王琪,沈凌煒,錢韻
(浙江大學(xué)醫(yī)學(xué)院附屬第二醫(yī)院,浙江 杭州 310003)
·論 著·
B7-H4在胰腺癌中的表達(dá)及與臨床病理及預(yù)后的相關(guān)性分析
王琪,沈凌煒,錢韻
(浙江大學(xué)醫(yī)學(xué)院附屬第二醫(yī)院,浙江 杭州 310003)
目的 研究B7-H4異常表達(dá)于胰腺癌組織,其表達(dá)水平與胰腺癌預(yù)后的相關(guān)性。方法 收集浙江大學(xué)醫(yī)學(xué)院附屬第二醫(yī)院2011年1月至2014年12月間胰腺癌切除手術(shù)取得的胰腺癌組織(188例),以及非腫瘤患者胰腺組織(25例)。通過免疫組織化學(xué)染色方法檢測(cè)B7-H4在上述組織中的表達(dá)。結(jié)果 胰腺癌組織中B7-H4表達(dá)陽性率為100%,明顯高于非腫瘤患者胰腺組織(68%),且胰腺癌組織中B7-H4的表達(dá)水平明顯高于對(duì)照組。同時(shí),胰腺癌組織中B7-H4的表達(dá)水平與TNM分級(jí)、遠(yuǎn)端轉(zhuǎn)移及分化顯著相關(guān)。多因素生存分析顯示,B7-H4表達(dá)水平、遠(yuǎn)端轉(zhuǎn)移以及化療為獨(dú)立的胰腺癌預(yù)后指標(biāo)。結(jié)論 B7-H4在胰腺癌組織中異常表達(dá),為獨(dú)立的胰腺癌不良預(yù)后指標(biāo),有望成為胰腺癌治療的免疫靶點(diǎn)。
B7-H4;胰腺癌;預(yù)后;生物標(biāo)志;免疫組化
胰腺癌是高死亡率癌癥之一,其五年存活率<6%[1]。胰腺癌高侵襲性和隱匿性的特點(diǎn)導(dǎo)致其預(yù)后極差[2],且其增長(zhǎng)快、轉(zhuǎn)移早,被確診時(shí)大部分患者已發(fā)展成晚期[3]。因此,尋找胰腺癌早期生物標(biāo)志物以及確定這些標(biāo)志物與疾病的發(fā)展、轉(zhuǎn)移與預(yù)后的關(guān)系顯得尤為重要,這些生物標(biāo)志物可以用來評(píng)估胰腺癌切除手術(shù)病人的預(yù)后[4]。B7家族在腫瘤免疫逃避機(jī)制中發(fā)揮重要作用,影響患者預(yù)后[5]。
B7-H4是B7家族中的一員,抑制T細(xì)胞增殖、IL-2的產(chǎn)生及細(xì)胞周期進(jìn)展,與腫瘤T細(xì)胞浸潤(rùn)呈負(fù)相關(guān)[6,7]。B7-H4在不同的腫瘤中異常表達(dá),包括乳腺癌[8],非小細(xì)胞肺癌[9],卵巢癌[10],腎細(xì)胞癌[11]。B7-H4能抑制腫瘤細(xì)胞的凋亡[12],異常表達(dá)B7-H4的患者其總體存活率較差[13],胰腺癌中B7-H4 表達(dá)水平[11,12,14-16]與其病理特征有密切相關(guān)[17],因此B7-H4有望成為腫瘤診斷和預(yù)后判斷的生物標(biāo)記物[14-16],然而B7-H4的表達(dá)與胰腺癌的病理分級(jí)分期尚未明確。本研究通過免疫組織化學(xué)染色方法測(cè)定B7-H4的表達(dá)水平,并分析其與胰腺癌患者總生存期(OS)的相關(guān)性,進(jìn)而判斷B7-H4能否作為胰腺癌獨(dú)立的指標(biāo),為胰腺癌的免疫治療靶點(diǎn)提供依據(jù)。
1.1 病人和組織標(biāo)本實(shí)驗(yàn)對(duì)2011年1月至2014年12月在浙江大學(xué)醫(yī)學(xué)院附屬二院的188例胰腺癌患者的手術(shù)標(biāo)本進(jìn)行了分析。臨床數(shù)據(jù)包括病人信息、腫瘤分化、腫瘤分級(jí)和治療方法。與此同時(shí)收集了同一時(shí)期的25例良性胰腺疾病患者(如胰腺炎和囊腫)為臨床對(duì)照組。所有組織樣本為石蠟組織切片,并由兩名病理醫(yī)生通過HE染色切片明確診斷。本研究遵循浙江大學(xué)醫(yī)學(xué)院附屬二院醫(yī)學(xué)倫理。
