曹雪峰, 趙 亮, 劉旭東, 姜亞男, 劉玉伶, 李 艷
(1.承德醫(yī)學(xué)院附屬醫(yī)院, 河北 承德 067000 2.承德醫(yī)學(xué)院, 河北 承德 067000 3.河北省承德市中心醫(yī)院, 河北 承德 067000 4.河北省隆化縣中醫(yī)院, 河北 隆化 068150)
右美托咪定非靜脈給藥途徑在兒科下腹手術(shù)術(shù)后鎮(zhèn)痛的應(yīng)用
曹雪峰1, 趙 亮2, 劉旭東3, 姜亞男4, 劉玉伶1, 李 艷1
(1.承德醫(yī)學(xué)院附屬醫(yī)院, 河北 承德0670002.承德醫(yī)學(xué)院, 河北 承德0670003.河北省承德市中心醫(yī)院, 河北 承德0670004.河北省隆化縣中醫(yī)院, 河北 隆化068150)
目的研究右美托咪定非靜脈給藥途徑在兒科下腹術(shù)后鎮(zhèn)痛的應(yīng)用。方法搜集我院兒科擬行下腹擇期手術(shù)的患兒60例,隨機(jī)分為A、B、C三組,每組各20例。B組于術(shù)前30min右美托咪定1ug/kg滴鼻,A,C組等容積生理鹽水滴鼻。三組患兒均給于阿托品0.01~0.02mg/kg,利多卡因1mg/kg,丙泊酚2mg/kg,七氟醚6~8%,氧流量2L/min,待患兒睫毛反射消失置入喉罩,將七氟醚降到1~2%。A組和B組患兒骶管阻滯成功后注入0.25%羅哌卡因1mL/kg,C組給予0.25%羅哌卡因1mL/kg+右美托咪定1ug/kg,骶管阻滯給予藥物總量20mL封頂。記錄患兒的一般資料。記錄手術(shù)時(shí)間,誘導(dǎo)時(shí)間,拔喉罩時(shí)間和蘇醒時(shí)間。記錄心動(dòng)過(guò)緩、蘇醒延遲、喉痙攣、尿儲(chǔ)留和蘇醒期躁動(dòng)評(píng)分。記錄術(shù)后4,8,12,16,20,24h鎮(zhèn)痛評(píng)分,鎮(zhèn)靜評(píng)分,計(jì)算各組鎮(zhèn)痛時(shí)間。結(jié)果三組患兒一般狀況差異無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>0.05)。三組手術(shù)時(shí)間,拔喉罩時(shí)間,蘇醒時(shí)間差異不存在統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>0.05),B組的誘導(dǎo)時(shí)間短于A組和C組(P<0.05)。三組患兒均無(wú)心動(dòng)過(guò)緩、蘇醒延遲和尿儲(chǔ)留的發(fā)生,A組喉痙攣的發(fā)生和躁動(dòng)評(píng)分高于B和C組,B,C組的鎮(zhèn)痛時(shí)間比A組延長(zhǎng),C組最長(zhǎng)(P<0.05)。術(shù)后4h鎮(zhèn)痛評(píng)分均小于4分,鎮(zhèn)靜評(píng)分為2~3分,B,C組8h的鎮(zhèn)痛鎮(zhèn)靜評(píng)分低于A組(P<0.05),C組12,16,20h的鎮(zhèn)靜,鎮(zhèn)痛評(píng)分低于A,B組(P<0.05);術(shù)后24h鎮(zhèn)痛鎮(zhèn)靜評(píng)分差異無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>0.05)。結(jié)論右美托咪啶滴鼻給藥誘導(dǎo)迅速且有早期術(shù)后鎮(zhèn)痛鎮(zhèn)靜的作用,右美復(fù)合羅哌卡因骶管阻滯術(shù)后鎮(zhèn)痛時(shí)間明顯延長(zhǎng),蘇醒期不良反應(yīng)明顯減少。
右美托咪啶; 滴 鼻; 骶管阻滯; 兒 科; 術(shù)后鎮(zhèn)痛
