、心臟功能障礙等會(huì)導(dǎo)致疲乏,情緒障礙、睡眠障礙、疼痛等也是其原因。臨床醫(yī)護(hù)人員應(yīng)該了解患者的相關(guān)身心癥狀,從而判別引起疲乏的主要原因并對(duì)癥處理。規(guī)律的運(yùn)動(dòng)可以減輕疲乏,幫助患者提高身體機(jī)能、改善心理狀態(tài)及正確應(yīng)對(duì)疾病[35]。認(rèn)知行為治療有可能減輕疲乏[36],但仍缺乏相關(guān)藥物治療的證據(jù)。
1.7 骨健康 影響骨健康的高危因素包括化療導(dǎo)致的提前絕經(jīng)、抗雌激素治療等,與患者的年齡、既往骨折史也有關(guān),而生活方式相關(guān)的影響因素包括抽煙、酗酒、缺乏運(yùn)動(dòng)、缺鈣、維生素D缺乏[37]。所以臨床醫(yī)護(hù)人員應(yīng)該了解這些高危因素,并準(zhǔn)確評(píng)估患者的相關(guān)癥狀,指導(dǎo)其建立健康的生活方式,包括規(guī)律的運(yùn)動(dòng)、控制體重、戒煙、限制酒精的攝入、補(bǔ)充鈣劑和維生素D[38]。除了生活方式和營(yíng)養(yǎng)干預(yù),對(duì)于高危人群還應(yīng)該建議藥物治療。雙磷酸鹽或狄諾塞麥可以預(yù)防骨質(zhì)流失,治療骨質(zhì)疏松[37,39]。
1.8 肌肉骨骼健康 乳腺癌患者常常會(huì)主訴肢體活動(dòng)減少、肩關(guān)節(jié)功能障礙、肢體疼痛[40]。服用芳香化酶抑制劑的患者會(huì)出現(xiàn)關(guān)節(jié)疼痛或肌肉疼痛,嚴(yán)重者會(huì)導(dǎo)致藥物治療中斷[41]。所以幫助患者應(yīng)對(duì)這些癥狀可以有效提高治療依從性。運(yùn)動(dòng)治療可以有效改善患者術(shù)后肌肉骨骼癥狀。有研究表明,密集運(yùn)動(dòng)處方可以有效減少20%由芳香化酶抑制劑引起的疼痛[42]。也有研究證實(shí),針灸可以減輕芳香化酶抑制劑引起的癥狀[43]。
1.9 疼痛和神經(jīng)病變 研究表明25%~60%的乳腺癌患者在接受綜合治療后經(jīng)歷慢性疼痛[44]。針灸和運(yùn)動(dòng)鍛煉都可以作為補(bǔ)充治療方式緩解疼痛[42,45]。神經(jīng)病變包括麻木、燒灼痛等,在乳腺癌患者治療過程中也很常見。術(shù)后患者以及接受紫杉醇或鉑類化療方案的患者都會(huì)經(jīng)歷類似的神經(jīng)病變[46]。運(yùn)動(dòng)鍛煉可以減輕神經(jīng)病變引發(fā)的癥狀[47]。某些藥物例如度洛西汀也可以減輕神經(jīng)痛和麻木感[48]。
1.10 不育 對(duì)于年輕患者來說,不育是一個(gè)潛在的長(zhǎng)期不良反應(yīng),一旦發(fā)生將會(huì)嚴(yán)重影響患者的生理和心理社會(huì)健康[12]。化療會(huì)影響卵巢功能,導(dǎo)致提前絕經(jīng),降低生育的可能性[49]。但在這方面缺乏生物學(xué)和藥學(xué)的研究證實(shí)。臨床醫(yī)護(hù)人員應(yīng)該聯(lián)合多學(xué)科專家共同討論乳腺癌治療結(jié)束后的最佳生育時(shí)間。對(duì)于有強(qiáng)烈生育需求者應(yīng)轉(zhuǎn)診至婦產(chǎn)科專家。
1.11 性健康 性欲缺乏、性喚起障礙、性交困難等都是患者治療和康復(fù)過程中的性問題[50]?;煏?huì)導(dǎo)致疲乏、免疫力下降,芳香化酶抑制劑會(huì)造成陰道干燥、缺乏性欲、性交困難等,放療會(huì)導(dǎo)致皮膚纖維化、造成皮膚敏感性下降而影響性欲。所以臨床醫(yī)護(hù)人員應(yīng)告知患者相關(guān)癥狀的處理方式,例如不含激素的含水潤(rùn)滑劑可以有效減輕陰道干燥的癥狀[51]。而對(duì)于性交困難,盆底肌放松訓(xùn)練可能會(huì)有幫助[50]。對(duì)于有性問題主訴的患者應(yīng)推薦其接受心理干預(yù)項(xiàng)目,例如心理教育支持、小組治療、性咨詢、婚姻家庭咨詢等,也可以根據(jù)需求轉(zhuǎn)介[52]。