1.2 免疫組織化學(xué)染色 使用EnVisionTM兩步法(Dako,斯特魯普,丹麥)進(jìn)行免疫組織化學(xué)染色。將石蠟包埋組織進(jìn)行5μm連續(xù)切片并轉(zhuǎn)移到干燥免疫組化專用玻片,然后脫蠟、水化、封閉、PBS洗滌三次、羊血清封閉減少非特異性結(jié)合,最后將組織與兔抗-B7-H4單克隆抗體4°C孵育過夜,隨后滴加相應(yīng)二抗,蘇木素復(fù)染,酒精脫水,中性樹脂封片。
1.3 評(píng)價(jià)B7-H4染色請(qǐng)兩位沒有接觸到患者臨床信息的病理醫(yī)生隨機(jī)選出5個(gè)400倍鏡下放大切片視野,進(jìn)行分析評(píng)價(jià),染色結(jié)果表明B7-H4高表達(dá)于腫瘤細(xì)胞質(zhì)和細(xì)胞膜。以半定量方法[13]評(píng)估B7-H4的表達(dá),其陽性細(xì)胞的比例計(jì)分如下:0(<5%);1(6%-25%);2(26%-50%);3(51%-75%);4(>75%)。 染色強(qiáng)度評(píng)估如下:0(無染色);1(弱染色,淡黃色);2(溫和的染色,黃棕色);3(強(qiáng)染色,深棕色)。染色積分是陽性比例乘以染色強(qiáng)度:0(陰性);1-4(弱陽性);5-8(中度陽性);9-12(強(qiáng)陽性)。 本實(shí)驗(yàn)設(shè)定染色積分<9時(shí),B7-H4為低表達(dá);≥9時(shí),B7-H4為高表達(dá)。
1.4 統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)方法數(shù)據(jù)采用SPSS 17.0軟件統(tǒng)計(jì)分析,由單因素方差分析或獨(dú)立樣本t檢驗(yàn)分析B7-H4的表達(dá)和臨床病理特點(diǎn)之間的關(guān)系??偵嫫?OS)的計(jì)算為胰腺癌的初診到患者死亡。采用Kaplan-Meier分析和log rank檢驗(yàn)分析患者生存期差異,多變量Cox回歸分析獨(dú)立預(yù)后指標(biāo)。P<0.05為差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。
2.1 患者的臨床特征本研究包含的188例胰腺癌均為患者浸潤(rùn)性導(dǎo)管腺癌,其中男性112例、女性76例,該188例胰腺癌患者的手術(shù)年齡中位數(shù)是 65歲(范圍:35-82歲),具體數(shù)據(jù)見表 1,直至2016年12月,由隨訪證實(shí)188名患者均已死亡。
2.2 胰腺癌中B7-H4的表達(dá) 免疫組化染色顯示,胰腺癌患者組織中B7-H4的表達(dá)陽性率(188/188,100%)較正常及良性胰腺組織(17/25,68%,P<0.01)高,且B7-H4的表達(dá)水平較對(duì)照組明顯增高(5.10±2.97 vs 0.86±0.75,P<0.01)。
2.3 B7-H4表達(dá)和臨床病理特征之間的關(guān)系 B7-H4的表達(dá)水平和臨床病理特征之間的關(guān)系如表1。B7-H4在胰腺癌組織樣本中的表達(dá)與TNM分級(jí)(TNM 1-2:4.16±2.04 vs TNM 3-4:7.50±3.60,P<0.01) 遠(yuǎn)端轉(zhuǎn)移 (轉(zhuǎn)移:7.68±3.61 vs 無轉(zhuǎn)移:4.31±2.23,P<0.01) 和分化狀態(tài) (分化良好:2.43±2.46 vs分化較差:7.34±3.46,P<0.01)密切相關(guān),與患者在診斷時(shí)的年齡(<65和≥65年)、性別、淋巴結(jié)轉(zhuǎn)移,或是否化療沒有關(guān)系。