患兒對(duì)術(shù)后疼痛表述不清,造成評(píng)估和用藥困難,因疼痛治療不充分,帶來(lái)日后痛覺(jué)異常。同時(shí)由于部分鎮(zhèn)痛藥在小兒中使用受到限制或?qū)λ幬锊涣挤磻?yīng)的過(guò)度擔(dān)心,小兒術(shù)后疼痛往往被忽視,從而給患兒帶來(lái)痛苦并影響康復(fù)過(guò)程。在小兒下腹手術(shù)中,骶管麻醉是一種簡(jiǎn)單、相對(duì)安全的麻醉技術(shù),并且能提供早期有效的術(shù)后鎮(zhèn)痛。由于單次骶管阻滯局麻藥作用時(shí)間有限,因此臨床上常復(fù)合其他輔助藥物以延長(zhǎng)鎮(zhèn)痛時(shí)間。本研究設(shè)計(jì)右美托咪啶術(shù)前30min滴鼻給藥,以及復(fù)合羅哌卡因骶管阻滯,研究其術(shù)后鎮(zhèn)痛效果。
1.1臨床資料:獲本院倫理委員會(huì)批準(zhǔn),已與患者家屬簽署麻醉知情同意書。擬于全身麻醉下行下腹手術(shù)的患兒60例,年齡2~6歲,ASAⅠ級(jí),心、肺、肝、腎功能未見(jiàn)明顯異常,近2周內(nèi)沒(méi)有上呼吸道感染發(fā)生的患兒均納入標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。采用簡(jiǎn)單隨機(jī)分組法將其分為A組(羅哌卡因骶管阻滯即對(duì)照組),B組(右美滴鼻+羅哌卡因骶管阻滯)和C組(右美+羅哌卡因骶管阻滯)。
1.2麻醉方法:常規(guī)禁食禁飲,術(shù)前30min將患兒接入麻醉準(zhǔn)備間,在父母的幫助下實(shí)施滴鼻操作,B組右美托咪定1ug/kg滴鼻,A,C組等容積生理鹽水滴鼻,30min后轉(zhuǎn)入手術(shù)室,入室后常規(guī)監(jiān)測(cè)。麻醉誘導(dǎo):建立外周靜脈通路后,三組患兒面罩吸氧,氧流量2L/min,七氟醚6~8%,靜脈均給予阿托品0.01mg/kg,利多卡因1mg/kg,丙泊酚2mg/kg,待睫毛反射消失置入喉罩后行機(jī)械通氣。麻醉維持:七氟醚1~2%,縫皮結(jié)束時(shí)停藥。
1.3監(jiān)測(cè)指標(biāo):術(shù)前記錄患兒姓名、性別、年齡、身高、體重、ASA分級(jí);記錄手術(shù)時(shí)間、誘導(dǎo)時(shí)間、拔喉罩時(shí)間和蘇醒時(shí)間:即手術(shù)結(jié)束到喚醒睜眼時(shí)間;記錄心動(dòng)過(guò)緩、蘇醒延遲、蘇醒期躁動(dòng)評(píng)分:1分為安靜合作、無(wú)躁動(dòng);2分為焦慮、激動(dòng)但可配合;3分為輕度躁動(dòng),需固定上肢;4分為嚴(yán)重躁動(dòng),需外力按壓四肢。記錄喉痙攣、尿儲(chǔ)留的發(fā)生。記錄三組鎮(zhèn)痛時(shí)間:即骶管阻滯到術(shù)后疼痛評(píng)分≥4分;記錄術(shù)后4,8,12,16,20,24h鎮(zhèn)痛評(píng)分:FLACC量表法包括:表情(face):無(wú)特定表情或笑容為0分,偶爾面部扭曲以及皺眉各記1分,下巴持續(xù)性顫抖,緊縮下顎,緊皺眉頭2分;肢體動(dòng)作(legs),放松舒適狀態(tài)以及正常體位為0分,不適,無(wú)法休息,肌肉僵直以及神經(jīng)性緊張,肢體呈現(xiàn)間斷性彎曲/伸展為1分,踢腿以及抻拉直腿,高張力,增加肢體彎曲/伸展的幅度,發(fā)抖為2分;體位(activity),安靜平躺,正常體位,可順利完成自主移動(dòng)0分,急促不安,來(lái)回移動(dòng),緊張,移動(dòng)猶豫1分,出現(xiàn)卷曲以及痙攣,來(lái)回?cái)[動(dòng),伴有頭面部來(lái)回?fù)u動(dòng),以及身體某部位反復(fù)揉搓2分;哭鬧(cry)不哭不鬧0分,呻吟以及啜泣,偶爾哭泣,嘆息1分,不斷哭泣,若出現(xiàn)尖叫以及抽泣,呻吟記為2分;可安慰度(consolability),平靜的,滿足的,放松,不需要或不要求安慰0分,若能通過(guò)間斷性的身體接觸實(shí)現(xiàn)消除疑慮、分散注意1分,安慰有困難2分。每一項(xiàng)0~2分,總評(píng)最高分是10分。0=放松,舒服;1~3分輕微不適;4~6分中度疼痛;7~10嚴(yán)重疼痛,不適或兩者兼有。鎮(zhèn)靜評(píng)分:1分:對(duì)刺激較遲鈍或無(wú)反應(yīng);2分:睡眠,對(duì)移動(dòng)或刺激有反應(yīng);3分:清醒,可安慰;4分:無(wú)法安慰的哭鬧;5分:行為激烈需要約束限制。計(jì)算各組有效鎮(zhèn)痛時(shí)間。
