張熒,魏立菲,劉勝玉,劉威,劉昕宇,李逸
珠江水資源保護(hù)科學(xué)研究所,珠江流域水環(huán)境監(jiān)測(cè)中心,廣州 510611
自動(dòng)化前處理-氣相色譜串聯(lián)質(zhì)譜法測(cè)定淡水魚體中的有機(jī)磷阻燃劑
張熒*,魏立菲,劉勝玉,劉威,劉昕宇,李逸
珠江水資源保護(hù)科學(xué)研究所,珠江流域水環(huán)境監(jiān)測(cè)中心,廣州 510611
應(yīng)用自動(dòng)化前處理設(shè)備和氣相色譜串聯(lián)四級(jí)桿質(zhì)譜儀建立了淡水魚體中10種有機(jī)磷阻燃劑的檢測(cè)方法。該方法先采用自動(dòng)索氏提取儀進(jìn)行樣品的提取,再應(yīng)用凝膠滲透色譜凈化儀和florisil柱對(duì)提取液進(jìn)行兩級(jí)凈化,最后用氣相色譜串聯(lián)四級(jí)桿質(zhì)譜法(多反應(yīng)監(jiān)測(cè)模式)對(duì)樣品中的有機(jī)磷阻燃劑(OPFRs)定性定量。實(shí)驗(yàn)表明,凝膠滲透色譜凈化系統(tǒng)在以乙酸乙酯∶環(huán)己烷(1∶1,V/V)為流動(dòng)相,流速為5.0 mL·min-1的條件下,收集OPFRs的最佳時(shí)間為900~1 680 s;方法的檢出限為0.002~0.192 ng·g-1濕重,加標(biāo)水平為5.000 ng·g-1濕重時(shí),平均加標(biāo)回收率為48.7%~122%,相對(duì)偏差除磷酸三乙酯(TEP)(17.7%)和磷酸三(1,3-二氯異丙基)酯(TDCP)(11.9%)外均小于10%。應(yīng)用該方法測(cè)定采集于東江某污水處理廠入河排污口的魚類樣品時(shí),回收率指示物(d27-TBP)的回收率為82.4%~114%,魚類樣品中∑OPFRs的濃度范圍為nd~6.41 ng·g-1濕重。
有機(jī)磷阻燃劑;自動(dòng)化;串聯(lián)質(zhì)譜;淡水魚體
Received14 January 2017accepted20 March 2017
Abstract: An analytical method for the determination of 10 organophosphorus flame retardants (OPFRs) in freshwater fish samples was developed using automated equipment for pretreatment and gas chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (GC-MS/MS) for quantification. In the present method, the samples were extracted using automatic soxhlet extraction system, and then a two-step clean-up (including automatic gel permeation chromatography (GPC) and florisil) was used to purify the extract. Finally, the GC-MS/MS was used for qualitation and quantitation by multi-reaction monitoring (MRM) mode. Experimental results showed that the best collection time of the automatic GPC system was from 900 to 1 680 seconds using ethyl acetate and hexane mixture (1:1, V/V) as mobile phase at a flow rate of 5.0 mL·min-1. The method detection limits ranged from 0.002 ng·g-1to 0.192 ng·g-1wet weight, and the recoveries were in the range of 48.7%-122%, with relative standard deviations (RSDs) of less than 10% except for triethylphosphate (TEP) (17.7%) and tris(1,3-dichloropropyl) phosphate (TDCP) (11.9%). The developed method was applied to determine the OPFRs in freshwater fish collected from an outlet of a sewage treatment plant in the East River. The recoveries of d27-TBP spiked in the samples ranged from 82.4% to 114%, and the total concentrations of OPFRs in the samples ranged from not detected to 6.41 ng·g-1wet weight.
