李弘偉,劉軍花,霍文捷,朱偉云,毛勝勇
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高精料日糧對(duì)山羊瘤胃和盲腸發(fā)酵及生物胺生成與吸收的影響研究
李弘偉,劉軍花,霍文捷,朱偉云,毛勝勇*
(江蘇省消化道營(yíng)養(yǎng)與動(dòng)物健康重點(diǎn)實(shí)驗(yàn)室,南京農(nóng)業(yè)大學(xué)消化道微生物實(shí)驗(yàn)室,江蘇 南京 210095)
本實(shí)驗(yàn)旨在探究飼喂高精料日糧對(duì)山羊瘤胃和盲腸發(fā)酵、生物胺生成與吸收的影響研究。試驗(yàn)選用6頭裝有永久性瘤胃瘺管的雄性波雜山羊,隨機(jī)分成低精料組與高精料組,實(shí)驗(yàn)期24 d。結(jié)果顯示,與低精料組相比,飼喂高精料日糧的山羊瘤胃液中總揮發(fā)性脂肪酸、乙酸、丙酸、丁酸、戊酸、總支鏈脂肪酸、酪胺、腐胺、組胺、甲胺和色胺濃度顯著性增加(P<0.05),而瘤胃pH和乙丙比顯著降低(P<0.05);飼喂高精料日糧的山羊盲腸內(nèi)容物中的乙酸、丙酸、總揮發(fā)性脂肪酸濃度和上述5種生物胺濃度顯著增加(P<0.05);同時(shí),瘤胃和盲腸靜脈血中的上述5種生物胺的濃度顯著提高(P<0.05)。相關(guān)性分析結(jié)果表明,瘤胃液中酪胺、腐胺、甲胺和色胺濃度與瘤胃靜脈血所對(duì)應(yīng)的生物胺濃度呈顯著正相關(guān)(P<0.05),且盲腸內(nèi)容物中酪胺、腐胺、甲胺和色胺與盲腸靜脈血中對(duì)應(yīng)的生物胺的濃度呈顯著正相關(guān)(P<0.05)。結(jié)果說(shuō)明,飼喂高精料日糧促進(jìn)了山羊瘤胃和盲腸發(fā)酵,提高了瘤胃與盲腸內(nèi)容物中生物胺濃度,暗示高精料日糧可能提高消化道上皮的通透性,促進(jìn)消化道上皮對(duì)生物胺的吸收。
高精料日糧;山羊;生物胺;瘤胃;盲腸
現(xiàn)代集約化養(yǎng)殖中,為提高肉羊生長(zhǎng)速度和養(yǎng)殖效益,生產(chǎn)者常在日糧中使用大量精飼料,但使用高精料日糧常導(dǎo)致瘤胃代謝異常,引發(fā)營(yíng)養(yǎng)代謝病如瘤胃酸中毒[1-2]、蹄葉炎[3]和脂肪肝[4]。生物胺是一類(lèi)廣泛存在于動(dòng)植物體內(nèi),是一類(lèi)含氮的具有生物活性的低分子量有機(jī)化合物的總稱(chēng),由相應(yīng)的氨基酸經(jīng)脫羧反應(yīng)生成[5]。研究表明,體內(nèi)低濃度的生物胺對(duì)動(dòng)物機(jī)體免疫、神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)和血壓調(diào)節(jié)有重要作用[6-8]。但生物胺濃度過(guò)高會(huì)誘發(fā)蹄葉炎,進(jìn)而對(duì)肉羊健康及福利帶來(lái)嚴(yán)重負(fù)面影響[9]。在反芻動(dòng)物消化道系統(tǒng)中,瘤胃和后腸是生物胺如組胺等的主要產(chǎn)生場(chǎng)所,但目前的研究主要集中于瘤胃生物胺的生成與傳送。在馬屬動(dòng)物上的研究表明,飼喂高精料日糧可導(dǎo)致馬后腸微生物發(fā)酵異常,組胺濃度顯著增高,誘發(fā)馬蹄葉炎[10-12]。但高精料日糧對(duì)山羊后腸生物胺生成的影響并不清楚[13-14]。此外,高精料日糧是否可促進(jìn)羊胃腸道內(nèi)生物胺的吸收也尚無(wú)報(bào)道。由此,為充分了解飼喂高精料日糧對(duì)肉羊瘤胃及盲腸內(nèi)生物胺生成及吸收的影響,研究了飼喂高精料日糧對(duì)山羊瘤胃及盲腸微生物發(fā)酵,以及對(duì)瘤胃及盲腸內(nèi)生物胺生成與吸收的影響,擬進(jìn)一步了解高精料日糧對(duì)肉羊健康的影響。