2.1三組患兒性別,年齡及體重指數(shù)差異無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>0.05)。見(jiàn)表1
表1 三組患兒一般情況
2.2三組術(shù)中指標(biāo):三組手術(shù)時(shí)間,拔喉罩時(shí)間,蘇醒時(shí)間差異無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>0.05),三組誘導(dǎo)時(shí)間比較差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義,B組的誘導(dǎo)時(shí)間短于A和C組(P<0.05)。見(jiàn)表2。
2.3三組術(shù)中不良反應(yīng)的發(fā)生及鎮(zhèn)痛時(shí)間:三組患兒均無(wú)心動(dòng)過(guò)緩、蘇醒延遲和尿儲(chǔ)留的發(fā)生,喉痙攣的發(fā)生和鎮(zhèn)痛時(shí)間三組比較差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。A組喉痙攣的發(fā)生和躁動(dòng)評(píng)分高于B和C組(P<0.05)。B,C組的鎮(zhèn)痛時(shí)間長(zhǎng)于A組,C組最長(zhǎng)(P<0.05)。見(jiàn)表3。
表3 不良反應(yīng)及鎮(zhèn)痛時(shí)間
2.4三組術(shù)后不同時(shí)間點(diǎn)鎮(zhèn)痛評(píng)分及鎮(zhèn)靜評(píng)分:術(shù)后4h鎮(zhèn)痛評(píng)分均小于4分,鎮(zhèn)靜評(píng)分為2~3分,術(shù)后4h,8h,12h,16h,20h三組同一時(shí)間點(diǎn)鎮(zhèn)痛評(píng)分,鎮(zhèn)靜評(píng)分比較,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。 B,C組8h的鎮(zhèn)痛,鎮(zhèn)靜評(píng)分低于A組(P<0.05),C組12,16,20h的鎮(zhèn)靜,鎮(zhèn)痛評(píng)分低于A,B組(P<0.05=;術(shù)后24h鎮(zhèn)痛鎮(zhèn)靜評(píng)分無(wú)差異(P>0.05)。見(jiàn)表4。
表4 三組患者各時(shí)間點(diǎn)鎮(zhèn)痛評(píng)分比較(分)
注:三組比較,P<0.05即差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義,*:C組與A組比較差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義,#:C組與B組比較差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義
表5 三組患者各時(shí)間點(diǎn)鎮(zhèn)靜評(píng)分比較(分)
注:三組比較,P<0.05即有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義,*C組與A組比較差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義,#C組與B組比較差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義