Keywords: organophosphorus flame retardants; automation; tandem mass spectrometry; freshwater fish
近30年來,阻燃劑在減少火災(zāi)引起的生命財(cái)產(chǎn)損失方面發(fā)揮了重要的作用。然而,部分阻燃劑由于具有持久性、生物富集性和環(huán)境毒性等,進(jìn)入環(huán)境后,可能對(duì)生物體和人類產(chǎn)生危害。隨著各國(guó)對(duì)溴代阻燃劑(brominated flame retardants, BFRs)環(huán)境效應(yīng)的關(guān)注以及BFRs的禁用,有機(jī)磷阻燃劑(organophosphorus flame retardants, OPFRs)的產(chǎn)量快速提高,據(jù)歐洲阻燃劑協(xié)會(huì)的統(tǒng)計(jì),2006年西歐OPFRs的產(chǎn)量大約為91 000 t·a-1,比2005年提高了7.1%,比2001年提高了9.6%[1]。另?yè)?jù)前瞻產(chǎn)業(yè)研究院預(yù)計(jì),未來我國(guó)磷系替代溴系的步伐會(huì)快于全球,到2020年磷系、無機(jī)和其他新型阻燃劑將成為重點(diǎn)產(chǎn)品,其比重或可達(dá)阻燃劑總量的30%。
有報(bào)道指出,多種OPFRs具有神經(jīng)毒性、生殖毒性、致癌性和基因毒性[2-3]。隨著其產(chǎn)量的顯著增加,OPFRs的污染已引起了各國(guó)政府的高度關(guān)注,其污染現(xiàn)狀、環(huán)境行為和毒理效應(yīng)等成為環(huán)境領(lǐng)域的研究熱點(diǎn)[1, 4-14]。對(duì)OPFRs的毒性研究離不開對(duì)其在生物體內(nèi)的濃度水平的檢測(cè),目前國(guó)內(nèi)外對(duì)生物體中OPFRs的檢測(cè)報(bào)道主要采用氣相色譜法(GC)、氣相色譜-質(zhì)譜法(GC-MS)和氣相色譜-串聯(lián)質(zhì)譜法(LC-MS/MS)[15-16]。用氣相色譜測(cè)定OPFRs,在確證方面存在不足,易產(chǎn)生假陽(yáng)性;氣相色譜-質(zhì)譜法在定性方面優(yōu)于氣相色譜,但由于基質(zhì)產(chǎn)生的碎片離子有時(shí)會(huì)對(duì)目標(biāo)物產(chǎn)生干擾,所以在定性方面尚存在不足;氣相色譜-串聯(lián)質(zhì)譜法通過離子對(duì)方式定性化合物,可以彌補(bǔ)GC和GC-MS法在確證方面的不足,且具有雜質(zhì)影響小,對(duì)凈化要求低、靈敏度高、適合多組分同時(shí)分析等特點(diǎn)。
此外,在分析過程中,樣品前處理過程耗費(fèi)時(shí)間最長(zhǎng),一般占整個(gè)分析過程的2/3以上的時(shí)間,因此,樣品前處理過程對(duì)分析結(jié)果的影響很大。自動(dòng)化的前處理設(shè)備不僅可以大大縮短前處理時(shí)間,還能減少人為操作的誤差。本研究建立了用自動(dòng)索氏提取儀和自動(dòng)凝膠滲透色譜(GPC)凈化儀凈化生物樣品基質(zhì),同時(shí)測(cè)定生物體中10種OPFRs的氣相色譜串聯(lián)質(zhì)譜法。
1.1 儀器、材料與試劑
Foss2050型Soxtec全自動(dòng)索氏抽提系統(tǒng)(丹麥,F(xiàn)oss公司);全自動(dòng)凝膠滲透色譜系統(tǒng)(德國(guó),LC-tech,型號(hào)Freestyle GPC EVA)含自動(dòng)凝膠滲透色譜(凝膠滲透色譜柱25 mm×50 cm,填料為50 g的Biobeads SX-3)和在線濃縮裝置;Thermo TSQ Quantum XLS三重四級(jí)桿氣相色譜質(zhì)譜聯(lián)用儀(GC-MS/MS),DB-5 MS色譜柱(325 ℃, 30 m×250 μm×0.25 μm);氮吹儀(北京八方世紀(jì)科技有限公司,型號(hào)BF-2000);FD-80冷凍干燥機(jī)(北京博醫(yī)康)等實(shí)驗(yàn)設(shè)備。