1.1 試驗(yàn)動(dòng)物、日糧配方及試驗(yàn)設(shè)計(jì)
于2015年3月,選用6頭體重相近、安裝有永久性瘤胃瘺管的健康山羊,統(tǒng)一驅(qū)蟲(chóng),單欄飼養(yǎng)。采用隨機(jī)區(qū)組實(shí)驗(yàn)設(shè)計(jì),將6頭山羊分為兩組,即低精料組(10%精料+90%粗飼料,LC)和高精料組(60%精料+40%粗飼料,HC),每組3頭,實(shí)驗(yàn)期為24 d。每天飼喂2次(08:00和17:00),每次等量飼喂,自由飲水。參照NRC標(biāo)準(zhǔn)設(shè)計(jì)日糧配方,2種日糧的組成及營(yíng)養(yǎng)水平見(jiàn)表1。
表1 日糧組成及營(yíng)養(yǎng)水平Table 1 Dietary ingredients and nutritional level
1)預(yù)混料為每kg飼糧提供包含The premix provided the following per kg of diets:MnSO4153 mg,ZnSO4186 mg,F(xiàn)eSO4125 mg,CoCl28.25 mg,KIO325 mg,CuSO433 mg,NaSeO34 mg,VA15.28 mg,VE0.47 mg。
2)營(yíng)養(yǎng)水平參考文獻(xiàn)[15]的方法計(jì)算。Nutrient levels were calculated according to the method in reference[15].
1.2 瘤胃液及瘤胃靜脈血液的采集及分析
分別于試驗(yàn)期第22和23天,飼喂前(0 h)和飼喂后2、4、6、8、10和12 h連續(xù)采集瘤胃液,用于測(cè)定瘤胃pH、揮發(fā)性脂肪酸(volatile fatty acid,VFA)和生物胺的含量。于實(shí)驗(yàn)期第24天晨飼后6 h,將動(dòng)物麻醉,采用真空采血管采集瘤胃和盲腸靜脈血,采集血液后,立即屠宰動(dòng)物,采集瘤胃和盲腸內(nèi)容物。血液經(jīng)4 ℃冰箱過(guò)夜,3000 r/min離心20 min,取血清-20 ℃保存?zhèn)錅y(cè)生物胺。瘤胃內(nèi)容物充分混勻后,經(jīng)4層紗布過(guò)濾后,所得瘤胃液部分用于測(cè)定pH,部分保存于-20 ℃條件下,用于生物胺與揮發(fā)性脂肪酸測(cè)定。盲腸內(nèi)容物經(jīng)充分混勻后,取勻質(zhì)盲腸內(nèi)容物與去離子水1∶1比例充分混合,4 ℃條件下,13000 r/min離心20 min,取上清液保存于-20 ℃冰箱,用于揮發(fā)性脂肪酸及生物胺濃度的測(cè)定。
1.3 指標(biāo)測(cè)定
采用pH計(jì)(HI-9125;HANNA Instruments)測(cè)定瘤胃pH;參照Wang等[5]的方法,采用氣相色譜法(GC-14B氣象色譜儀,日本,柱溫130 ℃,氣化室溫度180 ℃,檢測(cè)器溫度180 ℃)測(cè)定揮發(fā)性脂肪酸濃度;參照王東升等[16],采用反相高效液相色潽法(島津液相色譜系統(tǒng)LC-ATVP,Agilent ZORBAX 80A Extend-C18,流速1 mL/min,檢測(cè)器波長(zhǎng)254 nm,柱溫30 ℃)測(cè)定瘤胃和盲腸內(nèi)容物及其靜脈血中生物胺含量。
1.4 數(shù)據(jù)統(tǒng)計(jì)
經(jīng)Microsoft Office Excel 2010初步整理數(shù)據(jù)后,瘤胃pH、揮發(fā)性脂肪酸和生物胺濃度數(shù)據(jù)采用SPSS(17.0)的GLM模型進(jìn)行分析;盲腸內(nèi)容物pH、揮發(fā)性脂肪酸和生物胺濃度采用Independent-t-test方法分析。瘤胃內(nèi)容物與瘤胃靜脈血、盲腸內(nèi)容物與盲腸靜脈血中生物胺含量的相關(guān)性采用XLSTAT 2010軟件分析。顯著性水平為P<0.05。