表1 B7-H4表達(dá)與胰腺癌患者的臨床特征的相關(guān)性及單變量分析的總體生存率
2.4 B7-H4表達(dá)和總生存期的關(guān)系使用kaplanmeier分析胰腺癌組織B7-H4的表達(dá)水平與病人生存期的相關(guān)性。直至實(shí)驗(yàn)最后跟進(jìn),188名患者均死亡,其生存期中位數(shù)是9.90±0.58個(gè)月(95%可信區(qū)間:8.76~11.04個(gè)月)。高表達(dá)B7-H4的胰腺癌患者的生存期 (3.80±0.84;95%可信區(qū)間:2.16-5.44)較低表達(dá)B7-H4的胰腺癌患者的生存期(10.80±0.82;95%可信區(qū)間:9.18~12.42;P<0.01;圖1)明顯縮短。其他預(yù)后因素包括遠(yuǎn)端轉(zhuǎn)移(P<0.01),TNM 分級(jí)(P<0.01),分化狀態(tài)(P<0.01),化療(P<0.05)也被證實(shí)能降低總生存期,如表1。
此外,多變量分析B7-H4的表達(dá)水平(相對(duì)危險(xiǎn)度:1.744;95%可信區(qū)間:1.087~2.799;P<0.05)、遠(yuǎn)端轉(zhuǎn)移 (相對(duì)危險(xiǎn)度:2.684;95%可信區(qū)間:1.26605.691;P<0.05) 及化療 (相對(duì)危險(xiǎn)度:0.613;95%可信區(qū)間:0.449-0.838;P<0.01)為獨(dú)立的胰腺癌預(yù)后判斷指標(biāo),如表2。
表2 多變量分析的總體生存率
圖1 kaplan-m eier及l(fā)og rank檢驗(yàn)分析胰腺癌患者總生存期(OS)。Kap lan-meier分析表明高表達(dá)B7-H4的胰腺癌患者比低表達(dá)B7-H4的患者生存期短(P<0.01)。
最近的研究表明,B7-H4不表達(dá)于人類正常組織[6],卻廣泛表達(dá)于多 種腫瘤組織[8,9,11,19,21,22],它可以抑制T細(xì)胞的活化、誘導(dǎo)T細(xì)胞凋亡或激活抑制性T細(xì)胞,如Treg細(xì)胞[18-20]。同時(shí),B7-H4可以下調(diào)細(xì)胞毒性T淋巴細(xì)胞(CTL)抗腫瘤反應(yīng)[6]。此外,B7-H4特異性RNA(siRNA)能明顯抑制腫瘤生長(zhǎng)[21,23]。以上表明,B7-H4在腫瘤進(jìn)展和免疫逃避中發(fā)揮著關(guān)鍵作用。
本研究表明B7-H4在胰腺癌組織的細(xì)胞質(zhì)和細(xì)胞膜中的高表達(dá)與總生存時(shí)間負(fù)相關(guān),獨(dú)立于其他預(yù)后因素。雖然其他研究表明B7-H3和B7-H4尤其是B7-H1的表達(dá)與生存期負(fù)相關(guān)[24,25],然而本研究顯示異常表達(dá)的B7-H4是一個(gè)獨(dú)立的胰腺癌患者預(yù)后指標(biāo)。