Florisil小柱:500 mg,3 mL(CNW Technologies);丙酮、正己烷、環(huán)己烷和乙酸乙酯均為色譜純(美國(guó)TEDIA);10種OPFRs(具體名稱見表1)均為純品(純度大于99%,購(gòu)于德國(guó)Dr.Ehrenstorfer公司),d15-磷酸三苯酯(d15-TPP,100 μg·mL-1于異辛烷,AccuStandard)和d27-磷酸三丁酯(d27-TBP,100 μg·mL-1于異辛烷,AccuStandard)為標(biāo)準(zhǔn)溶液。
標(biāo)準(zhǔn)儲(chǔ)備液的制備:準(zhǔn)確稱取10 mg(精確到0.1 mg)OPFRs各標(biāo)準(zhǔn)品分別于10 mL容量瓶中,用乙酸乙酯溶解,配制成1 000 mg·L-1的單標(biāo)儲(chǔ)備液,于-18 ℃條件下儲(chǔ)存。
1.2 樣品采集和前處理
1.2.1 樣品采集與預(yù)處理
2014年于惠州市東江某污水處理廠入河排污口附近采集了3條羅非魚(Oreochromis mossambicus)、2條鯉魚(Cyprinus carpio)、4條鰱魚(Hypophthalmichthys molitrix)、3條鳊魚(Parabramis pekinensis)和6條餐條(Hemiculter leucisculus)。樣品運(yùn)回實(shí)驗(yàn)室后,進(jìn)行解剖,取背脊肌肉用二氯甲烷和正己烷淋濾過的鋁箔紙包裹,置于-20 ℃冰箱保存。
1.2.2 自動(dòng)索氏抽提
每個(gè)樣品取約10 g濕重,經(jīng)冷凍干燥處理后,加入約50 g的無水硫酸鈉研磨,添加一定量的回收率指示物(d27-TBP),使用Foss索氏抽提儀進(jìn)行浸提,抽提液為V(丙酮)∶V(正己烷)=1∶1混合提取液80 mL,浸提溫度160 ℃,其中浸提時(shí)間60 min,淋洗時(shí)間60 min。浸提液轉(zhuǎn)換成V(環(huán)己烷)∶V(乙酸乙酯)= 1∶1的混合試劑后,轉(zhuǎn)移至管制玻璃瓶待濃縮凈化。
1.2.3 自動(dòng)凝膠色譜凈化
自動(dòng)GPC凈化系統(tǒng)采用三聯(lián)機(jī)模式,即濃縮—凈化—濃縮。上述浸提液經(jīng)濃縮并轉(zhuǎn)換溶劑為V(環(huán)己烷)∶V(乙酸乙酯)= 1∶1的混合試劑(與GPC流動(dòng)相溶劑相同)后,再經(jīng)GPC凈化。GPC流動(dòng)相的柱流速為5.0 mL·min-1,收集時(shí)間為900~1 680 s的洗脫液,洗脫液經(jīng)濃縮為5 mL后,氮吹并轉(zhuǎn)換溶劑為正己烷,濃縮至1 mL,待進(jìn)一步凈化。
1.2.4 Florisil柱凈化
取Florisil小柱,先用8 mL乙酸乙酯,再用6 mL正己烷活化,保持該柱濕潤(rùn),將1.2.3節(jié)中洗脫液移至Florisil小柱上,再用2 mL正己烷分2次洗滌樣品瓶,將洗滌液一并加到該柱上,待凈化液通過該柱后,用8 mL正己烷洗脫,棄去,再用8 mL乙酸乙酯洗脫,收集,收集的洗脫液用氮吹儀氮吹定容至0.5 mL后,加入100 ng內(nèi)標(biāo)物d15-TPhP待上機(jī)測(cè)試。
1.2.5 定性定量分析
儀器條件:DB-5 MS石英毛細(xì)管柱,載氣為高純氦氣,柱流量為1.2 mL·min-1,進(jìn)樣口溫度250 ℃,無分流進(jìn)樣,進(jìn)樣量1 μL;傳輸線溫度280 ℃;離子源溫度230 ℃。采用程序升溫,初始溫度60 ℃,保持1 min,以20 ℃·min-1升至160 ℃,再以10 ℃·min-1升至290 ℃;采用電子轟擊離子源(EI),電子能量70 eV,接口溫度280 ℃。掃描方式:多反應(yīng)離子監(jiān)測(cè)模式(MRM),采用“EZ Method”設(shè)定方法,在“Start time”設(shè)定為“該目標(biāo)化合物保留時(shí)間RT-0.5 min”,在“End time”設(shè)定為“該目標(biāo)化合物保留時(shí)間RT+0.5 min”;各種化合物的母離子、子離子、碰撞能量及保留時(shí)間見表1。
