翟娜娜,謝富佳,李宇寧,凌繼祖,劉麗君
兒童過敏性紫癜消化道出血相關(guān)血清標(biāo)志物分析
翟娜娜1,謝富佳1,李宇寧2,凌繼祖2,劉麗君2
(1.蘭州大學(xué)第一臨床醫(yī)學(xué)院,甘肅蘭州730000;2.蘭州大學(xué)第一醫(yī)院小兒科,甘肅蘭州730000)
目的分析兒童過敏性紫癜(Henoch-Schonlein purpura,HSP)發(fā)生消化道出血的血清學(xué)相關(guān)危險(xiǎn)因素。方法納入148例HSP患兒,77例腹痛患兒。以白細(xì)胞計(jì)數(shù)(WBC)、中性粒細(xì)胞絕對(duì)值、淋巴細(xì)胞絕對(duì)值、中性粒細(xì)胞與淋巴細(xì)胞的比值(neutrophil to lymphocyte ratio,NLR)、血紅蛋白(Hb)、血小板計(jì)數(shù)(PLT)、平均血小板體積(MPV)、C反應(yīng)蛋白(C-reactive protein,CRP)及血沉為研究指標(biāo),應(yīng)用SPSS21.0統(tǒng)計(jì)分析軟件進(jìn)行數(shù)據(jù)處理,采用Logistic回歸及受試者工作特征曲線(receiver operating characteristic curve,簡(jiǎn)稱ROC曲線)分析血清學(xué)標(biāo)志物與過敏性紫癜消化道出血的相關(guān)性。結(jié)果(1)HSP組白細(xì)胞計(jì)數(shù)、中性粒細(xì)胞絕對(duì)值、血小板、NLR較對(duì)照組升高,淋巴細(xì)胞絕對(duì)值較對(duì)照組明顯降低,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05);(2)HSP消化道出血組白細(xì)胞計(jì)數(shù)、中性粒細(xì)胞絕對(duì)值、NLR和CRP較非消化道出血組明顯升高,淋巴細(xì)胞絕對(duì)值明顯降低,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05);(3)HSP患兒臨床評(píng)分與血清標(biāo)志物白細(xì)胞計(jì)數(shù)(r=0.344,P<0.001)、中性粒細(xì)胞絕對(duì)計(jì)數(shù)(r=0.405,P<0.001)、NLR(r=0.364,P<0.001)、血小板計(jì)數(shù)(r=0.185,P=0.024)及CRP(r=0.258,P=0.002)呈顯著正相關(guān);(4)經(jīng)Logistic逐步回歸分析僅CRP及NLR為過敏性紫癜消化道出血的獨(dú)立相關(guān)因素;(5)根據(jù)ROC曲線下面積結(jié)果,與NLR相比,CRP是過敏性紫癜消化道出血的潛在的更有效的預(yù)測(cè)指標(biāo)。結(jié)論CRP>7.25 mg/L及NLR>3.43可作為預(yù)測(cè)兒童過敏性紫癜消化道出血的簡(jiǎn)易血清標(biāo)志物,臨床工作中應(yīng)受到重視。
過敏性紫癜;消化道出血;血清標(biāo)志物;NLR;CRP
過敏性紫癜(Henoch-Sch?nlein purpura,HSP)是以小血管炎為主要病變的系統(tǒng)性血管炎,任何年齡均可發(fā)病,多發(fā)生于2~8歲的兒童,男孩多于女孩,兒童發(fā)病率高于成人。在小兒風(fēng)濕性疾病中,其發(fā)病率占首位。在亞洲,每年HSP的發(fā)病率更是高達(dá)70/100萬(wàn)[1]。其臨床特征以非血小板減少性紫癜、關(guān)節(jié)炎/關(guān)節(jié)痛、腹痛、胃腸道出血及腎損害為主。HSP被認(rèn)為是一種自限性疾病,一般預(yù)后良好。近期預(yù)后與消化道受累的程度有關(guān),遠(yuǎn)期預(yù)后與腎臟受累的嚴(yán)重程度有關(guān)。HSP短期內(nèi)潛在的消化道嚴(yán)重并發(fā)癥可表現(xiàn)為腸出血、腸梗阻、腸穿孔以及腸套疊。有研究顯示,與消化道并發(fā)癥相關(guān)外科手術(shù)約占HSP患兒的5%~12%,且復(fù)發(fā)率高達(dá)30%[2]。腹部癥狀不是HSP患兒的特異性癥狀,迄今為止,還沒有具體的血清學(xué)標(biāo)記物有助于HSP合并消化道出血的診斷和鑒別診斷。因此,當(dāng)腹痛作為第一個(gè)或唯一臨床表現(xiàn)癥狀時(shí),則迫切需要確定是否伴有消化道出血,以避免侵入性檢查,如胃鏡和剖腹手術(shù)。本研究中,我們通過對(duì)照研究,分析與兒童過敏性紫癜消化道出血相關(guān)的血清學(xué)標(biāo)志物,探討其危險(xiǎn)因素。
