金曉清,呂鼎,張向?qū)?,李璞,周青華,胡玉梅
(1.重慶大學(xué) 機(jī)械傳動(dòng)國(guó)家重點(diǎn)實(shí)驗(yàn)室, 重慶400044; 2.四川大學(xué) 空天科學(xué)與工程學(xué)院, 四川 成都610065)
斷裂或接觸力學(xué)問(wèn)題中第二類柯西奇異積分方程的一種解析方法
金曉清1,呂鼎1,張向?qū)?,李璞1,周青華2,胡玉梅1
(1.重慶大學(xué) 機(jī)械傳動(dòng)國(guó)家重點(diǎn)實(shí)驗(yàn)室, 重慶400044; 2.四川大學(xué) 空天科學(xué)與工程學(xué)院, 四川 成都610065)
第二類柯西奇異積分方程因涉及復(fù)奇異因子往往造成求解困難,而適用第一類奇異積分方程的高效數(shù)值方法并不能推廣至第二類奇異積分方程,即便是第二類奇異積分方程,其數(shù)值解法仍是一個(gè)難題. 為此提出了構(gòu)造第二類奇異積分方程解析解的一種新方法. 通過(guò)分解柯西奇異項(xiàng),并利用雅克比多項(xiàng)式的正交性,推導(dǎo)針對(duì)右端載荷項(xiàng)為單項(xiàng)式(monomial)的遞推解析解,進(jìn)而借助級(jí)數(shù)展開(kāi)的方法推廣至一般的載荷問(wèn)題. 提出的基于遞推的解析解構(gòu)造方案,能完美地結(jié)合maple軟件編程,從而提供一種方便、快捷、有效的算法. 由給出的算例可見(jiàn),本方法適用于處理界面斷裂或接觸分析問(wèn)題中含復(fù)數(shù)奇異因子的復(fù)雜情形,從而為研究該類典型力學(xué)問(wèn)題提供了一種可供選擇的方法.
第二類奇異積分方程;柯西主值積分;復(fù)數(shù)奇異因子;界面裂紋
(1)
(2)
其中L為已知給定量.
在已有文獻(xiàn)中,第一類奇異積分方程求解方法相對(duì)成熟[7-10],第二類柯西奇異積分方程求解較難,要獲取其封閉解析解尤為困難[11]. 現(xiàn)有研究大多局限于奇異積分方程的數(shù)值解法,典型成果有:ERDOGAN等[7]和KRENK[8]采用的正交多項(xiàng)式法和GERASOULIS等[12]采用的分段多項(xiàng)式方法. MILLER等[13]采用分段二階多項(xiàng)式,以數(shù)值求解第二類奇異積分方程. JIN等[14-15]討論了上述各方法的利弊,并提出一種針對(duì)第二類奇異積分方程的有效數(shù)值解法. 周薇等[6]和周躍亭等[16]對(duì)第二類奇異積分方程的配置法、內(nèi)插型求積公式法和機(jī)械求積法等數(shù)值解法進(jìn)行了論述.
對(duì)于第一類奇異積分方程,正交多項(xiàng)式法[7-10]求解效率高,并且易于編程. 然而,此方法很難推廣到第二類奇異積分方程[7],其所探討的求解方案[4]計(jì)算復(fù)雜、編程困難且效率不高.分段多項(xiàng)式法(piecewise polynomial approach)[12-13, 17-20]允許積分點(diǎn)和配置點(diǎn)(collocation point)任意分布,但當(dāng)近似多項(xiàng)式的階次相對(duì)較小時(shí),解的收斂速度和精度[18, 21]難以達(dá)到最優(yōu).雖然通過(guò)提高近似多項(xiàng)式的階次理論上可使函數(shù)解更精確,但其積分式將變得繁復(fù)難解[13, 17, 20]. 由此可見(jiàn),第二類柯西奇異積分方程的數(shù)值解法較為煩瑣,至今仍缺少一種針對(duì)性強(qiáng)且高效的方法. 筆者借助maple軟件,通過(guò)分解柯西奇異項(xiàng),利用雅克比多項(xiàng)式的正交性,提出一種實(shí)用的求解第二類奇異積分方程的解析新方法.