2.1 GPC凈化條件的選擇
GPC的流動(dòng)相為V(環(huán)己烷)∶V(乙酸乙酯)= 1∶1的混合試劑;混合標(biāo)準(zhǔn)溶液由10種OPFRs和d27-TBP的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)液用3 mL與流動(dòng)相相同的混合試劑稀釋配制而成,進(jìn)GPC色譜柱量均為100 ng。運(yùn)行LC-tech全自動(dòng)凝膠滲透色譜儀將該混合標(biāo)準(zhǔn)溶液全量輸入到色譜柱內(nèi)進(jìn)行GPC淋洗凈化實(shí)驗(yàn),其初始設(shè)置參數(shù)為:流速5 mL·min-1(恒流方式);Forerun(雜質(zhì)丟棄時(shí)間)780 s;Mainrun(收集時(shí)間) 900 s(連續(xù)收集15段淋洗液,每段60 s);Tailing時(shí)間300 s。
所收集的上述15段淋洗液氮吹定容到0.5 mL,加入內(nèi)標(biāo)物d15-TPP后,用GC-MS/MS進(jìn)行測(cè)定,得到10種OPFRs和d27-TBP的GPC淋洗時(shí)間與各組分的累積回收率關(guān)系曲線(圖1)。從淋洗曲線可知,OPFRs和d27-TBP的淋出區(qū)間為900~1 680 s。
然而,在900~1 680 s的淋出區(qū)間中,動(dòng)物脂肪可能同時(shí)洗出,為此,以玉米油代表動(dòng)物脂肪,測(cè)定了玉米油在紫外波長(zhǎng)λ=254 nm時(shí)的淋洗曲線。從淋洗曲線可知,玉米油在900 s、960 s和1 020 s時(shí)的回收率分別為55.4%、85.2%和100%(圖1)。因此,為盡可能在保證目標(biāo)物的回收率下去除較多的動(dòng)物脂肪,選擇OPFRs和d27-TBP的收集時(shí)間為960~1 680 s。
2.2 質(zhì)譜條件優(yōu)化
質(zhì)譜掃描選擇多反應(yīng)監(jiān)測(cè)模式(MRM)。為獲得最佳的色譜條件,保證對(duì)目標(biāo)物定量和定性的準(zhǔn)確性,對(duì)目標(biāo)物的母離子、子離子、碰撞能量等一系列質(zhì)譜參數(shù)進(jìn)行了優(yōu)化。首先采用全掃描(full scan)方式獲取待測(cè)物的母離子,之后采用子離子掃描方式(product scan),并通過不斷改變碰撞能量獲得子離子響應(yīng)最高時(shí)的最優(yōu)碰撞能量。最后,每個(gè)OPFR單體選擇最優(yōu)的2~3對(duì)離子對(duì)和相應(yīng)的碰撞能量,對(duì)目標(biāo)物進(jìn)行定性和定量分析。10種OPFRs、d27-TBP和d15-TPhP的質(zhì)譜條件詳見表1,色譜分離效果可見圖2。
2.3 線性關(guān)系和方法檢出限
用陰性基質(zhì)溶液與有機(jī)磷阻燃劑混合溶液配制成濃度分別為0.010、0.020、0.050、0.100、0.200、0.500、1.00 mg·L-1的OPFRs基質(zhì)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)溶液,用峰面積對(duì)濃度作圖,得到線性范圍和線性相關(guān)系數(shù),以每種OPFR的3倍信噪比時(shí)的添加濃度確定為檢出限,以10倍信噪比的添加濃度確定了定量限。結(jié)果表明(表1),在相應(yīng)的質(zhì)量范圍內(nèi),各OPFRs的響應(yīng)值與其質(zhì)量濃度均呈良好的線性關(guān)系,相關(guān)系數(shù)均高于0.99,方法的LOD范圍為0.002~0.192 ng·g-1濕重,LOQ的范圍為0.005~0.641 ng·g-1濕重。
