胡瓊 嚴(yán)海雅
[摘要] 目的 對(duì)比分析小兒麻醉前使用右美托咪定與咪達(dá)唑侖的鎮(zhèn)靜效果。 方法 選取本院2015年7月~2016年6月間收治的行擇期手術(shù)的ASA I~I(xiàn)I級(jí)患兒128例,依照隨機(jī)數(shù)字法將其分為甲組和乙組,每組64例。甲組患兒于術(shù)前30 min予以按1μg/kg劑量的右美托咪定注射液,乙組患兒于術(shù)前30 min予以按0.5 mg/kg劑量的咪達(dá)唑侖注射液溶于10 mL 5%葡萄糖溶液口服。兩組患兒入室后均予以等流量純氧,維持相同呼吸頻率,并均予以七氟烷吸入麻醉。密切監(jiān)測(cè)并記錄患兒入室前60 min(T0)、麻醉誘導(dǎo)即時(shí)(T1)、氣管插管即時(shí)(T2)、手術(shù)結(jié)束即時(shí)(T3)及氣管插管拔管即時(shí)(T4)的心率、平均動(dòng)脈壓、血氧飽和度及不良反應(yīng)發(fā)生情況,比較各時(shí)段兩組患兒心率及平均動(dòng)脈壓及不良反應(yīng)發(fā)生率。 結(jié)果 兩組患兒T0期心率、平均動(dòng)脈壓及血氧飽和度均無(wú)顯著差異;T1、T2、T3、T4各期甲組患兒心率明顯低于乙組,平均動(dòng)脈壓明顯高于乙組,差異具有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05);T1~T4期甲組患兒血氧飽和度同乙組均無(wú)顯著差異;甲組患兒不良反應(yīng)發(fā)生率明顯低于乙組,差異具有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05)。 結(jié)論 右美托咪定較之咪達(dá)唑侖在小兒術(shù)前麻醉的鎮(zhèn)靜效果更好,且不良反應(yīng)發(fā)生率更低,安全性更高,值得在臨床推廣。
[關(guān)鍵詞] 右美托咪定;咪達(dá)唑侖;兒科手術(shù);麻醉
[中圖分類號(hào)] R614.2 [文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)識(shí)碼] B [文章編號(hào)] 1673-9701(2017)19-0111-04
[Abstract] Objective To compare the sedative effect of dexmedetomidine and midazolam in children before pediatric anesthesia. Methods A total of 128 ASA I-II children who underwent elective surgery in our hospital from July 2015 to June 2016 were selected and randomLy divided into group A(n=64) and group B(n=64) according to the random number method.Children in group A were given 1μg/kg dose of dexmedetomidine injection in the preoperative 30 min.Children in group B in the preoperative 30 min by 0.5 mg/kg dose of midazolam injection dissolved in 10 mL 5% Glucose solution orally. Two groups of children after admission were given equal flow of pure oxygen to maintain the same respiratory rate, and were given sevoflurane inhalation anesthesia.The heart rate, mean arterial pressure, oxygen saturation and adverse events at 60 min before entering the room(T0), at the time of anesthesia induction (T1), tracheal intubation (T2), end of surgery (T3) and tracheal extubation (T4) were closely monitored and recorded.The heart rate, mean arterial pressure and the incidence of adverse reactions were compared between the two groups. Results There was no significant differences in heart rate, mean arterial pressure and oxygen saturation between the two groups in the period of T0. The heart rates at T1, T2, T3 and T4 in group A were significantly lower than those in group B, and the mean arterial pressure in group A was significantly higher than that of group B(P<0.05). There was no significant difference in blood oxygen saturation between group A and group B in T1~T4(P<0.05). The incidence of adverse reactions in group A was significantly lower than that in group B,and the difference was statistically significant(P<0.05). Conclusion The sedative effect of dexmedetomidine on the children before anesthesia is better than that of midazolam. The adverse reactions rate of dexmedetomidine is lower and the safety of dexmedetomidine is higher.And the dexmedetomidine is worthy of clinical promotion.