B7-H4的高表達(dá)與許多惡性腫瘤發(fā)生、發(fā)展及預(yù)后有著很大的聯(lián)系[26-28]。B7-H4在腫瘤組織中的過表達(dá)表明它可能成為一個(gè)潛在的腫瘤標(biāo)記和免疫治療靶點(diǎn)。然而,B7-H4在胰腺癌中的預(yù)后作用尚不明確。在神經(jīng)膠質(zhì)瘤中[29],高表達(dá)B7-H4的患者較低表達(dá)B7-H4的患者,預(yù)后更差;在胃癌[30]、口腔鱗狀細(xì)胞癌[31]、膽管癌[32],B7-H4 作為預(yù)后不良或疾病轉(zhuǎn)移的標(biāo)志物。目前的研究表明,B7-H4更有可能僅表達(dá)于胰腺癌組織中而不表達(dá)于正常胰腺組織[17],因此,B7-H4能作為胰腺癌預(yù)后不良或轉(zhuǎn)移的指標(biāo)。另外,與晚期腫瘤(Ⅲ-Ⅳ)相比,早期腫瘤(Ⅰ-Ⅱ)中B7-H4的表達(dá)更低,這些都表明B7-H4可能參與人類胰腺癌的進(jìn)展。因此B7-H4的表達(dá)水平與不良預(yù)后之間的關(guān)系可能與復(fù)雜的腫瘤微環(huán)境及未明確的B7-H4受體有關(guān)。
B7-H4可通過抑制T細(xì)胞活化、誘導(dǎo)細(xì)胞因子分泌[33-34]及T細(xì)胞毒性來逃避抗腫瘤免疫應(yīng)答[22]。雖然我們的研究結(jié)果表明,B7-H4的高表達(dá)可作為人類胰腺癌預(yù)后不良的指標(biāo),但高表達(dá)的B7-H4能否降低患者的總生存期仍待研究。
本實(shí)驗(yàn)的一個(gè)不足之處是樣本數(shù)太少,考慮到B7-H4在胰腺癌患者中的潛在價(jià)值,我們?cè)诤罄m(xù)研究中將用更多的數(shù)據(jù)支持我們的研究。
總之,B7-H4在胰腺癌組織中的表達(dá)與正常胰腺組織中的表達(dá)數(shù)據(jù)相比表明,B7-H4的表達(dá)與患者的總生存期有著密切的聯(lián)系。因此,B7-H4有望成為胰腺癌的預(yù)后指標(biāo)。
[1]Stewart BW,Wild CP.World cancer report 2014[M].Lyon,F(xiàn)rance:IARCNonserial Publication,2014:89-90.
[2]Jemal A,Siegel R,Ward E,et al.Cancer statistics.CA Cancer[J].J Clin,2008,58(2):71-96.
[3]Katz MH,Pisters PW,Evans DB,et al.Borderline resectable pancreatic cancer:The importance of this emerging stage of disease[J].JAm Coll Surg,2008,206(5):833-846.
[4]Clark JW,Glicksman AS,Wanebo HJ.Systemic and adjuvant therapy for patientswith pancreatic carcinoma[J].Cancer,1996,78(3):688-693.
[5]Driessens G,Kline J,Gajewski TF.Costimulatory and coin?hibitory receptors in anti tumor immunity[J].Immunol Rev,2009,229(1):126-144.
[6]Sica GL,Choi IH,Zhu G,et al.B7-H4,amolecule of the B7 family,negatively regulates T cell immunity[J].Immunity,2003,18(6):849-861.
[7]Miyatake T,Tringler B,Liu W,et al.B7-H4(DD-O110)is overexpressed in high risk uterine endometrioid adenocarcinomas and inversely correlated with tumor T-cell infiltration[J].Gynecol Oncol,2007,106(5):119-127.