1.1 臨床資料本研究收集2014年5月~2016年5月在蘭州大學(xué)第一醫(yī)院住院的HSP患兒148例(HSP組)?;純壕?005年維也納國(guó)際會(huì)議歐洲風(fēng)濕病防治協(xié)會(huì)/歐洲兒童風(fēng)濕病協(xié)會(huì)及美國(guó)風(fēng)濕病學(xué)會(huì)共同修訂的HSP診斷標(biāo)準(zhǔn)[3]:即不伴血小板減少或凝血功能障礙的皮膚紫癜,同時(shí)伴以下任何一項(xiàng)者:(1)彌漫性腹痛;(2)關(guān)節(jié)炎/關(guān)節(jié)痛;(3)組織活檢顯示以IgA為主的免疫復(fù)合物沉積;(4)腎損害(血尿和/或蛋白尿)。消化道出血定義為黑便、血便或糞潛血陽(yáng)性[4]。本研究納入HSP患兒均處于急性期,未經(jīng)過糖皮質(zhì)激素及免疫抑制劑治療,并排外其他感染。對(duì)照組為77例腹痛患兒,均因腹痛入院,但經(jīng)檢查后無(wú)任何器質(zhì)性病變。
1.2 HSP活動(dòng)度評(píng)分參照HSP臨床評(píng)分系統(tǒng)[5-6],評(píng)估HSP患兒疾病活動(dòng)度及嚴(yán)重程度。皮膚、關(guān)節(jié)、腹部和腎臟癥狀記分為0~3,4個(gè)亞組分?jǐn)?shù)的總和被記錄為每個(gè)患者的總臨床評(píng)分(0~12)。見表1。
1.3 實(shí)驗(yàn)室指標(biāo)本研究的對(duì)象均為HSP患兒,均在入院當(dāng)天進(jìn)行采血,按常規(guī)行血常規(guī)、血沉、C反應(yīng)蛋白等檢測(cè)。全血細(xì)胞計(jì)數(shù)分析采用日本Sysmex XS-1000i血液分析儀,皮膚評(píng)分
0=無(wú)皮膚癥狀
2=紫癜位于臀部、雙下肢及軀干
3=紫癜位于臀部、雙下肢、雙上肢和軀干關(guān)節(jié)評(píng)分
0=無(wú)關(guān)節(jié)癥狀1=輕度關(guān)節(jié)疼痛和/或腫脹2=中度關(guān)節(jié)疼痛和/或腫脹3=重度關(guān)節(jié)疼痛和/或腫脹
腹部評(píng)分
0=無(wú)腹部癥狀
1=輕度腹痛和/或糞潛血(+)
2=中度腹痛和/或糞潛血(2+/3+)
隨著新一輪的教材的推廣,筆者通過相關(guān)的調(diào)查發(fā)現(xiàn),許多學(xué)生對(duì)預(yù)習(xí)提示使用的并不合理。筆者通過相應(yīng)的調(diào)查發(fā)現(xiàn)主要存在以下幾個(gè)方面的問題
3=嚴(yán)重腹痛和/或黑便、血便
腎臟評(píng)分:血尿和/或蛋白尿如下
0=無(wú)蛋白尿和血尿
1=蛋白尿(+)和/或血尿(+)
2=蛋白尿(2+/3+)和/或血尿(2+/3+)3=蛋白尿(>3+)和/或血尿(>3+)
血沉使用意大利Vital全自動(dòng)動(dòng)態(tài)血沉分析儀,C反應(yīng)蛋白采用西門子BNⅡ全自動(dòng)蛋白分析儀。
1.4 統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)方法應(yīng)用SPSS 21.0統(tǒng)計(jì)分析軟件進(jìn)行數(shù)據(jù)處理,計(jì)量資料根據(jù)是否正態(tài)分布,數(shù)據(jù)表示為“x±s”或中位數(shù)(第25和第75百分位數(shù)),兩組間比較采用t檢驗(yàn)或Mann-WhitneyU檢驗(yàn),計(jì)數(shù)資料采用χ2檢驗(yàn)。在單因素Logistic回歸分析中有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義的變量可納入多因素Logistics回歸分析。各變量之間的相互關(guān)系采用Pearson相關(guān)性分析。采用二分類Logistic回歸分析逐步后退法分析血清標(biāo)志物與過敏性紫癜消化道出血患兒的相關(guān)性。使用ROC曲線評(píng)估過敏性紫癜消化道出血患兒的獨(dú)立預(yù)測(cè)指標(biāo)及最佳臨界值。P<0.05表示差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。