1.12 提前絕經(jīng)/潮熱 化療和內(nèi)分泌治療都會(huì)使得患者出現(xiàn)一些圍絕經(jīng)期的癥狀例如潮熱,在年輕患者中更為明顯[53]。5-羥色胺-去甲腎上腺素再吸收抑制劑被證明是有效和安全的[54]。有研究表明針灸可以減輕圍絕經(jīng)期癥狀和潮熱[55]。生活方式和環(huán)境的調(diào)整也有可能幫助患者減輕癥狀,例如運(yùn)動(dòng)鍛煉,避免辛辣食物、咖啡因和酒精,降低房間的溫度,分層式的穿著等。
健康的生活方式可以減少?gòu)?fù)發(fā)和罹患其他癌癥的風(fēng)險(xiǎn),同時(shí)改善疾病的預(yù)后[56]。臨床醫(yī)護(hù)人員可以為患者提供相關(guān)信息,以促進(jìn)患者維持健康的生活方式。健康促進(jìn)指南詳見表3。
表3 健康促進(jìn)指南
2.1 信息 乳腺癌患者有關(guān)治療、副作用、情緒支持等方面的需求往往沒有被滿足。特別對(duì)于年輕患者來說,由于疾病的特殊性及治療的密集性,其生理和心理社會(huì)的需求凸顯,但這些方面的信息存在很大的缺失[57]。建議臨床醫(yī)護(hù)人員為患者制定生存者照護(hù)計(jì)劃,常規(guī)評(píng)估患者的各種信息需求,提供個(gè)體化的知識(shí),促進(jìn)患者維持健康的生活方式。
2.2 肥胖 肥胖是術(shù)后并發(fā)癥、復(fù)發(fā)、罹患其他癌癥等的高危因素,降低體重可以減輕癥狀和提高生命質(zhì)量[58]。臨床醫(yī)護(hù)人員應(yīng)該告知患者維持正常的體重,也可建議肥胖患者參與各種體重管理項(xiàng)目。
2.3 運(yùn)動(dòng)鍛煉 運(yùn)動(dòng)鍛煉可以減輕治療不良反應(yīng),提高生理功能和整體生命質(zhì)量,甚至降低死亡率[59]。臨床醫(yī)護(hù)人員應(yīng)建議患者自明確診斷后就盡快恢復(fù)日常運(yùn)動(dòng),并堅(jiān)持規(guī)律運(yùn)動(dòng),同時(shí)建議患者每周進(jìn)行一定量的有氧運(yùn)動(dòng)和力量訓(xùn)練[60]。
2.4 營(yíng)養(yǎng) 進(jìn)食以蔬菜、水果、谷物類為主的飲食可以降低一定程度的死亡風(fēng)險(xiǎn)[61]。臨床醫(yī)護(hù)人員應(yīng)告知患者理想的飲食以低脂、蔬菜、水果及谷物類為主,同時(shí)建議患者減少酒精攝入,飲酒過量會(huì)增加疾病復(fù)發(fā)的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)[62]。
2.5 戒煙 研究表明,罹患乳腺癌時(shí),吸煙的患者較已戒煙的患者死亡風(fēng)險(xiǎn)增加33%[63]。臨床醫(yī)護(hù)人員應(yīng)該及時(shí)發(fā)現(xiàn)患者中的吸煙者,告知其戒煙。對(duì)于成癮的患者鼓勵(lì)其參加戒煙項(xiàng)目[64],并常規(guī)隨訪。
乳腺癌的診斷和治療會(huì)對(duì)患者造成非常大的身心影響,而患者也希望在生存期能得到高質(zhì)量的康復(fù)隨訪照護(hù)。臨床醫(yī)護(hù)人員應(yīng)結(jié)合每位患者的個(gè)體因素,為患者提供最佳的生理、心理社會(huì)照護(hù):評(píng)估和了解患者的生理及心理狀態(tài),包括焦慮、抑郁、認(rèn)知障礙、身體心像;關(guān)注患者的性健康、社會(huì)關(guān)系狀態(tài)、社會(huì)角色的改變、經(jīng)濟(jì)狀況等;提供健康促進(jìn)方面的咨詢,使患者能維持健康的生活方式,減輕疾病和治療引起的副反應(yīng),提高生存率和生命質(zhì)量;與多學(xué)科團(tuán)隊(duì)成員緊密合作,溝通協(xié)調(diào),協(xié)同照顧者一起,共同為患者提供最佳的照護(hù)。
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R473.73
A
1009-8399(2017)06-0010-06
2017-08-28
裘佳佳(1981—),女,主管護(hù)師,碩士,主要從事乳腺癌患者護(hù)理。
陸箴琦(1972—),女,主任護(hù)師,碩士,主要從事護(hù)理管理。
(本文編輯:龔禮敏)