患兒對(duì)疼痛的認(rèn)知和表述不清造成了術(shù)后鎮(zhèn)痛的特殊性。目前,臨床上靜脈鎮(zhèn)痛使用藥物為阿片類藥和非甾體抗炎藥,其呼吸抑制及一些不良反應(yīng)在一定程度上限制了在患兒中的應(yīng)用,術(shù)后鎮(zhèn)痛泵又需要專業(yè)人員的管理,所以在一些地方醫(yī)院難以開展。通過(guò)統(tǒng)計(jì)本院兒科手術(shù),手術(shù)部位大部分集中在下腹及下肢,骶管麻醉是一種簡(jiǎn)單、相對(duì)安全的麻醉技術(shù),它可以減少靜脈和吸入全麻藥的應(yīng)用,降低術(shù)中對(duì)手術(shù)創(chuàng)傷的應(yīng)激反應(yīng),有利于術(shù)后患兒平穩(wěn)復(fù)蘇,并且能提供早期有效的術(shù)后鎮(zhèn)痛。骶管阻滯應(yīng)用羅哌卡因或左布比卡因是目前小兒下腹、下肢手術(shù)后鎮(zhèn)痛常用的方法,但單次骶管阻滯所提供的鎮(zhèn)痛時(shí)間非常有限,即使使用長(zhǎng)效局麻藥如布比卡因,仍有超過(guò)60%的患兒需要進(jìn)一步鎮(zhèn)痛治療[1],因此臨床上常復(fù)合其他輔助藥物以延長(zhǎng)鎮(zhèn)痛時(shí)間。所以本研究設(shè)計(jì)三組:A組全麻復(fù)合羅哌卡因骶骨阻滯麻醉;B組術(shù)前30min 1ug/kg 右美托咪啶滴鼻+全麻復(fù)合羅哌卡因骶管阻滯;C組全麻復(fù)合羅哌卡因+右美托咪定1ug/kg骶管阻滯。目的是找到一種安全有效,簡(jiǎn)便易行的給藥方法,既可以減輕患兒進(jìn)入手術(shù)室的焦慮,減少蘇醒期躁動(dòng)的發(fā)生,又可以提供更好更持久的術(shù)后鎮(zhèn)痛。這樣既減輕了患兒的痛苦,利于術(shù)后疾病的康復(fù)與轉(zhuǎn)歸,又可以減少病房醫(yī)護(hù)人員的工作量,減輕家長(zhǎng)的心里負(fù)擔(dān)。
右美托咪定是美托咪定的右旋異構(gòu)體,通過(guò)激動(dòng)中樞、周圍神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)及其他器官組織的a2腎上腺素能受體發(fā)揮藥理作用,具有鎮(zhèn)靜、鎮(zhèn)痛和抗焦慮的作用,而且無(wú)呼吸抑制作用[2,3]。右美托咪定獨(dú)特的藥理特點(diǎn),逐漸廣泛應(yīng)用于臨床,如全麻中降低最低肺泡有效濃度,減少鎮(zhèn)痛藥的用量,降低不良反應(yīng)的發(fā)生率。靜脈給藥是右美托咪定的常用方式,主要應(yīng)用于手術(shù)麻醉和監(jiān)護(hù)室鎮(zhèn)靜,需要專業(yè)醫(yī)生的持續(xù)管理。近幾年右美托咪定非靜脈途徑的給藥方法漸漸出現(xiàn),在兒科中復(fù)合骶管阻滯,以滴鼻的形式復(fù)合全麻在手術(shù)中得到應(yīng)用,而且效果顯著。與靜脈相比,非靜脈途徑起效緩慢平穩(wěn),安全性較高,用于手術(shù)前或手術(shù)室外的檢查都具有良好的鎮(zhèn)靜、鎮(zhèn)痛作用。右美托咪定無(wú)色無(wú)味,無(wú)黏膜刺激作用,單位劑量?jī)?nèi)藥物濃度高,適合于滴鼻途徑用藥。右美托咪定在蛛網(wǎng)膜下腔混合局麻藥使用也能顯著延長(zhǎng)感覺(jué)、運(yùn)動(dòng)阻滯時(shí)間和鎮(zhèn)痛時(shí)間[4]。而且該研究未發(fā)現(xiàn)右美托咪定對(duì)脊髓神經(jīng)有毒性損傷作用。羅哌卡因?qū)匍L(zhǎng)效酰胺類局麻藥,比布比卡因更安全,體現(xiàn)在對(duì)心血管和神經(jīng)毒性更小,濃度適中時(shí)能產(chǎn)生運(yùn)動(dòng)神經(jīng)與感覺(jué)神經(jīng)阻滯的分離,能夠安全應(yīng)用于區(qū)域阻滯和小兒椎管內(nèi)鎮(zhèn)痛。全麻蘇醒期躁動(dòng)(EA)是麻醉蘇醒階段患者行為混亂,常出現(xiàn)在早期階段,主要表現(xiàn)哭鬧、躁動(dòng)、興奮及定向功能障礙。小兒七氟烷吸入麻醉后EA發(fā)生率高,雖然以往鎮(zhèn)靜、鎮(zhèn)痛藥物的應(yīng)用,這種興奮性行為的發(fā)生減少,但仍然沒(méi)有較好的預(yù)防及治療方法。國(guó)外研究顯示[5],右美托咪定的鎮(zhèn)靜、鎮(zhèn)痛特點(diǎn)能夠有效預(yù)防EA的發(fā)生。