表1 多反應(yīng)監(jiān)測(cè)模式下有機(jī)磷阻燃劑(OPFRs)的保留時(shí)間、監(jiān)測(cè)離子對(duì)、碰撞能量、線性相關(guān)系數(shù)和方法的回收率及相對(duì)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)偏差(n=3)Table 1 The retention time, ion pair, collision energy, linear correlation of organophosphorus flame retardants (OPFRs) in the MRM mode, and the recovery and relative standard deviation of the method (n=3)
圖1 有機(jī)磷阻燃劑各組分和玉米油的自動(dòng)凝膠滲透色譜(GPC)淋洗曲線Fig. 1 The gel permeation chromatography (GPC) elution curves of organophosphorus flame retardants, including their recoveries
圖2 MRM模式的質(zhì)譜條件下有機(jī)磷阻燃劑的色譜圖Fig. 2 The chromatogram of organophosphorus flame retardants in the MRM mode of the mass spectrum
2.4 質(zhì)量控制與質(zhì)量保證(QA/QC)
所有玻璃器皿使用前均用丙酮、二氯甲烷和正己烷依次洗滌2次。在分析過程中,增加了控制樣品分析流程(3個(gè)方法空白、3個(gè)加標(biāo)空白、3個(gè)陰性樣品加標(biāo)和3個(gè)樣品平行樣)等質(zhì)量控制與質(zhì)量保證措施。在樣品提取前,向每個(gè)分析樣品加入d27-TBP回收率指示物,用于監(jiān)測(cè)樣品的制備與分析及基質(zhì)的影響。在陰性基質(zhì)加標(biāo)和空白加標(biāo)中加入100 ng的10種OPFRs混合標(biāo)準(zhǔn)溶液,其中陰性基質(zhì)取樣量為20.0 g,OPFRs的質(zhì)量濃度為5.00 ng·g-1濕重。基質(zhì)加標(biāo)和空白加標(biāo)實(shí)驗(yàn)主要檢測(cè)目標(biāo)化合物的回收率。在樣品分析時(shí),用已知濃度標(biāo)樣檢查儀器的靈敏度和穩(wěn)定性。結(jié)果顯示,3個(gè)方法空白中均未檢出OPFRs,基質(zhì)加標(biāo)和空白加標(biāo)中各OPFRs的加標(biāo)回收率在48.7%~122%之間,樣品平行樣中80%的OPFRs的對(duì)偏差小于10%。
應(yīng)用建立的方法對(duì)采自東江某污水處理廠入河排污口5種魚類中的10種OPFRs進(jìn)行檢測(cè),檢出的OPFR單體和總量(∑OPFRs)的濃度見表2,樣品中回收率指示物d27-TBP的回收率范圍在82.4%~114%之間。
OPFRs在魚類樣品中的檢出率極低,檢出的4個(gè)單體為TPrP、TBP、TCEP和TCiP,它們?cè)谒恤~肉樣品中的檢出率分別為5.56%、38.9%、50.0%和33.3%。TPrP僅在1條鳊魚中檢出,含量為0.961 ng·g-1濕重(85.8 ng·g-1脂重);TBP在羅非魚、鯉魚和餐條中的含量為nd~2.42 ng·g-1濕重(nd~209 ng·g-1脂重),在鳊魚和鰱魚中未檢出;TCEP在鯉魚、鳊魚和餐條中檢出,含量為nd~4.96 ng·g-1濕重(nd~148 ng·g-1脂重);TCiP在鯉魚和鳊魚中檢出,含量為nd~2.42 ng·g-1濕重(nd~121 ng·g-1脂重)。Ma等[9]報(bào)道了珠江三角洲地區(qū)漁民采集的胡子鯰和草魚肌肉中TBP、TCEP和TCiP的含量分別為43.9~2 946 ng·g-1脂重,82.7~4 692 ng·g-1脂重和62.7~883 ng·g-1脂重,其濃度水平高于本研究魚類一個(gè)數(shù)量級(jí),可能是由于該研究的采樣地點(diǎn)處于電子垃圾污染區(qū)。國(guó)外報(bào)道的鱸魚、鯉魚、貽貝等體內(nèi)均發(fā)現(xiàn)了高于本研究一個(gè)數(shù)量級(jí)的OPFRs[2],可能是由于物種的差異。
