聶嬋,王濤,施尚鵬,鄧呈亮,石修權(quán),3
(1.遵義醫(yī)學(xué)院 公共衛(wèi)生學(xué)院流行病與衛(wèi)生統(tǒng)計學(xué)教研室,貴州 遵義 563006; 2.遵義醫(yī)學(xué)院附屬醫(yī)院燒傷整形外科,貴州 遵義 563099; 3.Center for Injury Research and Policy & Center for Pediatric Trauma Research,The Research Institute at Nationwide Children’s Hospital,The Ohio State University College of Medicine,Columbus,OH 43205,USA)
·論 著·
燒傷兒童住院時間及與燒傷面積關(guān)系的系統(tǒng)評價
聶嬋1,王濤1,施尚鵬1,鄧呈亮2,石修權(quán)1,3
(1.遵義醫(yī)學(xué)院 公共衛(wèi)生學(xué)院流行病與衛(wèi)生統(tǒng)計學(xué)教研室,貴州 遵義 563006; 2.遵義醫(yī)學(xué)院附屬醫(yī)院燒傷整形外科,貴州 遵義 563099; 3.Center for Injury Research and Policy & Center for Pediatric Trauma Research,The Research Institute at Nationwide Children’s Hospital,The Ohio State University College of Medicine,Columbus,OH 43205,USA)
目的:綜合評價國內(nèi)外燒傷兒童的MLoS(Mean of length of stay,MLoS),探討MLoS與MTBSA(Mean of total burn surface area,MTBSA)的關(guān)系,為預(yù)防兒童燒傷提供理論依據(jù)。方法:在維普、萬方、中國知網(wǎng)(CNKI)、Pubmed及Science Direct等中英文數(shù)據(jù)庫中系統(tǒng)檢索1990年至今含有燒傷兒童住院時間的文獻,用Meta分析方法匯總結(jié)果,并分析MLoS與MTBSA的關(guān)系。結(jié)果:納入合格文獻71篇,Meta匯總的平均住院時間為15.86天,95%CI=13.76- 17.96。MLoS與MTBSA成正相關(guān)(r=0.680,P<0.01)。結(jié)論:兒童燒傷越嚴(yán)重,住院時間越長,其MLoS超過2周。因此,衛(wèi)生與行政部門均應(yīng)重視兒童燒傷的預(yù)防工作,提高對嚴(yán)重?zé)齻麅和木戎嗡?,減少燒傷兒童住院時間,節(jié)約醫(yī)療成本。
燒傷; 兒童; 住院時間; TBSA
燒傷是兒童傷害中最具破壞性的一種。在發(fā)展中國家,燒傷是僅次于交通傷害和溺水的第三大兒童死亡原因[1],嚴(yán)重威脅著兒童的生命安全。燒傷不僅給患兒留下嚴(yán)重的身體和心理創(chuàng)傷,還增加了家庭和社會的經(jīng)濟負擔(dān)。在美國,重度燒傷患兒平均治療費用達462美元[2];在我國北方,燒傷兒童人均住院費用達4 253元[3],可見燒傷所消耗的成本之大。住院時間的長短又直接決定著住院費用的多少,了解燒傷兒童的MLoS就有助于評估燒傷的經(jīng)濟成本,制定相應(yīng)的預(yù)防對策,降低兒童燒傷率,節(jié)約醫(yī)療成本。
1.1 檢索策略
中文檢索:以“燒傷”AND“兒童OR小兒OR幼兒OR嬰兒OR患兒OR青少年”為題名檢索,“住院時間OR住院天數(shù)”為全文檢索。檢索數(shù)據(jù)庫包括CNKI、維普和萬方數(shù)據(jù)庫。
英文檢索:以“burn* AND(child* OR infant OR baby OR toddler OR adolescent OR teenage* OR paediatric OR pediatric)”為題名檢索(檢索時用通配符以便包含檢索詞的復(fù)數(shù)形式),“(length of stay) OR(duration of hospitalization) OR LoS”為全文任意檢索。檢索數(shù)據(jù)庫包括PubMed數(shù)據(jù)庫、Science Direct數(shù)據(jù)庫。檢索時間段為1990年1月至2016年6月。
1.2 文獻篩選
納入標(biāo)準(zhǔn):(1)研究對象為18歲以下燒傷兒童,包括嬰幼兒、青少年等;(2)文獻發(fā)表于1990年1月至2016年6月;(3)研究包括或能換算出燒傷兒童的MLoS;(4)燒傷包括燙傷、電燒傷、火焰燒傷等多個類型,而不是專指其中一種或某種特殊燒傷類型(如“鍋連炕”);(5)燒傷部位不限,可以是身體某一部位的燒傷(如面部、四肢燒傷等);(6)語言限中文或英文。
排除標(biāo)準(zhǔn):(1)研究同一時間段、同一地點人群的資料重復(fù)文獻;(2)研究對象年齡不詳;(3)綜述及案例分析類的文獻;(4)研究燒傷手術(shù)方法、治療方法及護理類的文獻。
1.3 統(tǒng)計學(xué)處理
2.1 文獻篩選結(jié)果