2.1 瘤胃pH和VFA含量
如圖1所示,晨飼后山羊瘤胃液pH值呈先下降后上升的趨勢(shì),HC組和LC組變化規(guī)律一致。LC組瘤胃平均pH值始終在6.0以上。HC組瘤胃pH值基本在5.6以下,采食后2 h達(dá)到最低點(diǎn)5.4。HC組山羊瘤胃pH顯著低于對(duì)照組(P<0.001)。晨飼后12 h內(nèi),山羊瘤胃液中總VFA、乙酸、丁酸、戊酸濃度均呈先上升后逐步下降的趨勢(shì),飼喂后2 h前后到達(dá)最大值;HC組上述各酸濃度皆顯著高于LC組(P<0.05),且受采樣時(shí)間點(diǎn)的顯著影響(P<0.05),但日糧和采樣時(shí)間點(diǎn)之間無(wú)顯著影響(P>0.05)。HC組和LC組丙酸濃度無(wú)顯著性差異(P>0.05);LC組乙丙比呈先下降后上升的趨勢(shì),HC組呈逐漸下降的趨勢(shì),兩組間差異顯著(P<0.05)。LC組總支鏈脂肪酸含量變化平穩(wěn),HC組在晨飼10 h后升高;HC組與LC組差異顯著(P=0.010)。
2.2 連續(xù)采樣時(shí)瘤胃中生物胺含量
由圖2可知,飼喂HC日糧的山羊瘤胃液中的酪胺、腐胺、組胺、甲胺和色胺的濃度皆顯著高于LC組(P<0.05)。此外,HC組山羊瘤胃液內(nèi)腐胺、甲胺和色胺含量皆在飼喂后6 h時(shí)達(dá)到最大值;而酪胺和組胺含量在飼喂后10和8 h時(shí)達(dá)到最高值。
2.3 屠宰時(shí)山羊瘤胃液及盲腸內(nèi)容物中的揮發(fā)性脂肪酸含量
由表2可知,與LC組相比,HC組山羊瘤胃液中的TVFA、丙酸、丁酸和戊酸濃度皆顯著高于LC組(P<0.05),但兩組間總支鏈VFA和乙酸濃度差異不顯著(P>0.05)。HC組山羊盲腸內(nèi)容物中乙酸、丙酸、總支鏈VFA含量亦顯著高于低精料組(P<0.05),但兩組間總VFA、丁酸和戊酸含量差異不顯著(P>0.05)。
2.4 屠宰山羊瘤胃液和盲腸內(nèi)容物中的生物胺含量
由表3可知,與LC組相比,HC組山羊瘤胃液及盲腸內(nèi)容物中的酪胺、腐胺、組胺、甲胺、色胺均顯著性升高(P<0.05)。
2.5 屠宰山羊瘤胃和盲腸靜脈血中的生物胺含量
由表4可知,與LC日糧相比,HC組山羊瘤胃及盲腸靜脈血中的酪胺、腐胺、組胺、甲胺和色胺顯著高于LC組(P<0.05)。其中,HC組山羊瘤胃靜脈血中酪胺濃度是LC組的3倍,而HC組山羊盲腸靜脈血中酪胺濃度是對(duì)照組的6倍左右。
圖1 瘤胃pH和VFA含量的變化Fig.1 Dynamic changes in ruminal pH and the concentration of volatile fatty acid in rumen
圖2 瘤胃生物胺含量的變化Fig.2 Changes in the level of five types of biogenic amine in ruminal fluid
表2 瘤胃液及盲腸內(nèi)容物中揮發(fā)性脂肪酸濃度Table 2 The concentration of VFA in the ruminal fluid and cecum content
注:同列相同字母表示差異不顯著(P>0.05),標(biāo)有不同小寫(xiě)字母表示差異顯著(P<0.05)。下同。
Note:The same letter within treatments means no significant difference (P>0.05),however,different letter within treatments means significant difference (P<0.05).The same below.