根據(jù)Muskhelishvili指數(shù)理論(index theory)[2],式(1)中φ(x)可以表示成新待求函數(shù)g(x)和反映問(wèn)題物理奇異性態(tài)的基函數(shù)(fundamental function)ω(x)的乘積:
φ(x)=g(x)ω(x),
(3)
其中g(shù)(x)滿足H?lder連續(xù)條件,而
ω(x)=(1-x)α(1+x)β,
(4)
將式(3)(4)代入式(1),式(1)左端含柯西核的第2項(xiàng)可改寫(xiě)為
(5)
(1-x)α(1+x)βcot(απ)+I(x),
(6)
其中,
(7)
(8)
在界面裂紋問(wèn)題中,兩端裂尖具有物理奇異是一種典型的情況,此時(shí)α和β的實(shí)部取值滿足-1 當(dāng)I(x)消失時(shí),式(1)可化為 |a+bcot(απ)|ω(x)g(x)+ (9) 通過(guò)適當(dāng)選取α值,式(9)中的第1項(xiàng)可化為0,即求: a+bcot(απ)=0, (10) 當(dāng)系數(shù)a和b為復(fù)數(shù)時(shí),α和β的值可由下式確定: (11) 其中整數(shù)N的取值需考慮問(wèn)題于區(qū)間左端點(diǎn)-1處的物理奇異特性,即滿足-1 (12) 下面先討論載荷為單項(xiàng)式(monomial)即f(x)=xn的情況. 由式(3)(4)(11)可知,求解式(1)中的φ(x)只需求解式(12)中的g(x).聯(lián)立式(4)~(12),此時(shí)式(1)變換為如下形式: (13) 因載荷為n階高次項(xiàng),可設(shè)g(t)為n+1階多項(xiàng)式:g(t)=c0+c1t+c2t2+c3t3+…+cn+1tn+1, (14) 故求解φ(x)即為求解g(t)中待定系數(shù)cn(n=0,1,2…)的值. 將多項(xiàng)式(14)代入,式(13)中積分項(xiàng)關(guān)鍵部分可變換為 (15) 其中di(t)表示式(15)中xi項(xiàng)的系數(shù),即 di(t)=ci+1+ci+2t+…+cn+1tn-i. (16) (17) (18) 雅克比多項(xiàng)式與權(quán)函數(shù)(1-t)α(1+t)β相關(guān),存在如下正交特性: (19) 特別地,0階雅克比多項(xiàng)式等于1.由式(19)可知,非0階雅克比多項(xiàng)式存在如下性質(zhì): (20) (21) 將式(15)~(17)代入式(13),利用式(21),積分方程(13)可轉(zhuǎn)化為如下代數(shù)關(guān)系: (22) (23.0) (23.1) (23.i) (23.n) (24) 式(23)對(duì)應(yīng)的關(guān)系轉(zhuǎn)變?yōu)?/p> (25.0) (25.1) … (25.i) … (25.n) g(t)=c0+c1t+c2t2+c3t3+c4t4. (26) (27) 即 φ(x)=ω(x)g(x)=-sinαπ(1-x)α(1+x)β× (28) 式(1)~(12)給出了一種求解第二類奇異積分方程的新方法.上述變換主要有2個(gè)目的: 回顧文獻(xiàn)[24]中界面裂紋的例子,其控制奇異積分方程為 (29) 滿足 (30) 式(29)中實(shí)常數(shù)γ與兩各向同性彈性介質(zhì)材料性質(zhì)有關(guān),等式右邊的f(x)與裂紋面上的法向和切向載荷的綜合作用有關(guān).指數(shù)α和β的值由式(11)確定: (31) 在此情況下,利用附錄A中給出的maple程序,得到邊界未知函數(shù)的封閉解: g(x)=-sin(πα)[3x5+(6α+4)x4+ (6α2+8α+1)x3+4α(α+1)2x2+c1x+c0], (32) 其中, (33) 表1為利用本方法求得的精確解與文獻(xiàn)[15]給出的數(shù)值計(jì)算結(jié)果的比較,兩者符合良好,在計(jì)算機(jī)的舍入誤差范圍內(nèi),驗(yàn)證了本文給出的載荷f(x)為單項(xiàng)式xn的解析解. 且利用單項(xiàng)式載荷解析解構(gòu)造多項(xiàng)式載荷解析解的方法可行.相應(yīng)的maple程序見(jiàn)附錄. 第(ii)種載荷條件是泰勒級(jí)數(shù)展成多項(xiàng)式的組合. 將右端指數(shù)項(xiàng)進(jìn)行泰勒展開(kāi),得到x的多項(xiàng)式,利用本方法近似求解. 隨著泰勒級(jí)數(shù)的增加,計(jì)算結(jié)果會(huì)逐漸收斂于精確解. 利用maple軟件并逐次增加多項(xiàng)式項(xiàng)數(shù),得到裂紋右尖端的復(fù)應(yīng)力強(qiáng)度因子的計(jì)算值如表2所示,有效數(shù)收斂至小數(shù)點(diǎn)后10位. 從數(shù)值結(jié)果中可看出,收斂速度令人滿意. 通過(guò)分解柯西奇異項(xiàng),消除奇異積分方程中的柯西奇異性,以便解析求解第二類奇異積分方程. 本解析方法可以用來(lái)處理界面裂紋中的物理奇異性問(wèn)題,結(jié)合maple軟件編程,方便易行,對(duì)復(fù)數(shù)奇異因子同樣適用.從而,為獲取第二類柯西奇異積分方程的封閉解析解提供了一種切實(shí)可行的新途徑. 表1 本文精確解與文獻(xiàn)[15]數(shù)值解對(duì)比 表2 載荷(ii)情況下,例2中右裂尖應(yīng)力強(qiáng)度因子(SIF)的數(shù)值收斂解 [1]GAKHOVFD.BoundaryValueProblems[M]. 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A method for the numerical solution of singular integral equations with a principal value integral[J].InternationalJournalofEngineeringScience,1981,19(9): 1293-1298. [13] MILLER G R, KEER L M. A numerical technique for the solution of singular integral equations of the second kind[J].QuarterlyofAppliedMathematics,1985,42(4): 455-465. [14] JIN X.AnalysisofSomeTwoDimensionalProblemsContainingCracksandHoles[D]. Chengdu: Northwestern University,2006. [15] JIN X, KEER L M, WANG Q. A practical method for singular integral equations of the second kind[J].EngineeringFractureMechanics,2008,75(5): 1005-1014. [16] 周躍亭,李星.具周期裂紋的半平面周期接觸問(wèn)題的奇異積分方程數(shù)值解法[J].