檢索到相關(guān)中文文獻391篇,英文509篇,剔除研究治療方法、手術(shù)方法、護理方法及綜述類文獻707篇,再除去重復(fù)、年齡不詳及平均住院時間缺失的文獻113篇,共篩出80篇文獻,其中2篇中文文獻與英文文獻資料重復(fù),有7篇不能換算平均住院時間,均予以剔除后,最終納入中文文獻22[4- 25]篇,英文49[1- 3,26- 71]篇。
2.2 燒傷兒童住院時間的基本情況
納入燒傷兒童有關(guān)住院時間的文獻71篇,涵蓋了25個國家127288名燒傷兒童。30篇文獻報道了燒傷兒童樣本量占同期燒傷總?cè)藬?shù)的百分比,最小10.1%,最大77.9%,其中有22篇(73.33%)文獻的所占同期燒傷率大于30%,可見燒傷兒童占同期燒傷人數(shù)的比例之大。其中,年齡最小的只有1天,最大18歲。有41篇文獻報道了燒傷兒童平均年齡,除2篇平均年齡大于10歲外,其余平均年齡均在(0.5- 6.8)歲之間。28篇文獻報道了燒傷兒童(0- 3)歲的人數(shù)分布,占總研究燒傷兒童的40%- 80%(除去1篇比例<20%和6篇年齡上限≤3歲的文獻),可見(0- 3)歲兒童是燒傷住院的高危人群。61篇文獻報道了燒傷兒童男女比例,最小0.67∶1,最大4∶1,其中有5篇文獻男女比例小于1,其余均大于1,說明燒傷住院兒童男生多于女生。納入文獻的MLoS為(5- 32)天(除去一篇平均住院日112天),71篇文獻中54篇報道的平均住院日大于10天。43篇文獻報道了MTBSA,最小3.1%,最大52.0%,其中有36篇文獻的MTBSA大于10%。見表1。
表1 納入文獻燒傷兒童的MLoS
Table 1 Average hospital stays of burned children included in these studies
續(xù)表
注:*性別比為男∶女,女視為基數(shù)1;a“-”表示該文獻未涉及。
2.3MLoS的Meta分析
2.4 MLoS與MTBSA的相關(guān)性
MLoS與MTBSA成正相關(guān)(Pearson相關(guān)系數(shù)r=0.680,P<0.001),見表2。隨著MTBSA的增加,MLoS也逐漸增加。
據(jù)2015年中國統(tǒng)計年鑒,2014年我國0- 18歲兒童有3.04億,占全國總?cè)丝诘?2.25%,這一龐大人群是預(yù)防燒傷不可忽視的對象。研究表明,燒傷兒童占同期燒傷總數(shù)的比例大多超過30%,可見兒童較易受到燒傷。另一方面,本研究的大部分?jǐn)?shù)據(jù)來源于醫(yī)院,由于家長對孩子的身體健康較為重視,在中國尤甚,多年的計劃生育政策,很多家庭是獨生子女,兒童就醫(yī)率較高。
圖1 燒傷兒童MLoS的Meta分析森林圖(隨機效應(yīng)模型)
Fig 1 Forest plot ofMLoS in burned children(random- effect model)
表2 燒傷兒童MLoS與MTBSA(%)的相關(guān)性
Tab 2 The correlation between MLoS and MTBSA in burned children
x±snPearson相關(guān)系數(shù)rPMLoS15.42±6.30430.680<0.001MTBSA(%)17.49±9.9343
研究顯示,3歲以下兒童在兒童燒傷中比例較重,占總燒傷兒童的40%- 80%,可能是該年齡段的兒童好奇心強[21],遇到新鮮事物就喜歡“摸抓咬”,加上各方面發(fā)育不成熟,動作不協(xié)調(diào),自身防護能力較弱,暴露危險的幾率就比較大。因此,3歲以下兒童應(yīng)該作為預(yù)防兒童燒傷的重點防護對象。
納入研究表明,90%以上的研究的男女比例大于1,男孩遭受燒傷的幾率較大,可能是因為男孩生性活潑好動[41],接觸危險事物的幾率就比較大。5篇文獻報道了燒傷兒童男女比例小于1,Kumar等[55]報道的男女比例為0.78∶1,是因為印度大多是女孩做家務(wù),早婚更加重了女孩的家務(wù)活。而且,印度人常常坐在地板上烹飪,年輕姑娘穿的傳統(tǒng)“紗麗”就容易拖到爐子里著火,從而導(dǎo)致燒傷。其余文獻未對該現(xiàn)象作解釋。
燒傷住院兒童的平均住院時間大多在(5- 32)天,54篇(76.1%)文獻報道的平均住院日大于10天。Meta匯總的平均住院時間為15.86天,95%CI為(13.76- 17.96)天,即燒傷兒童的MLoS主要波動在(14- 18)天之間。經(jīng)亞組分析發(fā)現(xiàn),近年來MLoS有所降低,但最低仍達2周,可見兒童燒傷的預(yù)防工作仍需再接再厲。住院時間的長短直接決定住院費用的多少,住院時間越長,消耗的醫(yī)療資源也越多。加上家人看護燒傷兒童所浪費的時間和因此導(dǎo)致的誤工費、孩子燒傷耽誤的學(xué)習(xí)時間等,都是燒傷造成的經(jīng)濟成本和時間成本。而對于燒傷,這些成本都是不必要的,完全可以預(yù)防。
納入文獻中,燒傷兒童的MTBSA最小3.1%,最大52.0%,其中有36篇(83.7%)文獻的MTBSA大于10%。根據(jù)我國燒傷的嚴(yán)重程度分度,即有36篇文獻的兒童燒傷屬于中度以上燒傷,燒傷的嚴(yán)重程度決定著住院時間的長短[1, 3, 45]。如表2所示,MTBSA與MLoS成正相關(guān),與MLoS的亞組分析一致。燒傷面積越大,燒傷越嚴(yán)重,住院時間就越長,所浪費的人力、物力和財力就越多[2],死亡率、傷殘率和瘢痕率也就越高。因此,嚴(yán)重?zé)齻膬和瘧?yīng)該引起重視。