表3 瘤胃液和盲腸內(nèi)容物中生物胺濃度Table 3 The concentration of biogenic amine in rumen fluid and cecal digesta
表4 瘤胃靜脈血及盲腸靜脈血中生物胺濃度Table 4 The concentration of biogenic amine in vein blood of rumen and cecum vein
2.6 屠宰山羊瘤胃液及盲腸內(nèi)容物中生物胺與其靜脈血中生物胺含量的相關(guān)性
由表5可知,瘤胃液中生物胺含量與瘤胃靜脈血中生物胺含量均呈顯著(P<0.05)正相關(guān)。盲腸中除盲腸內(nèi)容物中的腐胺含量與盲腸靜脈血中的組胺含量的相關(guān)性不顯著外(P>0.05),盲腸內(nèi)容物中的其他生物胺含量與盲腸靜脈血中的生物胺含量呈顯著正相關(guān)(P<0.05)。
生物胺是一類(lèi)分子量相對(duì)較小的有機(jī)物,由相應(yīng)的氨基酸通過(guò)脫羧反應(yīng)生成,常見(jiàn)的生物胺包括酪胺、組胺、甲胺、色胺和尸胺等。如前言所述,正常條件下,動(dòng)物體內(nèi)生物胺含量較低,而低濃度的生物胺有益于細(xì)胞生長(zhǎng)和機(jī)體發(fā)育[17],但生物胺濃度過(guò)高會(huì)危害人和畜禽的身體健康[18-20]。本研究發(fā)現(xiàn),與對(duì)照組相比,飼喂高精料日糧組的山羊瘤胃液及瘤胃靜脈血中生物胺含量顯著升高。 本研究中,兩組山羊日糧蛋白水平一致,因此,兩組山羊瘤胃液中生物胺濃度存在差異的原因可能與瘤胃內(nèi)環(huán)境參數(shù)如pH值不同有關(guān)。實(shí)際上,本研究發(fā)現(xiàn),高精料日糧導(dǎo)致HC組山羊瘤胃內(nèi)VFA濃度升高,pH值顯著下降。而有體外研究報(bào)道,低pH可提高瘤胃微生物分泌的生物胺生成酶的酶活性,進(jìn)而加快氨基酸的脫羧反應(yīng),促進(jìn)了瘤胃內(nèi)生物胺的生成[21-23]。因此,飼喂HC日糧的山羊瘤胃內(nèi)生物胺濃度的升高可能與瘤胃低pH有關(guān)。此外,本研究同時(shí)發(fā)現(xiàn),飼喂HC日糧的山羊瘤胃靜脈血中生物胺濃度顯著高于LC組,其原因可能與HC日糧導(dǎo)致瘤胃上皮屏障受損有關(guān)。以前的研究發(fā)現(xiàn),飼喂高精料日糧導(dǎo)致山羊瘤胃上皮屏障受損[24],而瘤胃上皮屏障損傷可使進(jìn)入瘤胃靜脈中的生物胺數(shù)量增多。
表5 瘤胃液及盲腸內(nèi)容物中生物胺含量與其靜脈血中生物胺含量的相關(guān)性Table 5 The relationship between biogenic amine in rumen fluid and cecum content and the vein blood of rumen and cecum
后腸是反芻動(dòng)物另一微生物消化場(chǎng)所。據(jù)報(bào)道,羊盲腸與結(jié)腸發(fā)酵所產(chǎn)VFA占消化道總VFA產(chǎn)量的8.6%~16.8%[25]。當(dāng)飼喂高精料日糧時(shí),山羊后腸發(fā)酵類(lèi)型和VFA的產(chǎn)生速率也同時(shí)發(fā)生改變。DeGregorio等[26]研究表明,比較采食含0%,40%和80%玉米日糧的羔羊盲腸中VFA時(shí),發(fā)現(xiàn)飼喂80%玉米日糧的羊盲腸內(nèi)總VFA含量最高,且飼喂80%玉米日糧的山羊盲腸內(nèi)丁酸比例、乳酸濃度、乙酸與丙酸比及pH均顯著降低。與DeGregorio等[26]報(bào)道一致,本研究也發(fā)現(xiàn),飼喂HC日糧的山羊后腸內(nèi)容物中TVFA濃度顯著增加,使后腸pH顯著降低。pH下降可能進(jìn)一步改變盲腸微生物區(qū)系,使發(fā)酵氨基酸產(chǎn)生生物胺的微生物的數(shù)量及其脫羧能力增加[27],進(jìn)而提高了盲腸內(nèi)容物中生物胺的含量。
綜上,飼喂高精料日糧導(dǎo)致瘤胃pH值顯著下降,瘤胃液及盲腸內(nèi)容物中的TVFA和生物胺含量顯著升高;飼喂高精料日糧可能導(dǎo)致動(dòng)物消化道上皮屏障受損,使進(jìn)入瘤胃靜脈和盲腸靜脈血液中的生物胺含量增加。但有關(guān)生物胺的生成及吸收機(jī)制仍不清楚,需進(jìn)一步研究。
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Effects of high concentrate diet on microbial fermentation and biogenic amine formation and absorption in the rumen and cecum of goats
LI Hong-Wei,LIU Jun-Hua,HUO Wen-Jie,ZHU Wei-Yun,MAO Sheng-Yong*
JiangsuKeyLaboratoryofGastrointestinalNutritionandAnimalHealth,LaboratoryofGastrointestinalMicrobiology,NanjingAgriculturalUniversity,Nanjing210095,China