本研究顯示B組右美托咪啶滴鼻給藥患兒能安全合作的轉(zhuǎn)入手術(shù)室,而且誘導(dǎo)時(shí)間明顯縮短,該結(jié)果提示:右美托咪定術(shù)前滴鼻能夠明顯降低術(shù)前焦慮的發(fā)生,可以提供很好的鎮(zhèn)靜,而且與全麻藥有協(xié)同作用,可以加速患兒進(jìn)入麻醉狀態(tài)。術(shù)后三組患兒均無(wú)心動(dòng)過(guò)緩和蘇醒延遲發(fā)生。這與有些報(bào)道不一致,可能與右美托咪啶的給藥劑量和給藥途徑有關(guān),心動(dòng)過(guò)緩常出現(xiàn)在靜脈給藥途徑,而且劑量一般大于1ug/kg[6]。A組沒(méi)有給予右美托咪定,與其它兩組比較,它喉痙攣的發(fā)生概率明顯增高,因?yàn)榛純盒g(shù)前會(huì)有哭鬧,分泌物增加,術(shù)后發(fā)生喉痙攣的概率較高,而B組和C組以不同形式給予右美托咪啶均使得患兒蘇醒特別平穩(wěn),蘇醒期躁動(dòng)評(píng)分明顯降低,提示骶管和滴鼻給予右美托咪定均能有效預(yù)防七氟烷麻醉后EA發(fā)生,且觀察組患兒術(shù)后較長(zhǎng)一段時(shí)間均處于輕度睡眠的鎮(zhèn)靜狀態(tài),容易被喚醒。因?yàn)榛純盒g(shù)后仍不能馬上進(jìn)食水,對(duì)于幾乎沒(méi)有控制力的患兒來(lái)說(shuō)睡眠狀態(tài)遠(yuǎn)比蘇醒狀態(tài)舒適,而且便于術(shù)后生命體征的監(jiān)測(cè)。
骶管阻滯有明顯的術(shù)后鎮(zhèn)痛作用,該研究也顯示三組均進(jìn)行了骶管阻滯,而且均有術(shù)后鎮(zhèn)痛的作用,只是時(shí)間長(zhǎng)短不一致。研究顯示術(shù)后4h內(nèi)三組鎮(zhèn)痛評(píng)分均小于4分,鎮(zhèn)靜評(píng)分為2~3分,即鎮(zhèn)靜鎮(zhèn)痛效果均滿意,無(wú)需追加鎮(zhèn)痛藥物。也就是說(shuō)單純的骶管阻滯術(shù)后4h可以起到鎮(zhèn)痛鎮(zhèn)靜作用,這與羅哌卡因作用于成人硬膜外的作用時(shí)間要明顯延長(zhǎng),我們分析可能與復(fù)合全身麻醉有關(guān)系,術(shù)中我們用的麻醉藥殘余與羅哌卡因協(xié)同作用所致。B,C組8h的鎮(zhèn)痛,鎮(zhèn)靜評(píng)分明顯低于A組,說(shuō)明術(shù)前30min右美滴鼻給藥不僅僅能降低術(shù)前患兒的焦慮,降低患兒蘇醒期的躁動(dòng),也有延長(zhǎng)骶管阻滯術(shù)后鎮(zhèn)痛的作用,這與國(guó)外El-Hennawy等[7]在小兒進(jìn)行下腹部手術(shù)時(shí)將右美托咪定2ug/kg混合0.25%布比卡因用于骶管麻醉及鎮(zhèn)痛,發(fā)現(xiàn)右美托咪定能顯著延長(zhǎng)鎮(zhèn)痛時(shí)間,且無(wú)心動(dòng)過(guò)緩、低血壓及呼吸抑制等不良反應(yīng)的研究結(jié)果一致。術(shù)后回訪,8h內(nèi)患兒處于睡眠狀態(tài),但是呼之能應(yīng),接近生理睡眠狀態(tài),而且沒(méi)有鎮(zhèn)靜過(guò)度的現(xiàn)象發(fā)生。C組12,16,20h的鎮(zhèn)靜,鎮(zhèn)痛評(píng)分明顯低于A,B組。術(shù)后24h三組鎮(zhèn)痛,鎮(zhèn)靜評(píng)分差異不顯著,評(píng)分都比較低,可能術(shù)后24h已經(jīng)過(guò)了早期最疼痛的時(shí)期。A組鎮(zhèn)痛時(shí)間5.0±0.19a,B組鎮(zhèn)痛時(shí)間是8.1±0.17b,C組鎮(zhèn)痛時(shí)間是22.1±0.95c。由此可見(jiàn),羅哌卡因復(fù)合1ug/kg右美托咪啶進(jìn)行骶管阻滯鎮(zhèn)痛時(shí)間是最長(zhǎng)的,鎮(zhèn)痛鎮(zhèn)靜效果也是最滿意的。這樣我們不再需要追加其它鎮(zhèn)痛藥物,也不擔(dān)心呼吸抑制的發(fā)生,是一種安全,舒適的鎮(zhèn)痛方式!