綜上所述,燒傷兒童的MLoS超過2周,且燒傷越嚴(yán)重,住院時間越長,消耗的時間、經(jīng)濟成本也就越高。本研究還提示相關(guān)部門應(yīng)將男童和0- 3歲兒童作為預(yù)防兒童燒傷的重點防護對象,同時,提高對嚴(yán)重?zé)齻木戎嗡?,減少嚴(yán)重?zé)齻麅和淖≡簳r間,以節(jié)約醫(yī)療成本,減輕家庭和社會的負擔(dān)。
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(編輯:孫茂民)
A systematic review of hospital stay and its relation to burned area in burned children
NIE Chan1,WANG Tao1,SHI Shang- peng1,DENG Chengliang2,SHI Xiuquan1,3
(1.DepartmentofEpidemiologyandHealthStatistics,SchoolofPublicHealth,ZunyiMedicalUniversity,Zunyi,Guizhou563006,China;2.DepartmentofBurnsandPlasticSurgery,AffiliatedHospitalofZunyiMedicalUniversity,Zunyi,Guizhou563099,China;3.CenterforInjuryResearchandPolicy&CenterforPediatricTraumaResearch,TheResearchInstituteatNationwideChildren’sHospital,TheOhioStateUniversityCollegeofMedicine,Columbus,OH43205,USA.)
Objective:To provide a theoretical basis for the prevention of childhood burns, we evaluate the mean of length of stay(MLoS) and explore the relation between MLoS and total burn surface area(TBSA) in burned children. Methods: Studies which contained the hospital stays of burned children published since 1990 were searched from CNKI, Weipu, Wanfang,PubMed and Science Direct databases. The MLoS was pooled by Meta- analysis, and correlation analysis between MLoS and TBSA was also conducted. Results: 71 studies met the criteria of enrolling, the pooled MLoS were 15.86 days(95%CI=13.76- 17.96), and the MLoS was positively correlated with mean TBSA(r=0.680,P<0.01). Conclusion: The pooled MLoS for burned children was over 2 weeks, and the more serious the burn was, the longer hospital stay would be, and the more medical costs were consumed. Therefore, every country should pay attention to the prevention of childhood burns and improve the level of treatment of severely burned children, so as to reduce hospital stays and save medical costs.
burns; children; length of stay; total burn surface area
2016- 12- 31
2017- 02- 27
國家自然科學(xué)基金(81560534);遵義醫(yī)學(xué)院博士學(xué)位授權(quán)支撐學(xué)科建設(shè)專項經(jīng)費(2015- 996036)
聶嬋(1992-),女,漢族,貴州畢節(jié)人,在讀碩士,研究方向為傷害機制與預(yù)防,E- mail:niecoc@163.com
石修權(quán),男,教授,E- mail:xqshi@zmc.edu.cn
聶嬋,王濤,施尚鵬,等.燒傷兒童住院時間及與燒傷面積關(guān)系的系統(tǒng)評價[J].東南大學(xué)學(xué)報:醫(yī)學(xué)版,2017,36(2):246- 253.
R179
A
1671- 6264(2017)02- 0246- 08
10.3969/j.issn.1671- 6264.2017.02.023