盛賢能 郭宇 魯楊 王金秋
[摘要] 目的 探討C-erbB-2、p-Akt蛋白在乳腺癌中的表達水平及其在保留NAC乳腺癌手術中的臨床意義。 方法 自2010年6月~2011年3月,隨機選擇86例經穿刺病理診斷確診乳腺非浸潤性導管癌,且符合保留NAC乳腺癌手術的女性患者為患者組。在我院健康體檢中心隨機選擇86例健康女性為健康對照組。對患者組患者進行保留NAC乳腺癌手術,術后對癌組織及癌旁正常組織進行免疫組化染色。檢測C-erbB-2、p-Akt蛋白在癌組織及癌旁正常組織中的表達水平。使用ELISA法對患者手術前后及健康對照組外周血的C-erbB-2、p-Akt表達水平進行檢測,記錄各組數(shù)據并進行統(tǒng)計學分析。按照C-erbB-2、p-Akt表達情況分為雙陽性、雙陰性以及單陽性。使用Kaplan-Meier法分析患者生存預后。 結果 在乳腺癌組織及癌旁正常組織中,C-erbB-2、p-Akt蛋白均有表達,但在癌組織表達水平明顯高于正常組織,差異具有統(tǒng)計學意義(P<0.05)。乳腺癌患者外周血C-erbB-2、p-Akt與健康對照組相比均明顯升高。Kaplan-Meier法分析患者生存預后發(fā)現(xiàn),C-erbB-2、p-Akt均陽性表達者生存率明顯降低,總生存期明顯縮短,差異具有統(tǒng)計學意義(P<0.05)。 結論 乳腺癌患者外周血C-erbB-2、p-Akt水平明顯高于健康對照組,C-erbB-2、p-Akt對患者接受保留NAC乳腺癌術后生存期有重要的臨床意義。
[關鍵詞] 乳腺癌;C-erbB-2;p-Akt;乳頭乳暈復合體
[中圖分類號] R737.9 [文獻標識碼] A [文章編號] 1673-9701(2017)12-0001-04
[Abstract] Objective To investigate the expression level of C-erbB-2 and p-Akt proteins in breast cancer and its clinical significance in breast cancer surgery reserving NAC. Methods From June 2010 to March 2011, 86 patients who were diagnosed with noninvasive ductal carcinoma of the mammary gland by biopsy pathological diagnosis and eligible for breast cancer surgery reserving NAC were randomly selected as the patients group. Another 86 healthy women were selected as the control group, randomly selected from the Physical Examination Center in our hospital. The enrolled patients were given the breast cancer surgery reserving NAC. Immunohistochemical staining was performed on cancer tissues and adjacent normal tissues after the surgery. The expression levels of C-erbB-2 and p-Akt in cancer tissues and adjacent normal tissues were detected, and the expression levels of C-erbB-2 and p-Akt in the peripheral blood before and after the surgery and in the healthy control group were detected by ELISA. The data of each group were recorded and analyzed statistically. According to the expression of C-erbB-2 and p-Akt, the expression was divided into double positive, double negative and single positive. Kaplan-Meier method was used to analyze the prognosis of patients. Results C-erbB-2 and p-Akt proteins were expressed in breast cancer tissues and adjacent normal tissues, but the expression levels in cancer tissues were significantly higher than those in normal tissues. The difference was statistically significant(P<0.05). The levels of C-erbB-2 and p-Akt in the peripheral blood of patients with breast cancer were significantly higher than those in the healthy control group. Kaplan-Meier method was used to analyze the survival prognosis, indicating that the survival rate of the patients with positive C-erbB-2 and p-Akt was significantly decreased, the overall survival time was significantly shorter, and the difference was statistically significant (P<0.05). Conclusion The levels of C-erbB-2 and p-Akt in peripheral blood of the patients with breast cancer are significantly higher than those in healthy control group, and C-erbB-2 and p-Akt have important clinical significance in the postoperative survival period of the patients receiving breast cancer reserving NAC.