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ApplicationofDexmedetomidinewithNon-intravenousRouteinPostoperativeAnalgesiainPediatricPatientsUndergoingAbdominalSurgery
CAOXuefeng,ZHAOLiang,LIUXudong,etal
(TheAffiliatedHospitalofChengdeMedicalUniversity,HebeiChengde,067000,China)
Objective: To investigate the effect of dexmedetomidine intravenous administration on postoperative analgesia in pediatric patients undergoing abdominal surgery.Methods60 patients who were undergoing the general anesthesia for lower abdomen surgery were randomly devided into there groups, each group 20 cases. Patients in group B were
dexmedetomidine 1ug/kg nasal drops before operation 30min; Patients in group A, C were received volume normal saline nasal drops. The three groups were given atropine 0.01-0.02mg/kg, lidocaine 1mg/kg, propofol 2mg/kg, sevoflurane 6-8%, oxygen flow 2L/min, waiting for the eyelash reflex disappeared, placed the laryngeal mask, sevoflurane dropped to 1-2%. In group A and group B, 0.25% ropivacaine 1ml/kg was injected after the success of sacral block, group C was given 0.25% ropivacaine 1ml/kg+ dexmedetomidine 1ug/kg, sacral block was given total amount of 20ml cap. 1. Each patient general information respectively were record; 2. The time of operation, induction, extubation and anesthesia awake were recorded; 3. The adverse events such as bradycardia, delayed awakening, laryngismus, urine retention were and awakening period agitation score were recorded. 4. Postoperative 4, 8, 12, 16, 20, 24 hours analgesic score, sedation score and analgesia time were recorded.Results1. The general situation have no statistical significance (P>0.05); 2. The time of operation, extubation and anesthesia awake have no statistical significance (P>0.05), the induction time of B group are shorter than A and C groups (P<0.05); 3. All the three groups have no hypoxemia, delayed awakening and urine retentionwere; Compared with group B and C, the emergence laryngismus and awakening period agitation score were higher in group A (P<0.05); the analgesia time were shorter, group C was the longest. 4. All the analgesic score of the three groups were less than 4 points, sedation score for 2-3 minute in postoperative 4 h. Compared with group A, analgesic and sedation score of the group B and C are lower in postoperative 8 h(P<0.05). Compared with group A and B, analgesic and sedation score of the group C were lower in postoperative 12, 16, 20h (P<0.05). There was no statistical significance in postoperative 24h (P>0.05).ConclusionIntranasal dexmedetomidine (DEX) application used in pediatric anesthesia induction period undergoing the lower abdomen and lower extremity surgery could significantly reduce induction time and have early postoperative analgesia sedation. For caudal block, which received the ropivacaine mixed with 1ug/kg dexmedetomidine can prolonge analgesia calm times and reduce adverse reaction during anesthesia recovery period .
Dexmedetomidine; Intranasal; Sacral canal blocking; Pediatric; Postoperative analgesia
1006-6233(2017)11-1828-06
2015年承德市科學(xué)技術(shù)研究與發(fā)展計(jì)劃項(xiàng)目,(編號(hào):20157057)
A
10.3969/j.issn.1006-6233.2017.11.019