2.1 患兒的基本特征本研究試驗(yàn)組共納入過敏性紫癜患兒148例,其中男81例(54.7%),女67例(45.3%)。年齡2~16歲,平均年齡(7.7±2.8)歲,住院天數(shù)2~27 d,平均住院(7.7±3.6)d。對(duì)照組77例,其中男39例,女36例,平均年齡(8.1±2.8)歲。
HSP急性期患兒臨床評(píng)分中,以皮膚紫癜為首發(fā)癥狀的有143例,以腹痛首發(fā)的有3例,以關(guān)節(jié)疼痛首發(fā)的有2例。HSP患兒發(fā)生消化道出血者共39例(26.4%),其中因發(fā)生腸套疊,并行外科手術(shù)1例。經(jīng)明確診斷后使用激素患兒111例(75%)。見表2。
表2 急性期HSP患兒的臨床評(píng)分Table 2 Clinical scores of the patients in acute phase of Henoch-Sch?nlein Purpura
2.2 HSP患兒與對(duì)照組血清標(biāo)志物的比較HSP患兒白細(xì)胞計(jì)數(shù)(P<0.001)、中性粒細(xì)胞絕對(duì)值(P<0.001)、血小板(P=0.038)較對(duì)照組升高,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。但淋巴細(xì)胞絕對(duì)值(P<0.001)較對(duì)照組明顯降低。NLR較對(duì)照組明顯升高[(2.89±2.49)vs.(1.55±2.48)],差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.001)。兩組間血紅蛋白、平均血小板體積差異無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。見表3。
表3 HSP患兒與對(duì)照組的血清標(biāo)志物Table 3 Comparison of serum markers between patients and controls
2.3 HSP患兒消化道出血組與非消化道出血組的血清標(biāo)志物的比較HSP患兒消化道出血組的白細(xì)胞計(jì)數(shù)(P= 0.021)、C反應(yīng)蛋白(P<0.001)和NLR(P<0.001)明顯高于非消化道出血組,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05)。其中中性粒細(xì)胞絕對(duì)值明顯高于非消化道出血組(P=0.001),而淋巴細(xì)胞絕對(duì)值低于非消化道出血組(P=0.033)。見表4。
2.4 HSP消化道出血的單因素與多因素Logistic回歸分析根據(jù)單因素Logistic回歸分析,白細(xì)胞計(jì)數(shù)、中性粒細(xì)胞絕對(duì)值、NLR及CRP均可作為HSP消化道出血的潛在預(yù)測(cè)指標(biāo);多因素分析采用Logistic逐步回歸分析,僅NLR(OR= 1.30,95%CI1.11~1.51,P=0.001)和CRP(OR=1.07,95%CI 1.02~1.13,P=0.005)是HSP消化道出血的獨(dú)立危險(xiǎn)因素。見表5。
2.5 ROC曲線分析及最佳臨界值根據(jù)ROC曲線下面積(The area under the ROC curve,AUCROC)表明與NLR相比,CRP是預(yù)測(cè)HSP消化道出血潛在的更有效的血清標(biāo)志物。CRP的ROC曲線下面(AUCROC=0.766,95%CI0.687~0.844,P<0.001)大于NLR(AUCROC=0.692,95%CI0.596~0.787,P<0.001)。根據(jù)約登指數(shù)(Youden index)得出CRP的最佳臨界值為7.25,敏感度和特異度分別為66.7%、75.2%;NLR的最佳臨界值為3.43,敏感度和特異度分別為51.3%、81.7%。見圖1。
表4 HSP消化道出血與無(wú)消化道出血患兒的血清標(biāo)志物Table 4 Comparison of serum markers between patients with and without gastrointestinal bleeding