固體力學(xué)學(xué)報(bào),2005,26(2): 167-174. ZHOU Y T, LI X. Singular integral equation method for periodic contact problem of an elastic half-plane with periodic cracks[J].ChineseJournalofSolidMechanics,2005,26(2): 167-174. [17] KIM P, LEE S. 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[23] ERDELYI A, MAGNUS W, OBERHETTINGER F, et al .TablesofIntegralTransforms:VolII[M]. New York / Toronto / London: McGraw-Hill,1954. [24] THEOCARIS P S, IOAKIMIDIS N I. On the numerical solution of Cauchy type singular integral equations and the determination of stress intensity factors in case of complex singularities[J].ZeitschriftFürAngewandteMathematikundPhysik,1977,28(6):1085-1098. 以本文的界面裂紋為例,說(shuō)明maple程序的編制及調(diào)用. 當(dāng)載荷為n-1階單項(xiàng)式時(shí),可利用SIEslover子程序得到g′π(x)的解析式,其中g(shù)′π(x)=g(x)/cn. 將多項(xiàng)式載荷視為多個(gè)單項(xiàng)式的疊加,根據(jù)力學(xué)疊加原理,利用本程序可求解載荷條件(i)的情況. 同時(shí),本程序也能求解載荷條件(ii)下α為復(fù)數(shù)的情況. >SIEslover:= proc (n,x, alpha) localpx,rx,i,j,Pj,cPj,cRj,c; c[n]:= 1; px:=c[n]; foritondo px:=px*x; rx:=px; forjfromiby -1 to 1 do Pj:= normal(simplify( JacobiP(j, alpha, -1-alpha,x), 'JacobiP')); cPj:= coeff(Pj,x^j); cRj:= coeff(rx,x^j); rx:= normal(simplify(rx-cRj*Pj/cPj)) od: c[n-i]:= -rx; px:=px+c[n-i] od: px:= collect(px, [x], factor) end: 下面為本求解器的調(diào)用示例: 載荷條件(i) >f5:= SIEslover(5,x, alpha); f4:=SIEslover (4,x, alpha); f1:=SIEslover (1,x, alpha); f1:=2α+x+1; 載荷條件(ii) >alpha:= -1/2-1/10*′I; >res2:= SIEslover (1,x, alpha); >forito 35 do c[i]:=coeff(taylor(2*exp(x*x),x= 0, 40),x^i); res2:=simplify(res2+c[i]* SIEslover (i+1,x, alpha)); sif:=evalf(subs(x= 1, res2), 20); k1:=Re(sif); k2:=Im(sif); if modp(i,5)=0 then printf("i=%3d,…k1 +Ik2 =%+15.10f,+I%+15.10f
",i,k1,k2) end if od: JIN Xiaoqing1, LYU Ding1, ZHANG Xiangning1, LI Pu1, ZHOU Qinghua2, HU Yumei1 (1.State Key Laboratory of Mechanical Transmission, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, China;2.School of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China) Due to the presence of complex singularity, solutions to the singular integration equation (SIE) of the second kind are still under development. As a matter of fact, numerical methods for SIE of the first kind are hardly applicable to SIE of the second kind. With the assistance of maple programming, this paper presents a novel approach to formulate an analytical solution to a typical SIE of the second kind. By splitting the Cauchy kernel, and taking advantage of the orthogonality of Jacobi polynomials, we derive an analytical solution corresponding to the monomial loading case. Furthermore, the solution to a general loading case may be obtained via series expansion. The present method appears efficient and convenient, providing an effective tool for treating tangentially loaded contact analyses and interface crack problems. SIE of the second kind;Cauchy principal value integration;complex singularity; interface crack 10.3785/j.issn.1008-9497.2017.05.009 O 343.3; O 346.1 :A :1008-9497(2017)05-548-07 2016-04-13. 國(guó)家自然科學(xué)基金資助項(xiàng)目 (51475057);中央高?;究蒲袠I(yè)務(wù)費(fèi)專項(xiàng)(106112017CDJQJ328839). 金曉清(1974-),ORCID:http://orcid.org/0000-0002-8836-3505,博士,研究員,博士生導(dǎo)師,主要從事斷裂疲勞、細(xì)觀力學(xué)、摩擦學(xué)等研究,E-mail:jinxq@cqu.edu.cn. AnanalyticalmethodforsolvingCauchysingularintegralequationsofthesecondkindwithapplicationstofractureandcontactanalyses.Journal of Zhejiang University (Science Edition), 2017, 44(5 ): 548-5542 算例討論
3 結(jié)束語(yǔ)
附錄:maple程序