[8]Tringler B,Zhuo S,Pilkington G,et al.B7 H4 is highly expressed in ductal and lobular breast cancer[J].Clin Cancer Res,2005,11(4):1842 1848.
[9]Sun Y,Wang Y,Zhao J,et al.B7 H3 and B7-H4 expression in non small cell lung cancer[J].Lung Cancer,2006,53(2):143-151.
[10]Tringler B,Liu W,Corral L,et al.B7-H4 overexpression in ovarian tumors[J].Gynecol Oncol,2006,100(1):44-52.
[11]Krambeck AE,Thompson RH,Dong H,et al.B7-H4 expression in renal cell carcinoma and tumor vasculature:Associationswith cancer progression and survival[J].Proc Natl Acad Sci USA,2006,103(27):10391-10396.
[12]Prasad DV,Richards S,Mai XM,et al.A novel B7 familymember that negatively regulates T cell activation[J].Immunity,2003,18(6):863-873.
[13]Qian Y,Sang Y,Wang FX,etal.Prognostic significance of B7-H4 expression in matched primary pancreatic cancer and livermetastases[J].Oncotarget,2016,7(44):72242-72249.
[14]Jiang J,Zhu Y,Wu C,et al.Tumor expression of B7-H4 predicts poor survival of patients suffering from gastric cancer[J].Cancer Immunol Immunother,2010,59(8):1707-1714.
[15]Chen LJ,Sun J,Wu HY,et al.B7-H4 expression associates with cancer progression and predicts patient’s survival in human esophageal squamous cell carcinoma[J].Cancer Immunol Immunother,2011,60(7):1047-1055.
[16]Quandt D,F(xiàn)iedler E,Boettcher D,et al.B7-H4 Expression in Human Melanoma:Its Association with Patients’ Survival and Antitumor Immune Response[J].Clin Cancer Res,2011,17(10):3100-3111.
[17]Awadallah NS,Shroyer KR,Langer DA,et al.Detection of B7 H4 and p53 in pancreatic cancer:Potential role as a cytological diagnostic adjunct[J].Pancreas,2008,36(2):200-206.
[18]Kryczek I,Zou L,Rodriguez P,et al.B7-H4 expression identifies a novel suppressive macrophage population in human ovarian carcinoma[J].JExp Med,2006,203(4):871-881.
[19]Zang X,Thompson RH,Al-Ahmadie HA,et al.B7-H3 and B7x are highly expressed in human prostate cancer and associated with disease spread and poor outcome[J].Proc Natl Acad Sci USA,2007,104(4):19458-19463.
[20]Gao Q,Wang XY,Qiu SJ,et al.Overexpression of PD-L1 significantly associates with tumor aggressiveness and postoperative recurrence in human hepatocellular carcinoma[J].Clin Cancer Res,2009,15(3):971-979
[21]Salceda S,Tang T,Kmet M,et al.The immunomodulatory protein B7-H4 is overexpressed in breast and ovarian cancers and promotes epithelial cell transformation[J].Exp Cell Res,2005,306(3):128-141.
[22]Choi IH,Zhu G,Sica GL,et al.Genomic organization and expression analysis of B7-H4,an immune inhibitory molecule of the B7 family[J].J Immunol,2003,171(9):4650-4654.
[23]Qian Y,Hong B,Shen L,et al.B7-H4 enhances oncogenicity and inhibits apoptosis in pancreatic cancer cells[J].Cell Tissue Res,2013,353(1):139-151.
[24]Chen XL,Yuan SX,Chen C,et al.Expression of B7-H1 protein in human pancreatic carcinoma tissues and its clinical significance[J].Ai Zheng,2009,28(12):1328-1332(In Chinese).
[25]Xu H,Chen X,Tao M,et al.B7-H3 and B7-H4 are independent predictors of a poor prognosis in patientswith pancreatic cancer[J].Oncol Lett,2016,11(3):1841-1846.