2.6 HSP患兒總臨床評(píng)分與各指標(biāo)之間的相關(guān)性本研究采用Pearson相關(guān)性分析HSP患兒總臨床評(píng)分與血清標(biāo)志物的相關(guān)性,研究中白細(xì)胞計(jì)數(shù)、中性粒細(xì)胞絕對(duì)計(jì)數(shù)、NLR、血小板計(jì)數(shù)及C反應(yīng)蛋白與HSP患兒總臨床評(píng)分呈顯著正相關(guān)關(guān)系。而淋巴細(xì)胞絕對(duì)計(jì)數(shù)、血紅蛋白、平均血小板體積及血沉與HSP患兒總臨床評(píng)分無(wú)相關(guān)性。此外,總臨床評(píng)分與皮膚評(píng)分(r=0.575,P<0.001)、關(guān)節(jié)評(píng)分(r=0.600,P<0.001)、腹痛評(píng)分(r=0.610,P<0.001)、腎臟評(píng)分(r=0.296,P<0.001)及住院天數(shù)(r=0.399,P<0.001)顯著相關(guān)。見表6。
表5 HSP消化道出血危險(xiǎn)因素的Logistic回歸分析Table 5 Logistic regression analysis for possible risk factors of gastrointestinal bleeding in HSP
圖1 血清標(biāo)志物NLR、CRP的ROC曲線Figure 1 ROC curves of two serum markers including NLR and CRP
HSP是免疫復(fù)合物介導(dǎo)的炎癥性疾病。其中免疫球蛋白A(IGA)的血管沉積占主導(dǎo)地位,通常通過募集炎癥細(xì)胞和激活炎癥因子損傷內(nèi)皮細(xì)胞[7-8],這些內(nèi)皮細(xì)胞的改變可影響凝血功能,如凝血與纖溶系統(tǒng)的活化[9]。有研究表明,血清標(biāo)志物可反映與內(nèi)皮細(xì)胞損傷或凝血功能改變相關(guān)的幾種類型的系統(tǒng)性血管炎[10-11]。然而這些血清標(biāo)志物與系統(tǒng)性血管炎的嚴(yán)重性不十分清楚,尤其與HSP。一些研究表明血小板、白細(xì)胞增多和CRP升高與HSP的嚴(yán)重性相關(guān),特別是與HSP消化道出血相關(guān)[12-13]。同時(shí),也有學(xué)者報(bào)道,較低的平均血小板體積(MPV)可能與HSP消化道出血相關(guān)[14]。另外,NLR作為反映炎癥反應(yīng)的一個(gè)血清標(biāo)志物,因廉價(jià)且易于獲得,被廣泛應(yīng)用于系統(tǒng)性炎癥性疾病。2011年,Indavarapu A[15]等人研究表明:N/L>2,可以作為豬流感的篩選指標(biāo);Azab B[16]等人建議將N/L>4.7作為評(píng)估急性胰腺炎嚴(yán)重程度的簡(jiǎn)單指標(biāo);而Yazici M[17]等人對(duì)兒童的研究認(rèn)為N/L的比值為3.5可用于兒童闌尾炎的診斷。通過本研究我們得到了相似的結(jié)果,HSP患兒的白細(xì)胞計(jì)數(shù)、NLR和血小板明顯升高。相較于HSP非消化道出血者,消化道出血者的白細(xì)胞計(jì)數(shù)、NLR及CRP明顯升高。CRP>7.25 mg/L、NLR>3.43,可作為預(yù)測(cè)HSP消化道出血的簡(jiǎn)易血清標(biāo)志物。
表6 HSP患兒總臨床評(píng)分與血清標(biāo)志物的相關(guān)性Table 6 The correlation between clinical scores of the patients and serum markers