綜上所述,采用自動(dòng)索式抽提-凝膠滲透色譜和Florisil柱凈化-GC-MS/MS測(cè)定淡水魚體中OPFRs,通過實(shí)驗(yàn)條件優(yōu)化,該方法OPFRs的加標(biāo)回收率在48.7%~122%之間,相對(duì)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)偏差除TEP(17.7%)和TDCP(11.9%)外均小于10%,生物樣品中回收率指示物d27-TBP的回收率范圍在82.4%~114%之間,具有較好的準(zhǔn)確度和精密度,該方法自動(dòng)化程度較高,靈敏度高、操作簡(jiǎn)單快捷且重現(xiàn)性好,節(jié)約了時(shí)間和成本,可用于實(shí)際生物樣品的分析和測(cè)定。
表2 5種魚類中有機(jī)磷阻燃劑的含量(ng·g-1濕重)Table 2 The concentrations of organophosphorus flame retardants in the five kinds of fish (ng·g-1 wt)
注:a中值(范圍);b未檢出。
Note:amedium value (range);bnot detected.
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AutomaticPretreatmentandDeterminationofOrganophosphorusFlameRetardantsinFreshwaterFishSamplesbyGasChromatographyTandemMassSpectrometry
Zhang Ying*, Wei Lifei, Liu Shengyu, Liu Wei, Liu Xinyu, Li Yi
Scientific Institute of Pearl River Water Resources Protection, Monitoring Centre of Pearl River Valley Aquatic Environment, Guangzhou 510611, China
10.7524/AJE.1673-5897.20170114009
2017-01-14錄用日期2017-03-20
1673-5897(2017)3-604-07
X171.5
A
張熒(1984—),女,環(huán)境科學(xué)博士,高級(jí)工程師,主要研究方向?yàn)樗h(huán)境中有機(jī)污染物的遷移和轉(zhuǎn)化,發(fā)表學(xué)術(shù)論文30余篇。
國(guó)家自然科學(xué)基金項(xiàng)目(41303082);
張熒(1984-),女,工程師,研究方向?yàn)樗h(huán)境有機(jī)污染物監(jiān)測(cè),E-mail: cec_007@126.com;
張熒, 魏立菲, 劉勝玉, 等. 自動(dòng)化前處理-氣相色譜串聯(lián)質(zhì)譜法測(cè)定淡水魚體中的有機(jī)磷阻燃劑[J]. 生態(tài)毒理學(xué)報(bào),2017, 12(3): 604-610
Zhang Y, Wei L F, Liu S Y, et al. Automatic pretreatment and determination of organophosphorus flame retardants in freshwater fish samples by gas chromatography tandem mass spectrometry [J]. Asian Journal of Ecotoxicology, 2017, 12(3): 604-610 (in Chinese)