[Key words] Breast cancer; C-erbB-2; p-Akt; Nipple-areola complex (NAC)
乳腺癌是指乳腺上皮細胞的惡性腫瘤,占女性所有惡性腫瘤的20%以上,成為威脅女性身體健康的重要殺手[1]。隨著乳腺癌患者對生活質量的要求越來越高,患者對術后美觀程度的要求也越來越高,保留乳頭乳暈復合體的乳腺癌根治術也得到了廣泛的應用[2]。保留乳頭乳暈復合體(nipple-areolar complex, NAC)對乳腺癌患者乳房重建的美容效果和術后生活質量有重要意義。但是保留NAC的乳腺癌術后風險即復發(fā)研究尚不明確[3]。因此,探討保留NAC的乳腺癌術后標志物對于研究其發(fā)病機制以及疾病預后具有重要的臨床意義[4]。本研究主要使用C-erbB-2、p-Akt蛋白聯(lián)合評價保留NAC手術后患者的生存預后,并進一步探討C-erbB-2、p-Akt蛋白的臨床意義。
1 資料與方法
1.1臨床資料
自2010年6月~2011年3月,隨機選擇86例經穿刺病理診斷確診乳腺非浸潤性導管癌,且符合保留NAC乳腺癌手術的女性患者為患者組。在我院健康體檢中心隨機選擇86例健康女性為健康對照組。兩組年齡、BMI等一般資料比較,差異無統(tǒng)計學意義(P>0.05),具有可比性。見表1。
1.2乳腺癌患者入組標準[5]
(1)自2010年6月~2011年3月,在我院通過病理學診斷確診乳腺癌的患者。(2)入組患者均為女性,年齡42~67歲,臨床資料及病理資料均完整;(3)入組患者均需要符合保留乳頭乳暈復合體乳腺癌手術標準,即:①適用于Ⅰ、Ⅱa期乳腺癌患者;②非中央區(qū)乳腺癌,腫瘤邊緣距乳暈邊緣直線距離≥3 cm;③腫瘤最大徑≤3 cm;④乳頭無溢液、無濕疹樣改變、無內陷及歪斜等異常表現(xiàn);⑤乳暈及邊緣皮膚無桔皮樣改變;⑥保留的乳頭乳暈區(qū)皮下組織取樣冰凍病理報告無癌細胞浸潤。(4)患者術前未接受放療或化療等治療。
1.3 乳腺癌患者排除標準
(1)合并其他系統(tǒng)的惡性腫瘤,不包括乳腺癌轉移到其他病灶者;(2)不能明確診斷者;(3)認知障礙或患精神疾病者;(4)某些原因導致未能取得病理樣本者;(5)患者或家屬不配合;(6)某些原因導致中途退出本研究者;(7)患者一般情況較差,不適合進行檢查及治療者。(8)患者術前接受過放療或化療等治療。
1.4免疫組化方法
乳腺癌組織石蠟切片脫蠟至水,3%H2O2,20℃孵育10 min,蒸餾水沖洗,PBS浸泡5 min重復兩次;使用5%PBS稀釋的山羊血清(Life Technologies,美國)封閉,20℃孵育10 min,倒去山羊血清,滴加一抗(anti-C-erb-2,anti-p-Akt,ab60709,Abcam,美國),在37℃下孵育1~2 h或在4℃冰箱中過夜保存;將“生物素標記二抗”(Perkin-Elmer)工作液滴加適量到樣品上,37℃孵育10 min;滴加辣根過氧化物酶(Sigma,S7571,美國),37℃孵育10 min;向1 mL DAB Plus Substrate(TA-125-HDX,Thermo Scientific,美國)中滴加1~2滴DAB Plus Chromogen(TL-125-HD,Thermo Scientific,美國),混勻后滴加到切片上,37℃孵育10 min后,沖洗封片。
1.5 ELISA檢測方法
采用酶聯(lián)免疫吸附(ELISA)實驗檢測患者血清C-erbB-2、p-Akt蛋白的表達水平,本研究所有試劑均購于武漢博士德生物工程有限公司,操作完全按照說明書進行。
1.6 手術方法
局麻下小切口(4~5 cm)切除腫瘤,病理結果報告為癌后,在全麻下行保留NAC的乳腺癌改良根治術。以活檢切口為軸,在距切口皮膚3~5 cm左右作一梭形切口,切除乳腺腫瘤表面的部分皮膚,向四周游離皮瓣,皮瓣下留有薄層脂肪,保留乳頭乳暈,其基底部留有薄層腺體組織,術中取樣冰凍切片。由內下沿胸大肌表面向上外連同胸肌筋膜一并切除至胸大肌外側緣, 根據清除腋淋巴結的需要而延長切口或另行選擇切口,拉起胸大肌外側緣,清除腋窩淋巴結,整塊切除手術標本。如診斷為浸潤性癌者,術后需要接受化療。
1.7 觀察指標
觀察患者手術前后ELISA檢測、免疫組化檢測結果及術后5年生存率。
1.8 統(tǒng)計學方法
對所收集資料采用SPSS 15.0統(tǒng)計學軟件處理,計量資料用(x±s)表示,組間對比采用獨立樣本t檢驗;計數(shù)數(shù)據用例數(shù)或構成比表示,采用χ2檢驗。采用Log Rank時序檢驗以及COX多因素分析對患者臨床預后進行分析。P<0.05為差異具有統(tǒng)計學意義。
2 結果
2.1 患者組及健康對照組一般臨床資料比較
患者組及健康對照組一般臨床資料比較,兩組無明顯統(tǒng)計學差異(P>0.05)。見表1。乳腺癌患者病理類型均為導管癌。