NLR被視為是炎癥性疾病的一個(gè)潛在的有用的指標(biāo),例如它與肝炎的不良預(yù)后相關(guān),與膀胱癌、川崎病冠狀動(dòng)脈損害、慢性阻塞性肺疾病等相關(guān)[18-21]。雖然NLR不能完全反映過敏性紫癜炎癥反應(yīng)和免疫反應(yīng)的復(fù)雜性。但過敏性紫癜是以中性粒細(xì)胞反應(yīng)為主的炎癥性疾病,有理由認(rèn)為高水平NLR與過敏性紫癜的免疫反應(yīng)相關(guān)。NLR是中性粒細(xì)胞絕對(duì)值與淋巴細(xì)胞絕對(duì)值的比值。國(guó)外有學(xué)者在研究中發(fā)現(xiàn)[22]:淋巴細(xì)胞逐漸上升和中性粒細(xì)胞的逐漸下降與各種感染與非感染因素引起的系統(tǒng)性炎癥與應(yīng)激的改善是同時(shí)發(fā)生的。相反若中性粒細(xì)胞持續(xù)增多和淋巴細(xì)胞持續(xù)減少超過1周左右時(shí),可能會(huì)產(chǎn)生嚴(yán)重的并發(fā)癥,如多器官的衰竭等。本研究中與對(duì)照組相比,過敏性紫癜患兒的中性粒細(xì)胞絕對(duì)值明顯升高,淋巴細(xì)胞絕對(duì)值降低,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。過敏性紫癜消化道出血患兒的淋巴細(xì)胞絕對(duì)值較非消化道出血患兒明顯降低,而中性粒細(xì)胞絕對(duì)值明顯升高,提示可通過NLR評(píng)估過敏性紫癜患者疾病的嚴(yán)重性。
CRP是一種由肝細(xì)胞合成的急性期蛋白,可與單核巨噬細(xì)胞、血管內(nèi)皮細(xì)胞和平滑肌細(xì)胞上的Fc-γ受體結(jié)合激活受體,促進(jìn)內(nèi)皮細(xì)胞表達(dá)細(xì)胞間黏附分子-1、血管黏附因子-1、E選擇素等[23],釋放單核細(xì)胞趨化蛋白-1、IL-6等促炎因子,介導(dǎo)HSP小血管炎癥反應(yīng),因而HSP患兒CRP水平明顯升高。由于感染和過敏性紫癜均可引起血清CRP的升高,因此難以通過CRP區(qū)分感染患兒與嚴(yán)重的HSP患兒。結(jié)合NLR能夠更好地預(yù)測(cè)HSP患兒出現(xiàn)消化道出血的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。本研究中,用于預(yù)測(cè)HSP消化道出血的血清標(biāo)志物,CRP的最佳臨界值為7.25,敏感度和特異度分別為66.7%、75.2%;NLR為3.43,敏感度和特異度分別為51.3%、81.7%。
另一方面,本研究中雖然白細(xì)胞計(jì)數(shù)、中性粒細(xì)胞絕對(duì)值、NLR、CRP升高均可作為HSP消化道出血的潛在預(yù)測(cè)指標(biāo)。但通過多因素Logistic回歸分析僅CRP及NLR是HSP消化道出血的獨(dú)立危險(xiǎn)因素,可作為其獨(dú)立的預(yù)測(cè)指標(biāo)。根據(jù)ROC曲線分析CRP是HSP消化道出血潛在的更有效的預(yù)測(cè)指標(biāo),但因其特異度限制,在臨床工作中NLR應(yīng)引起更多醫(yī)務(wù)人員的重視。
綜上所述,當(dāng)HSP患兒出現(xiàn)腹部不適或嘔吐等癥狀,且CRP>7.25 mg/L及NLR>3.43時(shí)提示有發(fā)生消化道出血的可能性。由于兩者均是可通過末梢血方便獲得的血清標(biāo)志物,不需要專門的設(shè)備或特殊測(cè)定,滿足了經(jīng)濟(jì)、快速、創(chuàng)傷小的要求,具有可操作性強(qiáng)的優(yōu)點(diǎn)?,F(xiàn)建議將CRP>7.25 mg/L及NLR>3.43作為預(yù)測(cè)HSP消化道出血的簡(jiǎn)易血清標(biāo)志物。
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Analysis Of serum markers indicating Henoch-Sch?nlein Purpura related gastrointestinal bleeding of children
Zhai Na-na1,Xie Fu-jia1,Li Yu-ning2,Ling Ji-zu2,Liu Li-jun2
(1.The First Clinical Medical College of Lanzhou University,Lanzhou,Gansu,730000,China;2.Department of pediatrics,the First
Hospital of Lanzhou University,Lanzhou,Gansu,730000,China)