[Key words] Dexmedetomidine; Midazolam; Pediatric surgery; Anesthesia
小兒外科手術(shù)開展較為廣泛,因?yàn)閮和鄬?duì)成人身體構(gòu)造有著較大差異,因此對(duì)圍術(shù)期的安排要求比成人更加精準(zhǔn),同時(shí)也對(duì)術(shù)前麻醉有著更高的要求[1]。根據(jù)文獻(xiàn)報(bào)道,手術(shù)及術(shù)前麻醉易導(dǎo)致患者緊張及恐懼心理的產(chǎn)生,小兒圍術(shù)期更是普遍存在術(shù)前緊張焦慮與術(shù)后躁動(dòng)現(xiàn)象[2]。隨著臨床對(duì)人文關(guān)懷的關(guān)注度不斷上升,術(shù)前麻醉之前予以鎮(zhèn)靜藥物已經(jīng)成為手術(shù)中必不可少的一環(huán)。由于小兒自控力和耐受力較成年人差,更易出現(xiàn)過度應(yīng)激反應(yīng),因此在小兒手術(shù)中高效、安全的術(shù)中鎮(zhèn)靜是十分必要的[3]。在小兒手術(shù)中,麻醉前用鎮(zhèn)靜藥的主要目的是消除患兒不良情緒,令患兒安靜合作,避免過度應(yīng)激而導(dǎo)致手術(shù)中斷或出現(xiàn)術(shù)后并發(fā)癥,并消除因麻醉和(或)手術(shù)而產(chǎn)生的不良記憶。目前苯二氮 類藥物咪達(dá)唑侖與α2-腎上腺素受體激動(dòng)劑右美托咪定在兒科手術(shù)前麻醉應(yīng)用較廣,且國(guó)內(nèi)外多篇文獻(xiàn)指出右美托咪定在術(shù)前麻醉中的鎮(zhèn)靜作用優(yōu)于咪達(dá)唑侖[4]。本研究擬對(duì)兩種藥物在兒科手術(shù)前的鎮(zhèn)靜效果進(jìn)行對(duì)比分析,旨在為臨床提供指導(dǎo),現(xiàn)報(bào)道如下。
1 資料與方法
1.1 一般資料
選取我院2015年7月~2016年6月間收治的行擇期手術(shù)的ASA Ⅰ~Ⅱ級(jí)患兒128例,納入標(biāo)準(zhǔn)[5]:①患兒年齡在4~12歲間;②根據(jù)美國(guó)麻醉醫(yī)師協(xié)會(huì)(ASA)分級(jí)為Ⅰ~Ⅱ級(jí)者;③根據(jù)斯坦福-比內(nèi)智力量表測(cè)得智商正常者;④均自愿參加并簽署知情同意書。排除標(biāo)準(zhǔn)[6]:①有先天性心腦血管疾病者;②合并嚴(yán)重肝腎功能不全者;③根據(jù)斯坦福-比內(nèi)智力量表測(cè)得智力發(fā)展欠缺者;④ASA分級(jí)達(dá)Ⅲ級(jí)及以上者;⑤不愿意配合者。依照隨機(jī)數(shù)字法將其分為甲組和乙組,每組64例。甲組患兒男38例,女26例,平均年齡(7.17±2.91)歲,平均身高(102.17±38.57)cm,平均體重(22.18±9.28)kg,ASA Ⅰ級(jí)33例,Ⅱ級(jí)31例,行闌尾切除術(shù)22例,斜疝切除術(shù)29例,腎盂結(jié)石清除術(shù)13例;乙組患兒男36例,女28例,平均年齡(7.38±2.69)歲,平均身高(105.22±36.16)cm,平均體重(22.79±8.39)kg,ASA Ⅰ級(jí)29例,Ⅱ級(jí)35例,行闌尾切除術(shù)26例,斜疝切除術(shù)27例,腎盂結(jié)石清除術(shù)11例。兩組患者在性別、年齡、身高、體重、ASA評(píng)級(jí)、手術(shù)種類等一般資料比較,差異均無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>0.05),具有可比性。且本研究經(jīng)院內(nèi)倫理委員會(huì)審核批準(zhǔn)。
1.2 方法