This study was conducted to evaluate the effect of high concentrate diets on ruminal and cecal fermentation and biogenic amines production and absorption in the gastrointestinal tract of goats.Six goats fitted with permanent rumen fistula were randomly divided into low concentrate group and high concentrate groups for an experiment that lasted 24 days.The results showed that,compared with the low concentrate group,high concentrate diets increased the concentrations of total volatile fatty acid,acetate,propionate,butyrate,total branched chain fatty acid,tyramine,putrescine,histamine,methylamine and tryptamine (P<0.05).Ruminal pH and the ratio of acetate to propionate decreased (P<0.05).A high concentrate diet also improved the levels of acetate,propionate,total volatile fatty acid and the five biogenic amines in cecal digesta (P<0.05).Compared with the control group,the concentrations of biogenic amines contents were higher in the high concentrate group in rumen and cecal vein blood (P<0.05).Correlation analysis revealed that the biogenic amines contents of tyramine,putrescine,methylamine and tryptamine in rumen fluid and rumen vein blood were significantly positively correlated (P<0.05).In addition,significant correlations of the five amines contents were observed between cecal digesta and cecal vein blood (P<0.05).These results show that high concentrate diets significantly affect ruminal and cecal fermentation,indicating that high concentrate feeding might increase ruminal and cecal epithelial permeability and thus stimulate the absorption of biogenic amines from rumen and cecum.
high concentrate diet;goats;biogenic amine;rumen;cecum
10.11686/cyxb2016305 http://cyxb.lzu.edu.cn
李弘偉,劉軍花,霍文捷,朱偉云,毛勝勇.高精料日糧對(duì)山羊瘤胃和盲腸發(fā)酵及生物胺生成與吸收的影響研究.草業(yè)學(xué)報(bào),2017,26(6):210-216.
LI Hong-Wei,LIU Jun-Hua,HUO Wen-Jie,ZHU Wei-Yun,MAO Sheng-Yong.Effects of high concentrate diet on microbial fermentation and biogenic amine formation and absorption in the rumen and cecum of goats.Acta Prataculturae Sinica,2017,26(6):210-216.
2016-08-18;改回日期:2016-12-26
國(guó)家自然科學(xué)基金項(xiàng)目(31372339)資助。
李弘偉(1991-),男,河南周口人,在讀碩士。E-mail:2015105041@njau.edu.cn
*通信作者Corresponding author.E-mail:maoshengyong@163.com