Objective To analyze the serum markers indicating Henoch-Sch?nlein purpura related gastrointestinal(GI)bleeding of children. Methods The study consisted of 148 HSP patients and 77 cases of abdominal pain without organic disease.White blood cell count(WBC),absolute neutrophil count,absolute lymphocyte count,neutrophil to lymphocyte ratio(NLR),hemoglobin(Hb),platelet count(PLT),mean platelet volume(MPV),C-reactive protein(CRP),and erythrocyte sedimentation rate(ESR)were evaluated.Logistic regression analysis and receiver operating characteristic(ROC)analysis were used to determine the serum markers associated with GI bleeding.Results(1)White blood cell count,absolute neutrophil count,platelet count,and NLR levels were significantly higher in HSP group compared with the control group,absolute lymphocyte count was significantly lower in HSP group(P<0.05).(2)White blood cell count,absolute neutrophil count,NLR,and CRP levels were significantly higher in HSP patients with GI bleeding when compared to patients without GI bleeding,While absolute lymphocyte count was significantly lower in patients with GI bleeding than the patients without GI bleeding(P<0.05).(3)The total clinical scores of HSP patients were more strongly correlated with White blood cell count(r=0.344,P<0.001),absolute neutrophil count(r=0.405,P<0.001),NLR(r=0.364,P<0.001),platelet count(r=0.185,P= 0.024),and CRP(r=0.258,P=0.002).(4)CRP and NLR were the only two indicators associated with GI bleeding in HSP in Logistic regression analysis.(5)The area under the ROC curve analysis indicated that CRP could be a more efficient potential predictor of GI bleeding in HSP when compared to NLR.Conclusion This study suggested that CRP>7.25 mg/L jointly with NLR>3.43 might predict GI bleeding in HSP better,and should be taken attention in clinical.
Henoch-Sch?nlein purpura;Gastrointestinal bleeding;serum markers;Neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio;C-reactive protein
10.3969/j.issn.1009-4393.2017.23.002
甘肅省衛(wèi)生行業(yè)科研計(jì)劃項(xiàng)目(GSWSKY-2015-43)
通迅作者:李宇寧,E-mail:liyn15@126.com