兩組患兒術(shù)前均行常規(guī)禁食6~8 h,禁飲4~6 h,術(shù)前60 min(T0)兩組患兒均測(cè)量其心率、血壓及血氧飽和度。甲組患兒于術(shù)前30 min予以按1μg/kg劑量的右美托咪定注射液(江蘇恩華藥業(yè)股份有限公司,國(guó)藥準(zhǔn)字H20110085;規(guī)格2 mL:0.2 mg)滴鼻,并給予10 mL 5%葡萄糖溶液安慰劑口服。乙組患兒于術(shù)前30 min予以按0.5 mg/kg劑量的咪達(dá)唑侖注射液(宜昌人福藥業(yè)有限責(zé)任公司,國(guó)藥準(zhǔn)字H20067041;規(guī)格2 mL:10 mg)并溶于10 mL 5%葡萄糖溶液中口服。進(jìn)入手術(shù)室后,所有患兒均吸純氧,氧流量1.8 L/min,潮氣量維持在8~10 mL/kg,呼吸頻率維持在12~15次/min。手術(shù)過程中均采用七氟醚吸入麻醉,術(shù)中可視情況補(bǔ)充血容量、減淺麻醉深度。分別于麻醉誘導(dǎo)即時(shí)(T1)、氣管插管即時(shí)(T2)、手術(shù)結(jié)束即時(shí)(T3)及氣管插管拔管即時(shí)(T4)使用多參數(shù)監(jiān)測(cè)儀記錄患兒心率、血壓及血氧飽和度。全程密切監(jiān)測(cè)是否出現(xiàn)不良反應(yīng)。
1.3 觀察指標(biāo)
①T0~T4各時(shí)段患兒心率、血壓及血氧飽和度數(shù)值;②手術(shù)前后是否出現(xiàn)不良反應(yīng)。
1.4 統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)方法
統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)軟件采用SPSS23.0專業(yè)版對(duì)所有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)資料進(jìn)行數(shù)據(jù)分析,計(jì)量資料以均數(shù)±標(biāo)準(zhǔn)差(x±s)表示,進(jìn)行t檢驗(yàn)。而所有的計(jì)數(shù)資料以率[n(%)]表示,用χ2檢驗(yàn),P<0.05為差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。
2 結(jié)果
2.1 兩組患兒各時(shí)間點(diǎn)心率、平均動(dòng)脈壓及血氧飽和度比較
兩組患兒T0期心率、平均動(dòng)脈壓及血氧飽和度均無(wú)顯著差異;T1、T2、T3、T4各期甲組患兒心率明顯低于乙組,平均動(dòng)脈壓明顯高于乙組,且差異具有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05);T1~T4期甲組患兒血氧飽和度同乙組均無(wú)顯著差異,見表1~3。
2.2 兩組患兒不良反應(yīng)比較
甲組患兒手術(shù)前后出現(xiàn)躁動(dòng)2例,低血壓1例,呼吸抑制0例,心動(dòng)過緩0例,惡心嘔吐2例,不良反應(yīng)發(fā)生率為7.81%;乙組患兒手術(shù)前后出現(xiàn)躁動(dòng)5例,低血壓2例,呼吸抑制2例,心動(dòng)過緩1例,惡心嘔吐4例,不良反應(yīng)發(fā)生率為21.88%。甲組患兒不良反應(yīng)發(fā)生率明顯低于乙組,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05)。見表4。
3 討論