[26]Topalian SL,Drake CG,Pardoll DM.Targeting the PD-1/B7-H1(PD-L1)pathway to activate anti tumor immunity[J].Curr Opin Immunol,2012,24(2):207-212.
[27]Wang X,Wang T,Xu M,et al.B7-H4 overexpression impairs the immune response of T cells in human cervical carcinomas[J].Hum Immunol,2014,75(10):1203-1209.
[28]Song X,Liu J,Lu Y,et al.Overexpression of B7-H1 correlates with malignant cell proliferation in pancreatic cancer[J].Oncol Rep,2014,31(3):1191-1198.
[29]Yao Y,Ye H,Qi Z,et al.B7-H4(B7x)-Mediated Cross-talk between Glioma-Initiating Cells and Macrophages via the IL6/JAK/STAT3 Pathway Lead to Poor Prognosis in Glioma Patients[J].Clin Cancer Res,2016,22(3):2778-2790.
[30]Cui Y,Li Z.B7-H4 is Predictive of Poor Prognosis in Patients with Gastric Cancer[J].Med SciMonit,2016,22(3):4233-4237.
[31]Wu L,Deng WW,Yu GT,et al.B7-H4 expression indicates poor prognosis of oral squamous cell carcinoma[J].Cancer Immunol Immunother,2016,65(9):1035-1045.
[32]Zhao X,Guo F,Li Z,et al.Aberrant expression of B7-H4 correlateswith poor prognosis and suppresses tumor-infiltration of CD8+T lymphocytes in human cholangiocarcinoma[J].Oncol Rep,2016,36(5):419-427.
[33]Mugler KC,Singh M,Tringler B,et al.B7-H4 expression in a range of breast pathology:Correlation with tumor T cell infiltration[J].Appl Immunohistochem Mol Morphol,2007,15(4):363-370.
[34]Simon I,Katsaros D,Rigault de la Longrais I,et al.B7-H4 is over expressed in early stage ovarian cancer and is independent of CA125 expression[J].Gynecol Oncol,2007,106(5):334 341.
Expression of B7-H 4 in pancreatic cancer and the relevant research w ith clinical pathology and prognosis
WANG Qi,SHEN Lingwei,QIAN Yun.
The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School ofMedicine,Hangzhou 310003,China.
Objective To study B7-H4 abnormally expressed in pancreatic cancer tissues,and to evaluate the correlation between B7-H4 and the prognosis of pancreatic cancer.M ethods Pancreatic cancer patients(n=188)and healthy controls(n=25)were collected from the Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University school ofmedical from January 2011 to December 2014.Immunohistochemical staining was used to detect the expression of B7-H4.Results The positive rate of B7-H4 expression in pancreatic cancer tissueswas 100%,higher than that in normal pancreatic tissue samples(68%).And the expression level of B7-H4 in pancreatic cancer were obviously higher than control group.Meanwhile,the expression of B7-H4 in pancreatic cancer was significantly correlated with tumornodemetastasis(TNM)stage,distantmetastasis and differentiation.Multivariate survival analysis showed that the expression level of B7-H4,distantmetastasis,and chemotherapy were independent prognostic index of pancreatic cancer.Conclusion Abnormal expression of B7-H4 in pancreatic cancer is an independent prognostic marker of pancreatic cancer and is expected to be an immune target for the treatmentof pancreatic cancer.
B7-H4;Pancreatic cancer;Prognosis;Biomarker;Immunohistochemistry
R735.9,R446.8
A
1674-1129(2017)05-0642-04
10.3969/j.issn.1674-1129.2017.05.003
浙江省自然科學(xué)基金,LQ16H160005
王琪,女,1987年生,學(xué)士學(xué)位,檢驗(yàn)師,醫(yī)學(xué)檢驗(yàn)專業(yè),主要研究方向免疫學(xué)。
錢韻,女,1985年生,博士學(xué)位,主管檢驗(yàn)師,主要研究方向腫瘤免疫 Email:10818020@gstu.zju.edu.cn。
2017-06-13;
2017-09-05)