2.2 ELISA檢測結果
手術前后使用ELISA法檢測患者外周血C-erbB-2、p-Akt蛋白表達水平發(fā)現(xiàn),術前患者組外周血C-erbB-2、p-Akt蛋白水平均明顯高于健康對照組,差異具有統(tǒng)計學意義(P<0.05)。術后患者組外周血C-erbB-2蛋白水平明顯減低至(1.805±0.001)ng/mL,低于術前(2.814±0.825)ng/mL(P<0.05),但與健康對照組相比,水平明顯較高,差異具有統(tǒng)計學意義(P<0.05)。p-Akt結果發(fā)現(xiàn),術后患者組血清p-Akt水平明顯減低,但與健康對照組相比則明顯較高,差異具有統(tǒng)計學意義(P<0.05)。見表2。
2.3 免疫組化結果
術中留取患者乳腺癌組織以及癌旁正常組織進行免疫組化染色,我們發(fā)現(xiàn),C-erbB-2、p-Akt蛋白在患者乳腺癌組織以及癌旁正常組織中均有表達,但乳腺癌組織中表達水平明顯高于癌旁正常組織,差異具有統(tǒng)計學意義(P<0.05)。見封三圖1 A~E。
2.4 生存預后分析
使用Kaplan-Meier法對術后隨訪患者的5年生存率進行分析并最終發(fā)現(xiàn),癌組織C-erbB-2、p-Akt雙陽性患者中位生存期和5年總生存率明顯低于單陽性者和雙陰性者,見封三圖2。
3 討論
隨著女性乳腺癌患者對生活質量和形體美的要求越來越高,保留乳頭乳暈的乳腺癌根治術的應用越來越廣泛[6]。目前臨床上通常使用保乳手術聯(lián)合Ⅰ期或Ⅱ期乳房再造手術進行治療[7]。但是,大部分東方女性乳房體積較小,如限制切除范圍則影響手術治療效果,這也是目前保乳手術治療的主要障礙[8]。探索特異性的腫瘤標志物可能對預測手術風險以及預后提示具有重要意義[9]。
C-erbB-2基因又稱為neu或HER-2基因,是一種細胞原癌基因,在多種腫瘤中其癌基因及其蛋白產物(P185)均有過度表達和擴增[10-11]。對C-erbB-2癌基因蛋白產物P185的病理研究首先多見于乳腺癌,其作用也較為明確[12]。目前普遍認為,C-erbB-2蛋白產物的陽性表達可作為判斷乳腺癌預后的一個獨立指標[13]。本研究發(fā)現(xiàn),在乳腺癌患者中,癌旁正常組織及乳腺癌組織中均可見C-erbB-2蛋白表達,但癌組織中表達水平明顯增高,這一結果與既往研究較為相似,在多種女性有關的腫瘤中,均可見C-erbB-2表達異常,包括子宮內膜癌[14]、卵巢癌[10]以及乳腺癌[15]等。此外,C-erbB-2也可以通過與胰島素樣生長因子-1(insulin-like growth factor-1,IGF-1)聯(lián)合作用共同調控卵巢癌的發(fā)生發(fā)展[10]。有研究結果提示,乳腺癌的發(fā)生可能與C-erbB-2基因異常表達有關[16]。
p-Akt是磷酸化的Akt,既往報道Akt信號通路在多種癌癥疾病中均有表達,如肺癌[17]、胃癌[18]等常見腫瘤。目前,Akt及其信號通路是基礎研究和藥物研發(fā)領域中最熱門的激酶和激酶通路之一[19]。PI3K/Akt信號通路對于細胞增殖、分化和凋亡的調節(jié)是必要的,其活化與腫瘤發(fā)生及腫瘤侵襲轉移密切相關[20]。在Hela細胞中,有研究發(fā)現(xiàn),干擾素β可以通過NF-κB/p-Akt的信號通路有效促進低劑量順鉑的治療作用[21]。本研究發(fā)現(xiàn),在乳腺導管癌患者中,p-Akt蛋白在健康乳腺組織、癌組織和癌旁正常組織中均有表達,但在癌組織中表達水平明顯高于正常組織,差異具有統(tǒng)計學意義(P<0.05)。這一結果表明,Akt信號通路在乳腺組織癌變的過程中也發(fā)揮了重要的作用。
此外,運用Kaplan-Meier分析本組乳腺癌患者生存情況后發(fā)現(xiàn),C-erbB-2和p-Akt雙陽性的乳腺癌患者5年生存率明顯低于單陽性者與雙陰性的乳腺癌患者,差異具有統(tǒng)計學意義(P<0.05)。我們分析,C-erbB-2和p-Akt高表達可能提示乳腺癌患者體內的癌組織處于旺盛的增殖狀態(tài)。此外,由于保留NAC乳腺癌手術的切除范圍較為有限[23],在這部分患者中可能存在潛在的乳腺癌轉移灶,影響了患者的臨床預后。因此,我們認為,對于外周血檢測C-erbB-2和p-Akt表達水平增高的非浸潤性乳腺癌患者而言,并不適合進行保留乳頭乳暈復合體的治療方法。
綜上所述,乳腺癌患者外周血C-erbB-2、p-Akt水平明顯高于健康對照組,檢測C-erbB-2、p-Akt的表達水平對患者接受保留NAC乳腺癌術后的總生存期有重要的臨床意義。
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(收稿日期:2017-02-24)