右美托咪定為美托咪定的右旋異構(gòu)體,是臨床上一種新型麻醉前鎮(zhèn)靜藥物,主要激動(dòng)α2-腎上腺素受體[7]。于1986年在斯坦福大學(xué)首次發(fā)現(xiàn)其鎮(zhèn)靜催眠的特性,2009年我國(guó)批準(zhǔn)其用于全麻患者的術(shù)前鎮(zhèn)靜[8]。右美托咪定的作用機(jī)制主要通過與藍(lán)斑核上的α2腎上腺素受體結(jié)合,減少細(xì)胞中環(huán)磷酸腺苷的含量,并通過抑制突觸前膜及突觸后膜上的Ca2+通道的開放形成突觸前抑制和突觸后抑制,從而抑制藍(lán)斑核興奮,阻斷藍(lán)斑核至大腦皮層的神經(jīng)興奮傳導(dǎo),產(chǎn)生鎮(zhèn)靜催眠效果[9-10]。有文獻(xiàn)報(bào)道[11],右美托咪定的選擇性較高,是經(jīng)典鎮(zhèn)靜藥物可樂定的7~10倍。其分布半衰期(4~6 min)及藥物清除半衰期(2.2~2.4 h)較短,而據(jù)國(guó)外研究發(fā)現(xiàn)右美托咪定作用于小兒的藥理及藥代動(dòng)力學(xué)均與成人相近,因此右美托咪定起效快,作用時(shí)間短,適合手術(shù)時(shí)程較短的兒科手術(shù)[12-13]。因其基團(tuán)親水性較強(qiáng),故推薦經(jīng)鼻腔滴入、霧化或靜脈泵注等方法攝入[14]。咪達(dá)唑侖屬于較經(jīng)典的麻醉前鎮(zhèn)靜藥物,屬于苯二氮卓類。其主要作用機(jī)制為通過刺激上行網(wǎng)狀系統(tǒng)的抑制性物質(zhì),主要為γ-氨基丁酸(GABA)受體,從而抑制皮質(zhì)及邊緣系統(tǒng)的活性[15]。咪達(dá)唑侖分布半衰期為6~12 min,清除半衰期為2.5~3.5 h,起效及失效均較快,因此亦適合用于兒科手術(shù)[12]。咪達(dá)唑侖脂溶性較高,故推薦溶于葡萄糖溶液中口服。
本研究通過設(shè)立甲乙組,對(duì)比患兒在分別應(yīng)用右美托咪定和咪達(dá)唑侖后的心率、平均動(dòng)脈壓、血氧飽和度及不良反應(yīng)率。研究結(jié)果顯示,兩組患兒在給藥后(T1~T4)的心率及平均動(dòng)脈壓出現(xiàn)明顯差異,且甲組患兒均明顯低于乙組,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05)。有文獻(xiàn)報(bào)道[16],右美托咪定除對(duì)中樞神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)有著明顯作用外,主要影響心血管系統(tǒng),表現(xiàn)為血壓一過性上升后迅速下降至原水平下及心率的降低。本研究中甲組心率和平均動(dòng)脈壓低于乙組,與文獻(xiàn)報(bào)道相符合。而右美托咪定及咪達(dá)唑侖對(duì)呼吸系統(tǒng)均無(wú)特殊影響,應(yīng)用后呼吸抑制較罕見,本研究中兩組患兒血氧飽和度均無(wú)明顯差異,符合預(yù)期判斷[17]。有文獻(xiàn)報(bào)道[18],右美托咪定對(duì)應(yīng)用七氟烷的副作用如躁動(dòng)等有一定抑制作用,而咪達(dá)唑侖抑制作用不明顯,且易產(chǎn)生低血壓等不良反應(yīng)。本研究中甲組患兒不良反應(yīng)發(fā)生率高于乙組,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05),符合預(yù)期判斷。本研究結(jié)果與試驗(yàn)預(yù)期相一致,且與國(guó)內(nèi)外多篇文獻(xiàn)報(bào)道結(jié)果相一致[19-20]。
綜上所述,在小兒手術(shù)的麻醉前鎮(zhèn)靜劑使用方面,使用右美托咪定滴鼻的鎮(zhèn)靜效果比口服咪達(dá)唑侖相比更理想,起效及去效更快,且安全性更高[21-23],因此更推薦在臨床上使用。
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(收稿日期:2017-03-20)